No description available.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / A recent improvement to the Seaweb underwater wireless network was the implementation of a Selective Automatic Repeat Request (SRQ) mechanism. SRQ is a protocol implemented in the Seaweb link layer as a measure for mitigating unreliability inherent in the telesonar physical layer. In January 2004, an experiment was performed in St. Andrew's Bay, Panama City, Florida. The goal was to transmit large data files through the network, in accordance with a Naval Special Warfare need for imagery file telemetry. For three point-to-point test geometries, SRQ was tested with a noisy and variable physical layer. Through the incorporation of SRQ, the unreliability was overcome. A link-budget model calibrated with the sound channel data collected from the experiment establishes the benefit of a "SRQ gain." / Ensign, United States Navy

This thesis presents the design, simulation and analysis of a new network based on the Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) concept to enhance communications of CubeSat. Created in the 1980s, APRS is arguably one of the world’s largest Radio Frequency (RF) networks maintained by a community of licensed amateur radio volunteers for a variety of terrestrial purposes. Using these established nodes we can create a virtualized ground station network for satellite downlinks. Based on literature reviews of CubeSat communications systems and their orbital elements, as well as direct surveys of the amateur radio community, comprehensive far-field antenna models were created in 4nec2 for both the ground and space sections of the CubeSat downlink. The ground station antenna models include: a directional AMSAT/OSCAR Yagi-Uda, an omnidirectional J-pole, ground plane, and a whip antenna. The CubeSat antenna models used include dipoles, monopoles, and turnstiles. These models were evaluated and then imported into the Analytical Graphics Inc (AGI) Systems Tool Kit (STK) to form a discrete event simulation based on nonhomogeneous WGS84 location data extracted from real world APRS Internet Gateway (I-Gate) packets. All objects within the simulation use realistic antenna models, node locations, propagation models and satellite orbital mechanics. This simulation can act as a suite of generally applicable example satellites models (ExampleSat) for analytical comparisons that include link budgets, access times, differing data rates, antenna designs, orbital altitudes and ground station locations. Furthermore, it represents a North American continental scale RF satellite communications downlink network model. Using the virtual ground station network alters the net probability distribution of the received signal from the spacecraft. Specifically, the thesis compares non-stationary time series analysis methods upon the net received signal. The virtualized ground station network enables the aggregated received signal to appear stationary. This in turn may allow for alternative signals analysis techniques to improve a CubeSat’s downlink performance. The simulation allows us to generate representative received signals from ExampleSat to the ground station nodes for exploratory analysis, utilizing less arbitrary assumptions. This simulation and the set of models enable a more rapid start to trade-off studies for link budget design. This set of ExampleSat downlink models can be used by new designers of small-satellite communications systems. / February 2017

