Caractérisation et Utilisation du Rayonnement Electromagnétique pour l'attaque de composants cryptographiques. Actuellement les algorithmes mathématiques de cryptographie sont de plus en plus sûrs et réputés incassables. Cependant, leurs implémentations sur des composants cryptographiques les rend vulnérables aux attaques physiques (matérielles ou logicielles) par canaux auxiliaires SCA (Side Channel Analysis). Dans cette thèse nous développons de façon plus précise l'étude des rayonnements électromagnétiques et leur caractérisation dans le domaine fréquentiel afin d'améliorer les attaques EMA à distance. Nous proposons différentes méthodes d'amélioration de ces attaques notamment en combinant des échantillons, afin de limiter la dégradation du modèle de fuite due à un faible rapport signal / bruit. Ensuite nous montrerons les limites des ces attaques avant de proposer des méthodes d'analyse fréquentielle, pour réduire la bande de fréquence d'analyse et améliorer la qualité du signal porteur d'information. Enfin, nous verrons que des méthodes utilisées en compatibilité électromagnétique peuvent être mises en place pour réaliser des attaques en fautes sur des composants cryptographiques. / Nowadays the mathematical algorithms for cryptography are becoming safer and deemed unbreakable from a mathematical point of view. So the confidence in cryptographic algorithms is increasing and the design of mathematical cryptographic algorithms remains definitively robust. However, the hardware implementation of cryptographic components are still vulnerable to physical attacks. Side Channel Analysis (SCA) is a threat for crypto systems as they can be used to recover secret key. These unintentional physical emanations can be analysed in a view to derive some sensitive information from them. In this thesis we conduct a more precise study of electromagnetic radiation and their characterization in the frequency domain to improve the EMA attacks at distance. We propose a method by combining time samples to improve these attacks, in order to limit the degradation of the leakage model due to low signal to noise ratio. Next we show the limits of the attack before proposing methods of frequency analysis, to focus the analysis on a wide band of frequencies and improve the quality of the signal carrying information. Finally we see that some methods used in electromagnetic compatibility and more precisely to evaluate susceptibility of electronic device. These techniques can be employed to perform fault attack and disrupt cryptographic component.

Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-07-14T12:11:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 440590 bytes, checksum: c5556f158a0304f3789f955d57214f74 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-14T12:11:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 440590 bytes, checksum: c5556f158a0304f3789f955d57214f74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-08-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Visando-se determinar e comparar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente e aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio, assim como os coeficientes de metabolização da energia bruta e de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e orgânica obtidas pelo método de coleta total de excretas e pelo método com uso de óxido crômico como indicador de três alimentos energéticos e dois protéicos foram utilizadas trinta e seis emas em fase de crescimento, sendo dezoito machos e dezoito fêmeas, com média de idade de sete meses e peso corporal médio de 4,263 (macho) e 4,724 kg (fêmeas), em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (sendo cinco dietas experimentais e uma dieta referência), com nove repetições (no tempo) e duas emas (um macho e uma fêmea) por unidade experimental. Para a coleta das excretas foram utilizadas bolsas coletoras de plástico em três tamanhos, conforme o porte dos animais. Os alimentos energéticos substituíram em 40% e os protéicos em 30% a ração referência. Os valores de CDAMS e CDAMO determinados pelo método de coleta total são: 70,89 e 73,89 para o milho; 79,89 e 81,55 para o sorgo; 60,22 e 61,89 para o farelo de trigo; 69,78 e 70,11 para o farelo de soja e 39,00 e 68,33% para a farinha de carne e ossos. Os CDAMS e CDAMO encontrados pelo método de uso com indicador são: 62,00 e 66,33 para o milho; 64,11 e 68,44 para o sorgo; 39,78 e 43,67 para o farelo de trigo; 62,56 e 63,22 para o farelo de soja e 48,78 e 76,67% para a farinha de carne e ossos. Os valores de EMA e EMAn obtidas pelo método de coleta total são: 3.279 e 3.271 para o milho; 3.148 e 3.357 para o sorgo; 2.671 e 2.562 para o farelo de trigo; 3.484 e 3.218 para o farelo de soja e 3.043 e 2.779 Kcal/kg MN para a farinha de carne e ossos. A EMA e EMAn determinadas pelo método de uso com indicador são: 2.920 e 2.912 para o milho; 2.831 e 2.770 para o sorgo; 1.853 e 1.744 para o farelo de trigo; 2.924 e 2.944 para o farelo de soja e 3.097 e 3.149 