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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Phase equilibria in three component systems alcohol-hydrocarbon-water

Siswana, Msimelelo Patrick January 1992 (has links)
The fuel industry in many parts of the world is blending alcohols with motor fuel either to extend the fuel or to improve its octane rating or both. Unfortunately alcohols are hygroscopic and as a result, water becomes a component of the fuel. This can lead to phase separation and the formation of a water-rich layer which could have serious corrosion consequences. In an attempt to understand the phase-splitting in alcohol-petrol-water blends, phase equilibria in ternary systems (alcohol-hydrocarbon-water) have been determined by experiment. The phase equilibria in these ternary systems are also discussed in terms of modern theories of liquid mixtures and the UNIQUAC theory is applied to the "ethanol + benzene + water" ternary system. The alcohols are all the C₁, C₂, C₃ and C₄ alcohols, and the hydrocarbons include those typically found in petrol, e.g. cyclohexane, benzene and substituted benzenes.
42

Estudo do equilibrio liquido-liquido, da partição de insulina e da pre-purificação da proteina de fusão precursora da insulina humana em sistemas aquosos bifasicos do tipo PEG/Sal / Study of liquid-liquid equilibrium, the partition of insulin and pre-purification of the fusion protein precursor of human insulin in aqueous biphasic systems of the type PEG / salt