LIDAR es un acrónimo de LIght Detection And Ranging. En la presente tesis, se usan técnicas basadas en lidar elástico para monitorizar la atmósfera remotamente y derivar información cuantitativa acerca de sus parámetros ópticos. Esta tesis doctoral comprende el diseño y operación de una estación lidar elástica basada en un láser pulsado de Nd:YAG operando a las longitudes de onda de 1064 y 532 nm, en lo que se refiere a los sistemas de recepción, control y diseño de algoritmos de inversión. Básicamente, puede dividirse en tres partes bien diferenciadas: La primera (Caps. 1, 2 y 3) comprende el estudio de la dispersión elástica (Rayleigh y Mie) en la atmósfera, orientada al cálculo del balance de enlace, e intenta vislumbrar la interrelación entre variables físicas tales como la temperatura, la presión y la humedad, y el fenómeno de dispersión, dejando de lado su posible extrapolación a modelos meteorologicos. Partiendo de esta base, se estiman valores de extinción y retrodispersión para diferentes condiciones atmosféricas y, como resultado, se presenta un balance de enlace para el sistema. El mismo incluye el estudio del alcance lidar, la estimación de la relación señal a ruido, y la evaluación de fotodiodos para diferentes librerías del usuario. Esta primera parte se cierra con las especificaciones globales del sistema. La segunda parte de este trabajo (Caps. 4, 5 y 6) atiende al diseño e implemen-tación del receptor, sistemas de sincronización y control. El receptor optoelectrónico se basa en amplificadores realimentados en corriente y cuenta con un excelente producto ganancia ancho de banda. Por lo que respecta al subsistema de sincronismo, se presentan dos unidades distintas con vistas a un futuro sistema lidar de escaneo, lo cuál ofrece la posibilidad de realizar scans entrelazados. Para terminar, el sistema de control diseñado se basa en el software de control LabView, que ofrece una filosofía de control distribuido. Con este propósito, se han especificado e implementado protocolos de bus lidar y su señalización para la presente estación lidar. Finalmente, la tercera parte comprende el diseño de algoritmos de inversión con y sin memoria (Caps. 7 y 8). Los algortimos sin memoria para atmósferas homogéneas se basan en procedimientos de ajuste por regresión como son el método de la pendiente y el de mínimos cuadrados y, en el caso de atmósferas inhomogéneas, se basan en el método de Klett y calibraciones adecuadas. Los algortimos con memoria se basan en diferentes modelos estocásticos para la atmósfera y filtrado de Kalman no lineal. Además de los algortimos de inversión, también se calculan y discuten las curvas del error de inversión. El Cap. 9 describe las medidas llevadas a cabo con el sistema que este trabajo ha permitido construir así como el resultado de aplicar los algoritmos de inversión presentados en los capítulos precedentes. La inversión de escenas reales comprende estudios de la estructura de polución, estudios de nubes (ceilometría, básicamente desplazamiento y estructura de las nubes) y señala posibles fuentes de error en el factor de solapamiento. / LIDAR is an acronym of LIght Detection And Ranging. In the present case, the elastic lidar techniques are used to remotely sense the atmosphere and to derive quantitative information about its optical parameters.This thesis comprises the design and operation of an elastic lidar station based on a pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at the 1064- and 532-nm wavelengths, in the parts concerning receiver, control systems, and inversion algorithms.Basically, it can be divided in three different parts: The first one (Chaps. 1, 2, and 3) encompasses the study of the elastic scattering (Rayleigh and Mie) in the atmosphere for link-budget purposes and gives some insight into the interweaving between physical variables such as temperature, pressure and humidity, and the scattering phenomena, letting apart any possible extrapolation to meteorological models. From this basis, extinction and backscatter figures for different atmospheric conditions can readily be assessed and, as result, a system link budget is presented. This includes lidar range study, signal-to-noise ratio assessment, and photodiode evaluation from custom-made libraries. At the end of the first part, the system specification is made. The second part of this work (Chaps. 4, 5, and 6) is concerned with the design and implemen-tation of receiver, synchronization, and control systems. The optoelectronic receiver is based on current-feedback amplifiers and features a very large gain-bandwidth product. As for the synchronization subsystem, two different units are presented with a view to a future scanning lidar system, which makes room for interspersed scans. Eventually, the control system designed is LabView based and features a distributed control philosophy. For that purpose, lidar bus protocols and signals are specified and built for the actual lidar station. Finally, the third part encircles the design of inversion algorithms with and without memory (Chaps. 7 and 8). Non-memory algorithms for homogeneous atmospheres are based on regression curve-fitting procedures, such as the slope-method and the least squares while in instances of inhomogeneous atmospheres they are based on Klett's method and appropriate calibrations. Memory algorithms are based on different stochastic models for the atmosphere and on non-linear Kalman filtering. In addition to these inversion procedures, error assessment plots are also derived and discussed. Chap. 9 describes the measurements carried out with the system this work has contributed to build and the results of applying to them the inversion algorithms discussed in the preceding chapters.The inversion of live-scenes involves pollution structure studies, cloud studies (ceilometry, cloud motion and wave clouds, basically), and hints overlap factor error sources.