Kcal/kg de MN para a farinha de carne e ossos. Os CMEB e CMEBn obtidos pelo método de coleta total são de 82,40 e 82,20 para o milho; 85,83 e 84,30 para o sorgo; 70,10 e 67,24 para o farelo de trigo; 82,33 e 76,11 para o farelo de soja e 96,56 e 88,11% para a farinha de carne e ossos. Os CMEB e CMEBn determinados pelo método de uso com indicador são: 73,38 e 73,18 para o milho; 71,09 e 69,56 para o sorgo; 48,63 e 45,77 para o farelo de trigo; 69,11 e 69,77 para o farelo de soja e 98,33 e 100,00% para a farinha de carne e ossos. Os valores de dos CDAMS, CDAMO, EMA, EMAn, CMEB e CMEBn dos alimentos, determinados por meio do método de coleta total de excretas, foram geralmente, maiores que aqueles determinados pelo método com o uso do óxido crômico como indicador. A metodologia de uso de indicador mostrou-se inadequada para determinar os CDAMS, CDAMO, EMA, EMAn, CMEB e CMEBn dos alimentos, necessitando de novos estudos. Com os resultados obtidos fica evidente que a metabolização da energia e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes são diferentes quando comparados entre espécies e varia conforme o alimento utilizado, principalmente quando os alimentos apresentam altos teores de FDN e FDA, como o farelo de trigo e o farelo de soja. Evidencia-se, assim, que o uso de valores de EMAn normalmente utilizados para formulação de dietas para frangos subestima a utilização desta energia pelas emas. / Being sought to determine and to compare the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy N corrected (AMEn), as well as the coefficients of metabolized of the gross energy (MCGE) and of apparent digestibility (ADC) of dry matter (DM) and of organic matter (OM) obtained by the method of total excreta collection and for the method with use of chromic oxide as indicator of three energy feedstuffs and two protein. Thirty six greater Rhea were used in growth phase, being eighteen males and eighteen females, with average of age of seven months and medium corporal weight of 4.263 (male) and 4.724 kg (females), in complete randomized design, with six treatments (being five experimental diets and a diet reference), with nine repetitions (at the time) and two greater Rhea (a male and a female) for experimental unit. For the collection of the excreta collection bags of plastic they were used in three sizes, according to the load of the animals. The energy feedstuffs substituted in 40% and the protein in 30% of the reference diet. The values of apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter (ADCDM) and apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter (ADCOM) determined by the method of total collection are: 70.89 and 73.89 for corn; 79.89 and 81.55 for sorghum; 60.22 and 61.89 for wheat meal; 69.78 and 70.11 for soybean meal and 39.00 and 68.33% for meat flour and xvbones. ADCDM and ADCOM found by the use method with indicator are: 62.00 and 66.33 for corn; 64.11 and 68.44 for sorghum; 39.78 and 43.67 for wheat meal; 62.56 and 63.22 for soybean meal and 48.78 and 76.67% for meat flour and bones. The values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy N corrected (AMEn) obtained by the method of total collection are: 3,279 and 3,271 for corn; 3,418 and 3,357 for sorghum; 2,671 and 2,562 for wheat meal; 3,484 and 3,218 for soybean meal and 3,043 and 2,779 Kcal/kg NM for meat flour and bones. AME and AMEn determined by the use method with indicator are: 2,920 and 2,912 for corn; 2,831 and 2,770 for sorghum; 1,853 and 1,744 for wheat meal; 2,924 and 2,944 for soybean meal and 3,097 and 3,149 Kcal/kg NM of meat flour and bones. Coefficients of metabolized of the gross energy (MCGE) and coefficients of metabolized of the gross energy N corrected (MCGEn) obtained by the method of total collection are: 82.40 and 82.20 for corn; 85.83 and 84.30 for sorghum; 70.10 and 67.24 for wheat meal; 82.33 and 76.11 for soybean meal and 96.56 and 88.11% for meat flour and bones. MCGE and MCGEn determined by the use method with indicator are: 73.38 and 73.18 for corn; 71.09 and 69.56 for sorghum; 48.63 and 45.77 for wheat meal; 69.11 and 69.77 for soybean meal and 98.33 and 100.00% for meat flour and bones. The values of ADCDM, ADCOM, AME, AMEn, MCGE and MCGEn of the feedstuffs, determined by means of the method of total excreta collection were generally larger than those determined by the method with use of chromic oxide as indicator. The methodology of indicator use was shown inadequate to determine ADCDM, ADCOM, AME, AMEn, MCGE and MCGEn of the feedstuffs, needing new studies. With the obtained results it is evident that the metabolized energy and the digestibility of the nutrients are different when compared among species and it varies according to the used food, mainly when the feedstuffs present high texts of NDF and ADF, as the wheat meal and the soybean meal. It shows, like this, that the use of values of AMEn usually used for formulation of diets for Poultry it underestimates the use of this energy for the greater Rhea.