Alves, Jose Guilherme Lembi Ferreira 24 March 2003 (has links)
Orientador : Antonio Jose de Almeida Meirelles / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T14:52:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_JoseGuilhermeLembiFerreira_D.pdf: 9466611 bytes, checksum: 5373bb06cd092c9f0cb3bd3b29df531f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi estudada a pré-purificação da proteína de fusão precursora à insulina humana e produzida por Escherichia coli modificada, utilizando-se Sistemas Aquosos Bifásicos do tipo polietileno glicol (PEG)/sal/água. A proteína de fusão foi fornecida pela empresa farmacêutica Biobrás S.A (Montes Claros/MG) e foi dissolvida em uréia 8M. Os experimentos de partição da proteína de fusão foram conduzidos de forma a identificar condições para a separação da proteína de fusão de outras proteínas e componentes celulares de E. coli. Foram realizados dois planejamentos experimentais 32 para o estudo da partição da proteína de fusão precursora da insulina humana no sistema PEG/fosfato de potássio/água. tendo-se como variáveis a massa molar do polietileno glicol, a razão mássica PEG/fosfato do sistema (RPEG/FOS). OS níveis estudados foram 1500, 3350 e 8000 para a massa molar do PEG; 1,6, 1,636 e 1,67 para RPEG/FOS. No primeiro planejamento, os testes de partição foram conduzidos a pH 9, enquanto que no segundo planejamento, os testes foram conduzidos a pH 12. Concluídos os testes com o sistema PEG/fosfato de potássio/água, foi escolhida a melhor condição para a purificação da proteína de fusão, condição esta que foi também testada para o sistema PEG/citrato de sódio/água. Para o sistema PEG/fosfato de potássio/água, o melhor resultado foi obtido com o PEG de massa molar 1500, concentração de 16% p/p PEG/l0% p/p de fosfato e pH 9, com fator de purificação da ordem de 1,5 vez e recuperação de 99%. Nestas mesmas condições, mas utilizando citrato de sódio, o fator de purificação e a recuperação foram 1,8 vez e 50,0%, respectivamente. Para analisar a proteína de fusão precursora da insulina humana, desenvolveu-se uma metodologia de análise por Cromatografia de afinidade / FPLC, usando-se a coluna Chelating Sepharose para separar a proteína de fusão dos demais componentes celulares e o Método de Bradford para quantificá-1a. Diagramas de fase do sistema PE& Na3Cit/H2O, para 3 pesos moleculares de PEG (600, 1500 e 3000) foram medidos a 25°C e modelou-se o equilíbrio líquido-líquido deste sistema usando-se o modelo VERS, baseado na equação do virial e que usa como medida de concentração uma fração de superfície externa do componente. Um ajuste muito bom aos dados experimentais foi obtido e os erros absolutos médios entre as concentrações experimentais dos componentes e as calculadas pelo modelo VERS foram 1,16%, 1,05% e 1,19% para os sistemas PEG600/ Na3Cit/H2O, PEGl500/ Na3Cit/H2O e PEG3000/ Na3Cit/H2O, respectivamente. O modelo obtido apresentou boa capacidade preditiva para a influência da massa molar do PEG sobre o equilíbrio líquido-líquido do sistema estudado. Para fins de modelagem termodinâmica, também foi estudada a partição das insulinas humana e suína puras nos sistemas PEG600/ Na3Cit/H2O, PEG1450/Na3Cit/ H2O e PEG3350/Na3Cit/ H2O em pH 4,5, 7 e 9,5 a 25°C para modelar a partição da insulina no sistema PEG/ Na3Cit/ H2O, utilizando-se também o modelo VERS e bons resultados foram obtidos para a -predição do coeficiente de partição da insulina suína no sistema PEG/ Na3Cit/H2O a pH 7,0 / Abstract: In this work the primary purification of a fusion protein precursor of human insulin and produced by recombinant E. coli has been studied using aqueous two-phase systems. The fusion protein was provided by the pharmaceutical company Biobrás S.A (Montes Claros/Brazil) and was dissolved in 8M area. Partitioning essays of fusion protein were investigated in the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/potassium phosphate and poly(ethylene glycol)/sodium citrate aqueous two-phase systems at 25°C. Two 32 experimental design were done to evaluate the effects of PEG molecular weight and the polymer/salt concentration ratio on the purification factor and on the recovery of the fusion protein in the top phase. The studied levels were 1500, 3350 and 8000 for PEG molecular weight and 1,6; 1,636 and 1,67 for the polymerlsaIt concentration ratio. The partitioning experiments were performed at pH 9 and 12. An analytical method for the fusion protein was developed using Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography and the Bradford method. Solids on the interface top were observed in all cases examined The fusion protein partitioned between the PEG-rich phase and the solids on interface. Contaminating proteins were eliminated to some extent, which resulted in an almost 2-fold fusion protein purification with good recoveries. Phase diagrams of the system poly(ethylene glycol)1 sodium citrate/water were determined for three different molecular weights of PEG ( 600, 1500, 3000) at 25°C. At least four tie-lines of each system were measured. The experimental results were correlated by applying a model for the excess Gibbs energy. This model is the Virial equation used by Pitzer for salt solutions, but concentrations are expressed by surface fraction. It is called Virial Equation with Relative Surface fractions (VERS). All phase equilibrium calculations were performed using this model and minimizing the Gibbs energy of the feed under the constraint that both phases are electroneutral. Agreement between the experimental and calculated results within the experimental uncertainty was obtained. The average percents of deviation between experimental and calculated values using VERS model for all components were 1,16%, 1,05% and 1,19% for the systems PEG6001 Na3Cit/H2O, PEGl500/ Na3Cit/H2O PEG30001 Na3Cít/ H2O respectively. Human and porcine insulin partitioning was investigated in the system PEG/sodium citrate/water for three pHs (4,5; 7 and 9,5) at 25°C. Human and porcine insulin showed great affinity for the PEG-rich phase and the partition coefficients were higher than 10. The human insulin partition coefficient is practically independent of the PEG molecular mass. However, there is a tendency for the porcine insulin partition coefficient to increase with the PEG molecular mass at pH 7 and 9,5, attaining values- above 50. The porcine insulin partition coefficient was predicted in the system PEG/sodium citrate/water at 25°C using VERS model and good results were obtained for the system at pH 7 / Doutorado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos
43

Ésteres etílicos de microalga : equilíbrio e propriedades físicas / Ethyl esters of microalgae : equilibrium and physical properties