<p>There exist several known methods for calculation of radio coverage for ground-based systems. As far as we know there are no equivalent methods for the case of flying platforms when the altitudes and speeds are significantly different to those of ground-based systems. </p><p>This thesis describes the theoretical concepts behind calculations of radio coverage for flying platforms. An investigation is made to sort out what is important and possible to employ in a model for simulations. A method is described and implemented in a program for evaluation of flying radio systems. Two typical cases of flight missions are simulated and discussed. </p><p>It is found that the free space model is valid most of the mission time. The contribution from the antennas is found to be small in comparison to the path loss. Further investigations suggested are e.g. better ground reflection models and a better model for the flight mechanics.</p>

There exist several known methods for calculation of radio coverage for ground-based systems. As far as we know there are no equivalent methods for the case of flying platforms when the altitudes and speeds are significantly different to those of ground-based systems. This thesis describes the theoretical concepts behind calculations of radio coverage for flying platforms. An investigation is made to sort out what is important and possible to employ in a model for simulations. A method is described and implemented in a program for evaluation of flying radio systems. Two typical cases of flight missions are simulated and discussed. It is found that the free space model is valid most of the mission time. The contribution from the antennas is found to be small in comparison to the path loss. Further investigations suggested are e.g. better ground reflection models and a better model for the flight mechanics.

The study presented in this thesis is focused on the investigation of wireless application in industrial environment. The objective of this work is to provide an insight on the development of the wireless machine to machine (M2M) application, and a systematic approach for improving the application reliability on radio link level by end users. As a specific case, ABB Robotics’ Remote Service concept is examined to check whether the selection of cellular technology as its wireless access method and the choice of standard radio link components are able to satisfy the application requirement under different circumstances. Several modifications of the radio link components and topologies, e.g. repeater system, combiner, etc, are proposed for the enhancement of radio link reliability. Theoretical evaluations of these options are based on detailed radio link calculation and MATLAB simulation using propagation model dedicated for industrial environment. Furthermore, on site test is carried out to validate the theoretical evaluations. The M2M market investigation is also included in the task, in order to select the most cost-effective components from different suppliers. While walking through the radio link optimization process of the specific case, necessary information and knowledge common to all wireless M2M application are explained. In the end, in addition to a guide line for installation and other supporting documents regarding to the Remote Service, some rules of thumb available for the radio link optimization in all kinds of industrial environments are generalized and presented in the form of a flowchart, which can be beneficial for those support engineers of the application provider, who are not necessarily experts in wireless technology.

No description available.

Yes / A subsurface chamber transceiver system and associated propagation channel link budget considerations for an underground wireless sensor system (UWSS) are presented: the application was a sewerage system for a water utility company. The UWSS operates over the GSM850/900, GSM1800/1900 and UMTS bands in order to operate with the standard public mobile phone system. A novel antenna was developed to minimize path loss from the underground location: a folded loop type, which is small enough to fit conveniently inside a utility manhole access chamber while giving adequate signal strength to link to mobile base stations from such a challenging environment. The electromagnetic performance was simulated and measured in both free space and in a real manhole chamber. An experimental test bed was created to determine the return loss and received signal strength with different transceiver positions below the manhole chamber access cover. Both numerical and experimental results suggested an optimum position of the unit inside the manhole, combining easy access for maintenance with viable received signal strength. This confirmed that the characteristics were adequate for incorporation in a transceiver designed to communicate with mobile base stations from underground. A field trial confirmed the successful operation of the system under severe conditions. / This work was supported partially by Yorkshire Innovation Fund, IETG Ltd. Contract, Research Development Project (RDP) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424.