Caractérisation et Utilisation du Rayonnement Electromagnétique pour l'attaque de composants cryptographiques. Actuellement les algorithmes mathématiques de cryptographie sont de plus en plus sûrs et réputés incassables. Cependant, leurs implémentations sur des composants cryptographiques les rend vulnérables aux attaques physiques (matérielles ou logicielles) par canaux auxiliaires SCA (Side Channel Analysis). Dans cette thèse nous développons de façon plus précise l'étude des rayonnements électromagnétiques et leur caractérisation dans le domaine fréquentiel afin d'améliorer les attaques EMA à distance. Nous proposons différentes méthodes d'amélioration de ces attaques notamment en combinant des échantillons, afin de limiter la dégradation du modèle de fuite due à un faible rapport signal / bruit. Ensuite nous montrerons les limites des ces attaques avant de proposer des méthodes d'analyse fréquentielle, pour réduire la bande de fréquence d'analyse et améliorer la qualité du signal porteur d'information. Enfin, nous verrons que des méthodes utilisées en compatibilité électromagnétique peuvent être mises en place pour réaliser des attaques en fautes sur des composants cryptographiques.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2007. / Submitted by Luis Felipe Souza (luis_felas@globo.com) on 2008-12-01T17:17:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_2007_ DeborahScheideggerSoboll.pdf: 2576586 bytes, checksum: 5a2008dc4c9a417f2ac536c91db50f31 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Georgia Fernandes(georgia@bce.unb.br) on 2009-01-21T11:51:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_2007_ DeborahScheideggerSoboll.pdf: 2576586 bytes, checksum: 5a2008dc4c9a417f2ac536c91db50f31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-01-21T11:51:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_2007_ DeborahScheideggerSoboll.pdf: 2576586 bytes, checksum: 5a2008dc4c9a417f2ac536c91db50f31 (MD5) / Foram avaliados os índices reprodutivos de um criatório conservacionista de emas (Rhea americana) no Distrito Federal no período de maio de 2006 a janeiro de 2007. O plantel consiste em 14 machos e 21 fêmeas em fase reprodutiva acima de dois anos de idade. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a incubação artificial com a incubação natural e verificar as principais causas de mortalidade em filhotes até os 90 dias de vida. Foram avaliados 166 ovos dos quais 79 foram incubados artificialmente e 87 incubados naturalmente durante os meses de maio a outubro. A incubação artificial foi realizada em incubadoras automáticas específicas para emas, com capacidade para 20 ovos, utilizando a temperatura de 36,5ºC e umidade de 45%. A incubação natural foi realizada por sete machos dominantes, com temperatura ambiental média do período de 20,5º C e umidade relativa do ar média de 55%. Não houve interferência humana durante o período da incubação natural. Os dados obtidos foram analisados utilizando-se o procedimento GLM do software SAS®. Houve diferença significativa entre os sistemas de incubação, frente ao sistema de manejo utilizado no criadouro, nas taxas de contaminação, eclodibilidade e mortalidade embrionária. Os filhotes nascidos nos dois sistemas receberam o mesmo tratamento até os 90 dias de vida. A taxa de sobrevivência do criatório foi de 1,29%. Houve uma correlação positiva altamente significativa entre peso ovo x peso nascimento (incubação artificial). Foram avaliadas as taxas de fertilidade, contaminação, mortalidade embrionária, eclodibilidade e sexo (geral, incubação artificial, incubação natural). Os problemas encontrados nos filhotes eclodidos na incubação artificial e na incubação natural analisados através dos exames de necropsia e histologia foram: alimentar (45,10%), manejo (26,47%), alterações no saco vitelino (12,74%), deformidades (5,88%), predação (4,90%) e outros (4,90%). O manejo adotado no criadouro influenciou significativamente na sobrevivência dos filhotes. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / I evaluated the reproductive rate of a conservation center for reproduction of great rheas (Rhea americana) from May 2006, to January 2007. There animals were 14 males and 21 females of reproductive age, over 2 years old. The objective of the study was to compare artificial incubation to natural incubation, and to verify the most important causes of mortality until 90 days of age. A total of 166 eggs were evaluated, 79 of which were artificial incubated and 87 naturally incubated from May to October 2006. The artificial incubation was conducted using an automatic incubator specific for great rheas, which accommodated up to 20 eggs, at 36.5°C and 45% humidity. Seven dominant males, at an average of 20.5°C ambient temperature and 63% humidity, performed the natural incubation. The data were analyzed using the GLM procedure with software SAS procedure. There was a significant difference between the incubation systems, according