Lucchesi, Karolynne Weber, 1985- 27 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Antonio Jose de Almeida Meirelles, Fabio Rodolfo Miguel Batista / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T18:12:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucchesi_KarolynneWeber_M.pdf: 2545312 bytes, checksum: 924445a68faa88732383166e326ff7eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A biomassa de microalgas vem despertando grande interesse científico como matéria prima para produção de biodiesel, devido ao elevado teor de óleo de algumas espécies, além de ser uma importante fonte para a produção de diversos biocompostos. Seu cultivo não compete com a produção de alimentos e ainda auxilia na captura de CO2, tendo um impacto benéfico para o meio ambiente. Diante desta promissora potencialidade, este trabalho objetiva investigar a produção de ésteres etílicos a partir de óleo de microalgas, avaliando as propriedades físicas destes ésteres e do óleo, além de estudar o equilíbrio líquido-líquido de algumas misturas de interesse. Óleo comercial de microalga da espécie Chlorella protothecoides, obtido junto à empresa Solebyo, foi utilizado como matéria prima para a produção do biodiesel (etanol como álcool reagente), obtendo-se um biocombustível totalmente renovável. O óleo foi caracterizado em termos dos seus ácidos graxos, estimando-se sua composição em triacilgliceróis (TAG). A dependência da viscosidade e densidade com relação à temperatura, índice de acidez e teor de umidade, foram determinados para o óleo e seu respectivo biodiesel. Uma análise adicional de ponto de fulgor foi realizada exclusivamente para o biodiesel. Por fim, o estudo do equilíbrio líquido - líquido das misturas biodiesel de microalgas + glicerol + etanol e óleo de microalgas + biodiesel de microalga + etanol, foi realizado a 25, 40 e 55 °C. Estes sistemas têm importância nas diversas etapas da reação de transesterificação e nas etapas de purificação do biodiesel. A técnica de HPSEC foi utilizada para quantificar os componentes nas fases e a modelagem do equilíbrio foi realizada utilizando os modelos NRTL e UNIQUAC. Todos os sistemas apresentaram desvios de balanço menores que 0,5%, indicando uma boa qualidade dos dados experimentais e da técnica utilizada. A grande semelhança entre as propriedades do óleo e do biodiesel de microalgas com relação a óleos e biodieseis convencionais indica uma grande potencialidade desta matéria prima para a produção de biodiesel / Abstract: The biomass of microalgae has been attracting great scientific interest as raw material for biodiesel (fatty acid esters), due to the high oil content of some species, and its importance for biocompounds production. Its great advantage with respect to traditional raw materials (oil) is centered on the fact that the microalgae cultivation does not compete with the food production, especially regarding the production of biofuels, and aids in the capture of CO2, having a beneficial impact to the environment. Given this promising potential, this work aims to investigate the production of ethyl esters from microalgae oil, evaluating the physical properties of these esters and oil, as well as studying liquid-liquid equilibrium of mixtures of interest.For this purpose, commercial microalgae oil of the species Chlorella protothecoides, obtained from Soleybio company, was used as raw material for biodiesel production and ethanol as reagent alcohol, giving to this biofuel a completely renewable character. The oil was characterized in terms of their fatty acids and its composition in triglycerides (TAG) was estimated. The viscosity and density temperature dependence, acidity number and moisture content were determined for oil and its respective biodiesel. Analysis of flash point has been made exclusively for biodiesel. Finally, the study of the liquid - liquid equilibrium of mixtures biodiesel + glycerol + ethanol and microalgae biodiesel + ethanol + oil was performed at 25, 40 and 55 °C. These systems are important in various stages of transesterification reaction and in the steps of biodiesel purification. The HPSEC technique was used to quantify the components at equilibrium phases and the equilibrium modeling was performed using the NRTL and UNIQUAC models. All the systems studied in this work presented balance deviations lower than 0.5%, indicating a good quality of the experimental data and the technique used. The great similarity between the properties of microalgae oil and biodiesel with respect to conventional oils and biodiesels indicate a high potential of microalgae as alternative raw material for the production of biofuels / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestra em Engenharia de Alimentos
44

Protein partitioning in two-phase liquid-liquid acetonitrile-water systems

Pence, David N. January 1996 (has links)
No description available.
45

The thermodynamics of liquids in solution at 298 K and 1 atm.