Τα πλεονεκτήματα που προκύπτουν από τη χρησιμοποίηση πολλαπλών κεραιών εκπομπής και πολλαπλών κεραιών λήψης (Multiple Input Multiple Output, MIMO) στις τηλεπικοινωνίες προκάλεσαν εκτεταμένο ενδιαφέρον μελέτης από την επιστημονική κοινότητα και υιοθετήθηκαν σε πολλές εφαρμογές της καθημερινής μας ζωής. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2 περιγράφονται με συντομία τα πλεονεκτήματα της τεχνολογία MIMO και πώς μπορεί να βελτιώσει τη ποιότητα επικοινωνίας. Όπως σε κάθε τεχνολογία υπάρχουν και οι αντίστοιχοι περιορισμοί που δημιουργούνται λόγω διαφόρων φαινομένων μετάδοσης των ηλεκτρομαγνητικών κυμάτων όπως διαλείψεις (fading), σκίαση (shadowing) και απώλειες διαδρομής (path loss). Τα φαινόμενα αυτά είναι απαραίτητο να μελετηθούν προκειμένου να αναπτυχθούν καλύτεροι αλγόριθμοι επικοινωνίας πομπού και δέκτη βελτιώνοντας τη ποιότητα επικοινωνίας. Για τη μελέτη αυτών των φαινομένων είναι απαραίτητη η ανάπτυξη διάταξης πομπού - δέκτη (test-bed) που υιοθετεί τη τεχνολογία MIMO και επιτρέπει τη περεταίρω μελέτη του συστήματος. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3 αναφέρονται τα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά της σχεδίασης ενός ασύρματου συστήματος. Αναλύεται η δημιουργία των προδιαγραφών βάσει των απαιτήσεων της εφαρμογής και η επιλογή των χαρακτηριστικών στο πομπό και στο δέκτη. Επιπλέον γίνεται εκτεταμένη αναφορά στους περιορισμούς και στα προβλήματα που δημιουργούνται σε αναλογικά συστήματα πομπών – δεκτών και τρόποι αύξησης της απόδοσής τους. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4 περιγράφεται το υλοποιημένο ενσύρματο σύστημα τεχνολογίας ΜΙΜΟ και οι τροποποιήσεις που έγιναν για την ενσωμάτωση του ασύρματου RF υποσυστήματος. Στη συνέχεια αναλύεται η αρχική μελέτη του RF υποσυστήματος και τα αναμενόμενα χαρακτηριστικά του με τη βοήθεια προσομοιώσεων (simulations). Τέλος παρατίθεται η τελική συσκευή που αναπτύχθηκε, τα θέματα που παρουσιάστηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια κατασκευής τους αλλά και τρόποι αντιμετώπισής τους και παραδοχές που έγιναν. Το Κεφάλαιο 5 αναφέρεται στις μετρήσεις που έγιναν σε πραγματικές συνθήκες. Οι μετρήσεις αφορούν αξιολόγηση των αναλογικών συσκευών πομπού – δέκτη ξεχωριστά αλλά και όλο το σύστημα μαζί. Το Κεφάλαιο 6 κάνει αναφορά στο τελικό χαμηλοπερατό ενεργό φίλτρο που αναπτύχτηκε για τη συγκεκριμένη εφαρμογή ενώ το Κεφάλαιο 7 περιγράφει το σχεδιασμό ενός αποκλειστικού, ειδικά σχεδιασμένου, τροφοδοτικού για τις ανάγκες τροφοδοσίας των συσκευών. / The benefits arising from the use of multiple transmitter antennas and multiple receiver antennas (Multiple Input Multiple Output, MIMO) in the field of telecommunications caused extensive interest and became subject of study by the scientific community and adopted in many applications in our daily life. Chapter 2 describes briefly the advantages of MIMO technology and how it can improve the quality of communication. As with any technology there are restrictions caused by various transmission phenomena of electromagnetic waves such as fading, shadowing and path loss. These phenomena need to be studied in order better algorithms can be developped and improve communication quality. A transmitter – receiver set up which adopts MIMO technology (test-bed) is necessary in order to study these phenomena and enable further research in the system. In chapter 3 the basic design concepts of a wireless system are presented. Thorough analysis has been made in many issues such as the creation of specifications based on application requirements, the selection of features in the transmitter and receiver, the limitations and problems arising in analog systems and ways to increase their performance. Chapter 4 describes the implemented wired MIMO system, the changes made to integrate the wireless RF subsystem, the initial study of the RF subsystem and the expected characteristics according the simulations. Finally the device developped is presented along with the issues encountered during construction and the solutions found to resolve them. Chapter 5 refers to measurements made in the field (indoor conditions). The evaluation of the analog devices transmitter and receiver has been done both separately and the whole system. Chapter 6 refers to the final low pass active filter that was developed for the specific application while Chapter 7 describes the design of a unique, specially designed, power supply for the power needs of the devices.