to the management procedures in the center concerning contamination rate, embryo development and mortality. The Nestlings from both systems received the same treatment until 90 days of life. Survival rate was 1.29%. There was a significant correlation between eggs weight x born weight (artificial incubation). Other evaluations included fertility rate, the contamination rate, the embryo mortality rate, the development rate and sex ratio (general, artificial incubation, natural incubation). The nestling problems evaluated in both types of incubation (artificial and natural) through necropsy and histology exams were: food (45.10%), management (26.47%), vitelin sac alteration (12.74%), deformities (5.88%), predation (4.90%) and others (4.90%). The adopted management at the center had a significant influence on nestling survival.

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais. Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. / Submitted by giuliana silveira (giulianagphoto@gmail.com) on 2016-03-22T18:06:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_IMPACTOENRIQUECIMENTOAMBIENTAL.pdf: 995904 bytes, checksum: 6736b49e8f1b5a2cf61dc5d5afab5d74 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Oliveira Flávia (flavia@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2016-04-15T14:22:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_IMPACTOENRIQUECIMENTOAMBIENTAL.pdf: 995904 bytes, checksum: 6736b49e8f1b5a2cf61dc5d5afab5d74 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:45:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_IMPACTOENRIQUECIMENTOAMBIENTAL.pdf: 995904 bytes, checksum: 6736b49e8f1b5a2cf61dc5d5afab5d74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / A ema, Rhea americana, pertence à ordem Rheiformes e é considerada a maior ave da América do Sul e figura na categoria quase ameaçada globalmente. O ambiente cativo é um fator limitante, levando os animais a exibirem um comportamento diferente, dado que o local onde permanecem não apresenta as mesmas condições que o habitat natural. O estresse pode ser definido como uma resposta biológica do indivíduo ao perceber ameaças à sua homeostase; quando essa resposta traz ameaças ao bem-estar do animal, pode-se dizer que este animal está sofrendo. Aliar medidas comportamentais e hormonais não-invasivas é uma maneira de se elucidar a correlação entre estes dois parâmetros na avaliação do bem-estar animal. O enriquecimento ambiental reduz o estresse e minimiza o número de exibição dos comportamentos estereotipados nos animais em cativeiro. Nos trabalhos de enriquecimento, as coletas de dados normalmente ocorrem somente na hora em que o item de enriquecimento é ofertado, podendo acarretar em vícios nas análises, tendenciando os resultados. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o repertório comportamental com os níveis fecais de hormônios de estresse de espécimes de emas mantidos em cativeiro e avaliar a influência do horário de coleta na exibição dos comportamentos das emas. Foram estudadas nove emas da Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte, alojadas em três recintos (4, 2 e 3 indivíduos em cada recinto). O estudo foi dividido em três fases (antes, durante e depois do enriquecimento) usando frutas espalhadas pelo recinto como enriquecimento. As coletas comportamentais foram realizadas das 8:00h as 17:00h com horários alternados entre os recintos. A coleta das fezes ocorreu em todas as fases do estudo, uma vez por dia. Os comportamentos anormais e os níveis de metabolitos de glicocorticoides (GCM) fecais tiveram redução significativa no estudo, observando uma correlação positiva entre a produção de GCM e a exibição dos comportamentos anormais. Não houve influência do horário da coleta nos comportamentos anormais. Com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o uso de enriquecimento ambiental do tipo alimentar deve ser estimulado em Instituições mantenedoras desses animais em cativeiro, pois seus efeitos benéficos auxiliam a manutenção de um alto bem-estar, facilitando o manejo e auxiliando na conservação da espécie. _____________________________________________________________________________________ / ABSTRACT : The greater rhea, Rhea americana, belongs to the order Rheiformes and it is considered the biggest bird from South America and is included in the category near threatened globally. The captivity environment is a limiting factor that leads the animals to display a different behaviour, given that the local where they remain in does not present the same conditions than the natural habitat. Stress can be defined as a biological response of an individual when it realizes threats to its homeostasis; when these responses bring threats to the animal welfare, one can say the animal is in suffering. Allying behavioural and non-invasive hormonal measures is a way to elucidate the relation between these two parameters in animal welfare evaluation. Environmental enrichment