Naidoo, Rolandra D. January 2003 (has links)
For many years the problem of separating aliphatic and aromatic compounds has been at the forefront of the petroleum and oil refining industries. This separation is often effected using liquid-liquid extraction or extractive distillation. Both of these processes require the addition of a solvent to bring about separation. The aims of this work were to investigate the use of "mixed" solvents, such as those used in the Arosolvan process, for their application in liquid-liquid extraction and extractive distillation as well as to provide related thelmodynamic data for systems containing mixed solvents. In the last part of this work, a computer program was developed to theoretically predict the effectiveness of a number of solvents on a user-defined separation. The solvents used for liquid-liquid extraction were chosen based on their similarities to those in the Arosolvan process and were of the form, {N-methyl-2-pyrollidone (NMP) + glycerol, a glycol or water} where the glycol was either monoethylene glycol (MEG), diethylene glycol (DEG) or triethylene glycol (TEG). The additives were combined in various mixing ratios to NMP to determine a mixing ratio for which the effect of the solvent is possibly optimized (a list of all solvents and mixing ratios used are presented in this work). Solvent selectivity and the range of compositions over which separation could occur determined the effectiveness of the solvents. This work dealt with the separation of n-hexane and toluene. In order to determine the selectivity and range of compositions, the liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) of systems containing n-hexane + toluene + solvent had to be determined. LLE was measured using a simple equilibrium cell at 298 K and 1 atm. The phase separation boundaries (binodal curves) were determined using a titration method. The results obtained in this work showed an increase in the range of compositions over which the mixture of n-hexane and toluene could be separated (i.e a larger range of mixing ratios over which these components could be separated from each other) from the pure NMP solvent to the mixed solvent cases. This implies that there is a The range of compositions over which separation could be affected is given (for the solvents) in descending order: NMP + 50% glycerol> NMP + 10% water > NMP + 30% MEG > NMP + 5% water > NMP + 30% glycerol> NMP + 10% glycerol > NMP + 10% MEG > NMP + 10% DEG > NMP + 10% TEG > NMP + 5% DEG > 100% NMP. The selectivities of the solvents showed a remarkable increase from the pure NMP case to the mixed solvent cases. The maximum selectivity obtained for the NMP + 10% DEG system was over 1200 compared to a maximum selectivity of just 6 for the pure NMP system. The maximum selectivities obtained in descending order were as follows: NMP + 10% DEG > NMP + 10% TEG > NMP + 10% glycerol > NMP + 10% MEG > NMP + 30% MEG > NMP + 50% glycerol > NMP + 10% water > NMP + 5% water > NMP + 30% glycerol > NMP + 5% DEG > 100% NMP. The binodal curves were modelled using the Hlavaty, ,8-density and log-y functions. The maximum standard deviations obtained were 0.075, 0.078 and 0.05 for each of the functions respectively. The equilibrium data was modelled using the UNIQUAC and NRTL thermodynamic models and showed excellent agreement. This work showed better agreement to the NRTL functions due to the fact that the non-randomness parameter, a ij , may be chosen arbitrarily. The results obtained in this work indicate that the use of mixed solvents greatly increases the effectiveness ofNMP used for the separation of n-hexane and toluene. It is suggested that further studies be performed on a wider range of aliphatic and aromatic compounds in order to determine whether this is a generic behaviour or just true for n-hexane and toluene. The effectiveness of each solvent for extractive distillation was determined by its separation factor. In order to determine separation factors, the activity coefficients at infinite dilution (IDACs) had to be measured. This was done using a gas-liquid chromatography technique. The solvents employed in this study were NMP, Glycerol, MEG, TEG, NMP + 10% glycerol, NMP + 10% MEG, NMP + 10% DEG, NMP + 10% TEG. The solutes used were: pentane, heptane, hexane, toluene and benzene. The separation factors were determined for each alkane/aromatic pair per solvent. The pure solvent cases were then compared to the mixed solvent cases. The mixed solvents did not show results as promising for extractive distillation applications as they did for liquid-liquid extraction. TEG displayed the best selectivities for each of the alkane/aromatic separations except for the heptane/benzene pair, for which NMP + 10% glycerol proved to be the most effective solvent. When compared to the results obtained from the original UNIF AC model, the IDACs obtained in this work showed up to a 99% deviation. This is due to the fact that the model does not work well for all types of molecules and does not predict the equilibrium of "unlike" molecules adequately. It is suggested that other mixing ratios and different solvents be used to further investigate the effectiveness of mixed solvents for extractive distillation applications. It is further recommended that a computer aided data logging system be developed to determine residence times. This would not only provide more accurate results, but also provide a database for future reference. The computer program that was developed using the original UNIF AC method contains a database of 28 commonly used industrial solvents. This program enables the user to compare graphically the effectiveness of each of the solvents on the desired separation. Due to the limitations of the original UNIF AC method, the program does not work well for all types of molecules. However, the model can be changed without altering the prografnming structure to include a modified version of the UNIFAC model depending on the users needs. The program although written from an extractive distillation standpoint can be extended to include liquid-liquid equilibrium predictions. The main benefit of such a program is to eliminate time-consuming experimental work required to narrow down a long list of solvents required for a particular separation by theoretically predicting the best solvents for the job. The solvent database can also be expanded when new solvents become available or the user needs change / Thesis (M.Sc. Eng)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
46