reduces stress and minimizes the number of stereotyped behaviour in captive animals. In enrichment works, data collection often occur only at the time the enrichment item is offered, which can result in analysis vices, and biased results. The objective of this study was to compare behaviour repertoire and faecal levels of stress hormones in greater rheas kept in captivity, and to evaluate the influence of colection time in behaviour display of greater rheas. Nine rheas from Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte were studied. They were housed in three enclosures, being 4, 2 and 3 individuals in each enclosure. The study was divided into three phases (baseline, enrichment and post-enricment) using scattered fruits over the enclosure as enrichment. Behavioural collection was done from 8 am to 5 pm with alternated times between enclosures. Faecal collection occurred in all the phases of the study, once a day. Abnormal behaviours and faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (GCM) levels showed significant reduction in the study, and a positive relation between GCM production and abnormal behaviours display. There was not an influence of the data collection time on abnormal behaviours. With the obtained results, we conclude that the use of food type as environmental enrichment should be encouraged in institutions that keep these animals in captivity, because its profitable effects help maintain a high welfare by facilitating the handling and helping conservation of this specie.

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Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-03-17T17:10:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 967563 bytes, checksum: 14de47a9425dd517754213cf39021950 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T17:10:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 967563 bytes, checksum: 14de47a9425dd517754213cf39021950 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-18 / Com finalidade de suprir informações a respeito da criação de emas e considerando a importância do conforto térmico ambiental na criação de animais, o presente estudo teve como objetivos analisar os efeitos de temperatura, umidade, radiação e velocidade do ar, bem como da qualidade do ar sobre o desempenho produtivo, respostas fisiológicas e resultantes comportamentais de emas, durante a fase de crescimento, e também estabelecer faixas de índices do ambiente térmico, associadas ao conforto, ao bem-estar e conseqüentemente, à eficiência produtiva desses animais. O experimento foi realizado no município de Viçosa - MG, durante o período de abril e maio de 2004. Foram utilizadas trinta e seis emas em fase de crescimento, com idade média de sete meses. Os animais ficaram alojados sobre piso sem cama, em um galpão de 61,0 m de comprimento; 10,0 m de largura e 3,50 m de pé-direito, orientado no sentido leste-oeste. O galpão foi dividido longitudinalmente em boxes, de dimensões idênticas (3,0 m x 10,0 m), nos quais ficou alojado um casal em cada boxe. Para aquisição dos valores das variáveis ambientais (temperatura do ar, umidade relativa e temperatura de globo negro), dados para cálculo do Índice de Temperatura de Globo e Umidade (ITGU), Carga Térmica Radiante (CTR) e Umidade Relativa do Ar (UR), foram utilizadas unidades de aquisição de dados e para os valores de velocidade do ar, um anemômetro digital de hélice. Com finalidade de caracterizar o ar dentro do galpão, foram feitas medições de concentrações instantâneas de amônia. O desempenho animal foi avaliado de acordo com os índices zootécnicos, ou seja, peso vivo médio (PVM), ganho de peso (GP), consumo de ração (CR) e conversão alimentar (CA). Respostas fisiológicas como a freqüência respiratória (FR) e a temperatura retal (TR) também foram avaliadas. O comportamento das aves foi registrado mediante observações visuais e também por meio de fotografias. Com base nos resultados das variáveis ambientais, observou-se que entre 11 e 14 horas foram registrados os maiores de valores de ITGU e CTR, durante este período as emas tiveram indicativos comportamentais de desconforto por calor, tais como eriçamento de penas, abertura das asas, bico entreaberto e contato direto com o piso. Durante este período pode-se sugerir que o ajuste do ambiente térmico ou acondicionamento de galpões para emas, em crescimento, seja feito de forma que o ITGU seja mantido na faixa de 65 a 71, a CTR na faixa de 398 a 452 W.m -2 e a UR, de 50 a 70%. Foram observadas respostas isoladas dos animais indicando mal-estar por frio, como exposição ao sol da manhã e uso da campânula. Não foi detectada presença de amônia internamente no galpão. Os maiores valores de FR foram observados durante o período de maiores valores de ITGU e CTR. Os valores médios de TR mantiveram-se semelhantes durante todo período experimental. O desempenho dos animais, no que diz respeito ao PVM, GP, CR e CA atingidos, não foi afetado de maneira significativa pela condição ambiental imposta, considerando-se o tempo de exposição utilizado deste experimento. Por meio dos resultados da presente pesquisa, foi enfatizada a importância do ajuste do ambiente térmico para a criação racional, manutenção do conforto e bem-estar de emas confinadas, em fase de crescimento. / Intending to supply information regarding the production of emus (Rhea americana) and considering the importance of the thermal environmental comfort in the production of animals, the present study had as objective to analyze the effect of temperature, humidity, radiation and air speed, as well as the quality of air on the productive performance, physiological responses and resultant behavior of emus, during the growth phase, and also to establish thermal environmental indexes ranges, associated to the comfort, to well-being and consequently, the productive efficiency of these animals. The experiment was made in the city of Viçosa - MG, during the period of April and May of 2004. Thirty six emus in growth phase were used, with an average age of seven months. The animals had been maintained on floor without bed, in a shed of 61.0 m of length, 10.0 m of width and a roof height of 3.50 m, guided east-west. The shed was divided longitudinally in boxes, of identical dimensions (3.0 m x 10.0 m), and in each one a couple of emus were lodged. For the environmental data acquisition (air temperature, relative humidity and black globe temperature), for calculation of the Black Globe and Humidity Index (BGHI), Thermal Radiant Load (TRL) and Air Relative Humidity (RH), data acquisition units were used, and for the air speed measure, it was used a digital anemometer. Intending to characterize the air inside the shed, measurements of instantaneous ammonia concentrations were made. The animal performance was evaluated in accordance with the animal indexes, that is, average alive weight (AAW), weight gain (WG), consumption of food (CF) and food conversion (FC). Physiological responses as the respiratory frequency (RF) and the retal temperature (RT) also were evaluated. The behavior of the birds was registered by means of visual observations and also by means of photographs. On the basis of the results of the environmental variables, it was observed that between 11 and 14 P.M. the greater values of BGHI and TRL were observed, and during this period emus presented behavioral indicatives of discomfort caused by heat, such as bristling the feathers, opening the wings, half-opened beak and direct contact with the floor. During this period, it can suggested that the thermal environmental control adjustment of facilities for emus in growth phase, could be made keeping the BGHI values between 65 and 71, the TRL between 398 and 452 W.m -2 and the RH, between 50 and 70%. Isolated responses of the animals were observed, indicating discomfort for cold, as exposition to the sun in the morning and use of the heater. The presence of ammonia was not detected inside the facility. The greater values of RF were observed during the period of greater values of BGHI and TRL. The average values of RT remained similar during all experimental period. The performance of the animals, according to the AAW, WG, CF and FC, was not affected by the imposed environmental condition, considering the period of exposition used in this experiment. By means of the results of the present research, it was emphasized the importance of the adjustment of the thermal environment for the rational creation, maintenance of the comfort and well-being of confined emus, in growth phase. / Dissertação importada do Alexandria

Apraxia of speech (AOS) is a neurogenic speech disorder that is characterised by deficits in the articulatory and prosodic domains of speech production. A range of physiologic assessment techniques have been employed in an attempt to elucidate the physiological underpinnings of articulatory and prosodic defects in AOS. However, despite the advancement of electromagnetic articulography (EMA), a technique that facilitates safe, non-invasive assessment of intra-oral structures, little research has investigated lingual kinematics during speech production in participants with AOS. Tongue-to-palate contact patterns, on the contrary, have been investigated in AOS. However, most of this research relied upon descriptive analysis, rather than instrumental techniques including electropalatography (EPG). Therefore, the present thesis aimed to utilise EMA and EPG to provide a comprehensive assessment of lingual movement and tongue-to-palate contact patterns during word-initial consonant singletons and consonant clusters, during mono- and multisyllabic words, in AOS. The strength of coupling between the tongue and jaw and tongue-tip and tongue-back was also examined, as was consonant cluster coarticulation. Five participants (three females and two males) with AOS and a concomitant non-fluent aphasia participated in the project. The mean age