Modelagem termodinâmica de sistemas aquosos bifásicos contendo sais e polímeros. / Thermodynamic modeling of aqueous two phase systems containing salts and polymers.

Alves, Kelly Cristina Nascimento 18 March 2008 (has links)
Neste trabalho estudou-se a modelagem termodinâmica do equilíbrio de fases de sistemas aquosos bifásicos formados por um polímero neutro, especificamente o poli(etileno glicol), e um sal. O modelo implementado é baseado na equação de Pitzer para soluções de eletrólitos, dele diferindo ao considerar a influência das propriedades do polímero no cálculo da constante dielétrica e da densidade do meio, presentes no cálculo do termo relativo às interações de longo alcance da energia de Gibbs excedente. Além disso, procurou-se também considerar a dependência dos parâmetros relativos ao polímero com respeito ao tamanho de sua cadeia. Dados experimentais obtidos da literatura foram utilizados para a obtenção dos parâmetros ajustáveis do modelo, em cuja implementação foi utilizada a linguagem FORTRAN. A alteração nas propriedades do meio modificou o estado de equilíbrio calculado, fato que pôde ser observado por meio da análise de fatores como o desvio entre a composição calculada pelos modelos e os valores experimentais em cada fase e a inclinação da linha de amarração. Em alguns sistemas o desempenho do modelo modificado foi superior nesses parâmetros, mas em termos gerais a modificação no cálculo da constante dielétrica e da densidade não resultou em melhora no cálculo do equilíbrio de fases, por vezes piorando-o, de modo que investigações específicas sobre o termo de longo alcance foram conduzidas para verificar a razão deste comportamento. A inclusão de parâmetros ternários aumentou a capacidade de correlação de ambos os modelos. No que diz respeito à possibilidade de correlação dos parâmetros de interação como função do tamanho da cadeia polimérica, que poderia levar a um modelo preditivo, observou-se que somente para tamanhos grandes de cadeia foi possível estabelecer uma dependência direta e inequívoca. / The thermodynamic modeling of phase equilibrium in aqueous two phase systems containing the neutral polymer poly(ethylene glycol) and a salt was studied in this work. The implemented model is based on the Pitzer equation for electrolytes solutions, modified in order to account for the influence of polymer properties in both the medium dielectric constant and the medium density, values which are present in long range term of the excess Gibbs energy. The dependence of the adjustable parameters on the polymer molecule size was also investigated. Experimental data from literature were used to obtain the adjustable parameters of the model, in whose implementation the FORTRAN computer language was used. The changes introduced into the long range term resulted in a shift of the calculated equilibrium compositions, which could be observed by analyzing the deviation between calculated and experimental compositions and tie-line slopes. For some systems the performance of the modified model was superior, but in most cases the changes introduced did not result in a significant improvement in phase equilibrium calculations, and even worsened them. Specific investigations on the long range term were carried out to verify the reason for such behavior. The insertion of ternary parameters increased the correlation capacity of both models. Concerning the hypothesis that the interaction parameters can be directly related to the polymer chain size, which might eventually lead to a predictive model, it was noticed that a direct dependency holds only for larger chain sizes.
47