of the group at the time of the EMA assessment was 53.6 years (SD = 12.60; range 35 - 67 years). At the time of initial assessment, all participants were a minimum of 12 months post onset of stroke (M = 1.67 years; SD = 0.72). Perceptual analysis indicated that each of the five participants with AOS presented with the following mandatory characteristics: sound distortions, sound prolongations, syllabic speech output, and dysprosody. A control group of 12 neurologically unimpaired participants (8 male, 4 female; M = 52.08 years; SD = 12.52; age range = 29 - 70 years) also participated in the study. The apraxic speakers’ tongue-tip and tongue-back movements were initially profiled during monosyllabic word production using EMA. Movement duration, distance, maximum velocity, maximum acceleration and deceleration, and velocity profile index values were recorded during word-initial consonant singletons (i.e., /t, s, l, k/) and consonant clusters (i.e., /kl, sk/). Results indicated that the participants with AOS evidenced significantly prolonged movement durations and, in some instances, significantly greater articulatory distances, relative to the control group. All measures pertaining to speed appeared to be relatively unimpaired. Phonetic complexity had a variable impact on the articulation of word-initial consonants. The results were able to account for the overall slow rate of speech exhibited by the participants with AOS. In a subsequent study, EMA was employed to investigate the impact of increasing word length on lingual kinematics for five participants with AOS. Target consonant singletons and consonant clusters were embedded in the word-initial position of one, two, and three syllable words (e.g., tar, target, targeting). Movement duration appeared to be most sensitive to the effect of word length during consonant singleton production. However, word length effects were absent during consonant cluster production. The data were discussed in the context of motor theories of speech production. The final EMA investigation examined the strength of coupling between the tongue and jaw and tongue-tip and tongue-back during /ta, sa, la, ka/ syllable repetitions, in a group of five participants with AOS. In comparison to the control group, four participants with AOS exhibited significantly stronger articulatory coupling for alveolar and/or velar targets, indicative of decreased functional movement independence. The reduction in functional movement independence was thought to reflect an attempt to simplify articulatory control, or alternatively, a decrease in the ability to differentially control distinct articulatory regions. To complement the EMA data, EPG was employed to investigate the spatial characteristics of linguopalatal contact during word-initial consonant singletons (i.e., /t, s, l, k/) and consonant clusters (i.e., /kl, sk/) in three participants with AOS. Through the use of quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques, misdirected articulatory gestures (e.g., double articulation patterns), distorted linguopalatal contact patterns (alveolar fricatives), lingual overshoot, and for one participant, significantly greater spatial variability were identified in the linguopalatal contact data. Pattern of closure appeared to be relatively unimpaired during alveolar plosive and approximant productions, and lingual undershoot and true omission errors were absent. The results were discussed in relation to their impact on phonetic distortion. A subsequent EPG study examined the temporal and spatial aspects of consonant cluster coarticulation in three participants with AOS. Target stimuli included ‘scar’ and ‘class’. In contrast to what was expected, each of the participants with AOS appeared able to coproduce elements within a consonant cluster. Appropriately, pattern of linguopalatal contact did not appear to be influenced by coproduction. Amount of linguopalatal contact did differ significantly on occasion. Coarticulatory effects were appropriately absent for each of the participants with AOS during alveolar fricative production in ‘scar’; however, the control group and each of the apraxic speakers exhibited place of articulation assimilation during velar stop production. The control group and two participants with AOS produced discrete velar and alveolar articulations during ‘class’; one participant with AOS evidenced coarticulatory effects during the /kl/ cluster. The research findings indicated that consonant cluster coarticulation was generally maintained in word-onset position, and it was postulated that future research should endeavour to investigate consonant cluster coarticulation in consonant sequences that span a syllable boundary. The EMA and EPG research findings presented in this thesis inform about the underlying physiological nature of articulatory disturbances in AOS. These findings will be discussed in the context of contemporary theories of speech motor control.