Citrus essential oil fractionation using ethanol with different water contents as solvents: phase equilibrium, physical properties and continuous equipment extraction / Fracionamento de óleos essenciais cítricos utilizando etanol com diferentes níveis de hidratação como solventes: equilíbrio de fases, propriedades físicas e extração em equipamento contínuo

Gonçalves, Daniel 17 July 2017 (has links)
Essential oils are featured commodities in the global market due their many applications in food and chemical industries, in different medicine areas, and as antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant agent. One of the phenomena accountable for the loss of essential oils quality may be associated with the degradation of terpene hydrocarbons by oxidation when exposed to air, light or heat, causing disagreeable odors. The procedure of terpenes content reducing, known as deterpenation, can be performed by diverse techniques, among which the liquid-liquid extraction can be highlighted since this process can be operated without the use of heating and pressure changes, causing low impact on the essential oil sensory qualities and low energy consumption. This research was focused on the fractionation process of citrus essential oils, by liquid-liquid extraction, using ethanol/water mixtures as solvents. Experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium data of model and real citrus systems were obtained. The aroma profile of the crude citrus essential oils (orange - Citrus sinensis and lime - Citrus aurantifolia) and the phases from the liquid-liquid equilibrium was also evaluated. Moreover, the crude citrus essential oils were fractionated in a continuous operation equipment (perforated rotating disc contactor, PRDC). It was verified that the water has an important influence over the fractionation performance, but not over the aroma profile of the phases. The experimental data from the model systems (citrus essential oil model mixture + ethanol + water) were used to adjust parameters of empirical and thermodynamic models, which provided satisfactory results on the calculation of physical property values and compositions of the phases from the real systems (crude citrus essential oil + ethanol + water). The fractionation of citrus essential oils by liquid-liquid extraction technology was technically feasible and can be accomplished into continuous apparatus such as PRDC column. The solvents employed provided extract phases enriched in oxygenated compounds. / Óleos essenciais são importantes produtos comercializados mundialmente devido às suas diversas aplicações em indústrias alimentícias e químicas, em diferentes áreas da medicina, e como agentes antibacteriano, antifúngico e antioxidante. Um dos fenômenos responsáveis pela sua perda de qualidade pode estar associado à degradação dos hidrocarbonetos terpênicos por oxidação, quando estes são expostos ao ar, luz ou calor, ocasionando odor desagradável. O procedimento para redução do teor de terpenos no óleo essencial, conhecido como desterpenação, pode ser realizado por diferentes técnicas, entre as quais a extração líquido-líquido se destaca uma vez que pode ser conduzida sem o emprego de calor e mudanças na pressão, o que atenua o impacto nas qualidades sensoriais e demanda menor gasto energético. Este estudo se concentrou no processo de fracionamento de óleos essenciais cítricos, pela técnica de extração líquido-líquido, empregando misturas de etanol e água como solventes. Foram obtidos dados de equilíbrio líquido-líquido de sistemas cítricos modelo e reais. O perfil de aroma dos óleos essenciais brutos (laranja - Citrus sinensis e lima ácida Citrus latifolia) e das fases provenientes do equilíbrio líquido-líquido também foram avaliados. Além disso, os óleos essenciais brutos foram submetidos ao processo de fracionamento em equipamento de operação contínua (coluna de discos rotativos perfurados, PRDC). Verificou-se que a água possui uma importante influência sobre o desempenho do processo de fracionamento, mas não afetou o aroma das fases. Os dados experimentais dos sistemas modelo (mistura modelo de óleo essencial cítrico + etanol + água) foram utilizados para o ajuste de parâmetros de modelos empíricos e termodinâmicos, os quais apresentaram bons resultados no cálculo de valores de propriedades físicas e da composição das fases oriundas dos sistemas reais (óleo essencial cítrico bruto + etanol + água). O fracionamento de óleos essenciais cítricos pela tecnologia de extração líquido-líquido mostrou-se tecnicamente viável e pode ser conduzido em equipamentos contínuos como a coluna de extração PRDC. Os solventes empregados permitiram a obtenção de fases extrato enriquecidas com compostos oxigenados.
48

Estudo do equilíbrio líquido-líquido e da estabilidade de sistemas envolvendo biodiesel, álcoois e água / Study of the liquid-liquid equilibrium and stability os systems involving biodiesel, alcohols and water

Patrícia Mendes de Azevedo 12 November 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O estudo da estabilidade de emulsões de biocombustíveis destaca-se, dentre outros aspectos, pela necessidade de identificação das características destas. Esta necessidade reforça-se pela dificuldade de detecção de biodiesel e suas misturas quando estão fora de especificação, além de se aplicar aos processos de separação e purificação do biodiesel após a transesterificação. O entendimento deste problema poderá ser alcançado a partir de estudos de estabilidade associados aos modelos termodinâmicos de equilíbrio líquido-líquido (modelo NRTL) em sistemas ternários, que serão a base da modelagem proposta neste trabalho. O levantamento de dados envolve técnicas de observação direta em titulação, e ensaios de estabilidade e tensiometria, com algumas alterações das técnicas clássicas. Desta forma, o objetivo principal do trabalho é propor uma maneira de identificar e caracterizar as interfaces das emulsões formadas e estudar a estabilidade das fases envolvidas. Além disso, estuda-se a introdução de alcoóis como agentes tensoativos para viabilizar a utilização de misturas de combustíveis, mesmo na região de mais de uma fase. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, emulsões envolvendo os constituintes básicos serão combinadas entre si em diferentes proporções. A etapa inicial constitui-se de um mapeamento das misturas e proporções que formam as emulsões, baseadas nas curvas de equilíbrio. Em seguida, faz-se o estudo de caracterização e estabilidade destes sistemas. Com estas informações é possível mapear o sentido de incremento de tensão na interface e instabilidade da separação de fases das emulsões em relação aos diagramas ternários correspondentes. Por fim, propõe-se uma estratégia para estimar os parâmetros termodinâmicos do NRTL para as espécies presentes nos sistemas estudados e prever o comportamento dos mesmos e de sistemas similares. Este modelo matemático proposto tem como objetivo complementar a técnica experimental adotada para construção das curvas de equilíbrio, sendo bem sucedido / The study of the stability of biofuels emulsions calls attention, among other things, to the need to identify their characteristics. This need is reinforced by the difficulty of detecting biodiesel and its blends when they are out of specification, and apply the processes of biodiesel separation and purification after transesterification. The understanding of this issue could be reach from stability studies associated with thermodynamic models of liquid-liquid equilibrium (NRTL) in ternary systems, which will be the basis for modeling proposed in this paper. The research involves direct observation techniques for titration, and stability tests and tensiometry, with some changes of classical techniques. Thus, the main objective is to propose a way to identify and characterize the interfaces of emulsions formed and study the stability of the phases involved. Furthermore, it studies the introduction of alcohols as surfactants to enable the use of mixtures of fuel, even in the region of more than one phase. For development work, emulsions involving basic constituents will be combined in different proportions. The first step consists of mapping the mixtures and proportions which form emulsions, based on the equilibrium curves. Then, it is done the study of characterization and stability of these systems. With this information it is possible to map the direction of an increase in the interface tension and phase separation instability of emulsions in relation to the corresponding ternary diagrams. Finally, it proposes a strategy to estimate the thermodynamic parameters of the NRTL for the species present in the systems studied and predict the behavior of these and similar systems. This mathematical model aims to complement the experimental technique adopted for construction of the equilibrium curves, being successful
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Study on selective precipitation of platinum and base metals in liquid-liquid and gas-liquid chloride systems : focus on conceptual process design.