Orientador: Pedro Fernando Romanelli / Coorientador: Elizeu Trabuco / Banca: Hirasilva Borba Alves de Souza / Banca: Nilson Evelázio de Souza / Resumo: Não disponível / Abstract: Not available / Mestre

nÃo hà / A motivaÃÃo tem se tornado alvo de inÃmeras discussÃes no contexto acadÃmico, uma vez que sua ausÃncia, ou seja, a desmotivaÃÃo, implica diretamente na qualidade do desempenho do aluno em seus estudos. Pesquisas, portanto, nessa linha, podem contribuir para a eficiÃncia no processo de ensino e aprendizagem e identificar os fatores que levam à desmotivaÃÃo. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho de carÃter quantitativo e censitÃrio, com abordagem descritiva, tem como objetivo principal identificar os fatores extrÃnsecos e intrÃnsecos que motivam a permanÃncia dos alunos do curso de Tecnologia em Hotelaria do Instituto Federal de EducaÃÃo, CiÃncia e Tecnologia do Cearà com base na Teoria da AutodeterminaÃÃo elaborada por Ryan Deci (1975). Participaram da pesquisa 227 alunos, tendo como instrumento de coleta um questionÃrio contendo 29 sentenÃas agrupados em uma escala tipo Likert elaborado por GuimarÃes e Bzuneck (2008) que adaptaram da versÃo brasileira da Escala de MotivaÃÃo AcadÃmica (EMA), criada originalmente por Vallerand (1989). Os resultados obtidos revelam, de maneira geral, que em relaÃÃo à DesmotivaÃÃo, os alunos atribuÃram as menores notas para os itens relacionados a este fator, registrando mÃdias variando de 1,06 a 1,43 (numa escala de 4 pontos), representando dessa forma, um resultado positivo. Portanto, a desmotivaÃÃo nÃo foi percebida entre os participantes desta pesquisa. Entre os principais resultados, verificou-se que independente do sexo, da renda, da origem dos alunos em relaÃÃo à conclusÃo do Ensino Fundamental e MÃdio, bem como a escolaridade dos pais, estes fatores, nÃo interferem nos aspectos motivacionais dos alunos. Os fatores crÃticos que motivam extrinsecamente os alunos sÃo: a MotivaÃÃo ExtrÃnseca â RegulaÃÃo Introjetada cuja mÃdia foi de 2,64 e a MotivaÃÃo ExtrÃnseca por frequÃncia Ãs aulas apresentando mÃdia 2,25. Jà os fatores crÃticos que motivam os alunos intrinsecamente sÃo: MotivaÃÃo ExtrÃnseca â RegulaÃÃo Identificada com mÃdia 2,94, MotivaÃÃo ExtrÃnseca â RegulaÃÃo Integrada com mÃdia 3, seguida pela MotivaÃÃo IntrÃnseca com mÃdia 3,09, indicando assim, uma tendÃncia mais acentuada para a regulaÃÃo autÃnoma dos acadÃmicos pesquisados. Quanto à intenÃÃo de permanecer no curso atà sua conclusÃo, a maioria (76,3%) expressou intenÃÃo plena. Dessa forma, espera-se que os resultados discutidos possam contribuir para a compreensÃo dos fatores motivacionais extrÃnsecos e intrÃnsecos dos alunos pesquisados, no sentido de estimulÃ-los e evitar que o nÃvel de motivaÃÃo diminua ao longo do curso.