Siame, John. January 2012 (has links)
D. Tech. Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering / This study provides experimental data and new perspectives on selective precipitation of platinum group metals (PGMs) in the presence of base metals while at the same time reviewing the mass transfer characteristics and models associated with metal sulphides precipitation in liquid-liquid and gas-liquid systems. In this study, the objective was to investigate and validate the concept of selective precipitation of platinum from chloride media using sulphur-bearing liquids or gases.
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Estudo da produção de biodiesel etílico de chichá (Sterculia striata) e do equilíbrio de fases líquido-líquido para o sistema contendo biodiesel + álcool + glicerina / Study of the production of biodiesel ethyl chica (Sterculia striata) and phase equilibrium liquid-liquid system containing biodiesel + ethanol + glycerol

Gomes Filho, João Correia 25 February 2013 (has links)
Although the interest in vegetable oils as feedstock for biofuel production is not a recent issue, this took great impetus by the need to have alternative energy sources to the use of oil and oil products, with a search for new sources of vegetable oil. The chichá (sterculia striata) is a large tree that measures 8-25 meters high, it is found in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and it has fast growing, resistance to low temperatures and different altitudes. The seeds are cylindrical and flat with a black fur that comes off as dries. It has up to 42%almond oil, being a potential candidate for obtaining oil in Brazil. In recent years, many researches have been developed in order to make the production of biodiesel, by ethylic route, technically and economically viable. In this point, much has been done with respect to reactional aspects of this process. However, little researches have been done in order to solve problems related to separation and purification steps. Knowing the phase behavior of the systems is vital for the design, operation and control of these units. This study aimed to: 1) study the process of obtaining biodiesel from chichá oil, 2) perform experimental and theoretical study of the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) involving representative substances of the phase equilibrium present in the chichá biodiesel production. It is expected that the experimental results obtained in this study may come to assist the industry of biodiesel production, providing biodiesel production data and phase equilibrium data to these ones. The results showed that the chichá has about 40% oil in its seed, the chichá biodiesel production reached 99% yield in esters using time ration of 0,5 hours, molar ratio oil/alcohol 1/10, 1,5 % oil mass in mass of catalyst and temperature of 30 °C. The data (LLE) for the ternary system chichá biodiesel + ethanol + glycerol and its tie-lines showed a very characteristic behavior, having no significant variation in studied temperatures. / Embora o interesse por óleos vegetais como matéria-prima para produção de bicombustíveis não seja um assunto recente, tomou grande impulso pela necessidade de se dispor de fontes de energia alternativas ao uso do petróleo e derivados, havendo uma busca por novas fontes de óleo vegetal. O chichá (Sterculia striata) é uma árvore de grande porte, de 8 a 25 metros de altura, encontrada na Mata Atlântica brasileira, com crescimento rápido, resistente a baixas temperaturas e diferentes altitudes. As sementes são cilíndricas e achatadas com uma pele preta que se desprende à medida que vai secando. Apresenta, na sua amêndoa até 42% de óleo, sendo uma candidata potencial para a obtenção de óleo no Brasil. Nos últimos anos, muitas pesquisas vêm sendo desenvolvidas visando tornar a produção de biodiesel, via rota etílica, técnica e economicamente viável. Neste sentido, muito têm sido realizado no tocante aos aspectos reacionais deste processo. Entretanto, pouco se tem pesquisado objetivando resolver os problemas relacionados às etapas de separação e purificação. Conhecer o comportamento de fases dos sistemas é vital para o projeto, operação e controle destas unidades. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: 1) estudar o processo de obtenção de biodiesel a partir do óleo de chichá; 2) realizar o estudo experimental e teórico do equilíbrio líquido-líquido (ELL) envolvendo substâncias representativas do equilíbrio de fases presentes na produção de biodiesel do chichá. Espera-se que os resultados experimentais obtidos neste trabalho possam vir a auxiliar o setor de produção de biodiesel, fornecendo a estes, dados de produção do biodiesel e dados do equilíbrio de fases. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que o chichá possui aproximadamente 40% de óleo em sua semente, a produção de biodiesel de chichá alcançou 99 % de rendimento em ésteres utilizando tempo de ração de 0,5 horas, razão molar óleo/álcool 1/10, 1,5% da massa do óleo em massa de catalisador e temperatura de 30 °C. Os dados do (ELL) para o sistema ternário biodiesel de chichá + etanol + glicerina e suas tie-lines mostraram um comportamento muito característico, não tendo variação significativa nas temperaturas estudadas.

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