Bromelina é um nome coletivo para enzimas proteolíticas encontradas no talo, fruto e folhas do abacaxi (Ananas comosus Merr). A bromelina possui propriedades anti-inflamatórias, de debridamento, entre outras. Para a produção da bromelina deve-se, preferencialmente, usar resíduos do abacaxi, visto que os produtos do fruto têm aplicação comercial. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a extração de bromelina a partir de cascas de abacaxi através de sistema de duas fases aquosas (SDFA), e sua aplicação em hidrogel polimérico. Foram realizados estudos de estabilidade da bromelina comercial, em que se observou maior estabilidade em pH 5,0 com menor perda da atividade relativa em todas as temperaturas estudadas (20, 30, 40 e 50°C). O estudo da extração da bromelina em SDFA formado por polietileno glicol (PEG) e ácido poliacrílico (PAA) (com auxílio da análise de variância de parâmetros como rendimento, fator de purificação e coeficiente de partição) proporcionou rendimento de 335% e fator de purificação de 25,8. Os hidrogéis poliméricos à base de PEG estudados apresentaram-se flexíveis, com pouca elasticidade e taxa de absorção superior a 1000%. Hidrogel carreado de bromelina pelo método de turgescência proporcionou a maior liberação da enzima, assim como a maior atividade (80% da bromelina liberada em 24 h e 278 ± 89 U/mL). / Bromelain is a collective name for the proteolytic enzymes found in the stem, fruit and leaves of pineapple (Ananas comosus Merr.). Bromelain possesses anti-inflammatory properties, debridement, among others. For bromelain production one should preferably use the waste materials, whereas pineapple fruit products have commercial application. This study aimed to extract bromelain from pineapple peels using aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), and its application in polymeric hydrogels. Stability studies of commercial bromelain were performed, which found greater stability at pH 5.0 with minor loss of relative activity at all temperatures studied. The study of bromelain extraction in ATPS composed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly acrylic acid (PAA) (with assistance of variance analysis of parameters such as yield, purification factor and partition coefficient) showed yield 335% and purification factor of 25.8. The PEG-based hydrogels studied presented flexibility, low elasticity and swelling ratio higher than 1000%. Hydrogel containing bromelain, loading by embedding (solvent sorption) method, yielded the highest enzyme release, as well as the highest activity (80% bromelain released over 24 h and 278 ± 89 U / mL).

Bromelina é um nome coletivo para enzimas proteolíticas encontradas no talo, fruto e folhas do abacaxi (Ananas comosus Merr). A bromelina possui propriedades anti-inflamatórias, de debridamento, entre outras. Para a produção da bromelina deve-se, preferencialmente, usar resíduos do abacaxi, visto que os produtos do fruto têm aplicação comercial. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a extração de bromelina a partir de cascas de abacaxi através de sistema de duas fases aquosas (SDFA), e sua aplicação em hidrogel polimérico. Foram realizados estudos de estabilidade da bromelina comercial, em que se observou maior estabilidade em pH 5,0 com menor perda da atividade relativa em todas as temperaturas estudadas (20, 30, 40 e 50°C). O estudo da extração da bromelina em SDFA formado por polietileno glicol (PEG) e ácido poliacrílico (PAA) (com auxílio da análise de variância de parâmetros como rendimento, fator de purificação e coeficiente de partição) proporcionou rendimento de 335% e fator de purificação de 25,8. Os hidrogéis poliméricos à base de PEG estudados apresentaram-se flexíveis, com pouca elasticidade e taxa de absorção superior a 1000%. Hidrogel carreado de bromelina pelo método de turgescência proporcionou a maior liberação da enzima, assim como a maior atividade (80% da bromelina liberada em 24 h e 278 ± 89 U/mL). / Bromelain is a collective name for the proteolytic enzymes found in the stem, fruit and leaves of pineapple (Ananas comosus Merr.). Bromelain possesses anti-inflammatory properties, debridement, among others. For bromelain production one should preferably use the waste materials, whereas pineapple fruit products have commercial application. This study aimed to extract bromelain from pineapple peels using aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), and its application in polymeric hydrogels. Stability studies of commercial bromelain were performed, which found greater stability at pH 5.0 with minor loss of relative activity at all temperatures studied. The study of bromelain extraction in ATPS composed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly acrylic acid (PAA) (with assistance of variance analysis of parameters such as yield, purification factor and partition coefficient) showed yield 335% and purification factor of 25.8. The PEG-based hydrogels studied presented flexibility, low elasticity and swelling ratio higher than 1000%. Hydrogel containing bromelain, loading by embedding (solvent sorption) method, yielded the highest enzyme release, as well as the highest activity (80% bromelain released over 24 h and 278 ± 89 U / mL).

Data de aprova??o retirada da vers?o impressa do trabalho. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-01-04T19:50:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) edgard_ronny_delgado_huamani.pdf: 5898825 bytes, checksum: 78eee370de5fed297b3181e82d98f63d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-01-17T18:40:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) edgard_ronny_delgado_huamani.pdf: 5898825 bytes, checksum: 78eee370de5fed297b3181e82d98f63d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-17T18:40:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) edgard_ronny_delgado_huamani.pdf: 5898825 bytes, checksum: 78eee370de5fed297b3181e82d98f63d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Neste trabalho, Carbon Dots (CD) oxidados foram preparados a partir de rea??es de desidrata??o/oxida??o ?cida da celulose, e posteriormente desoxigenados em meio alcalino e rea??o com sulfato de hidrazina. As caracteriza??es dos CD foram feitas com Microscopia eletr?nica de Transmiss?o, FTIR, titula??o potenciom?trica, Resson?ncia Magn?tica Nuclear de 13C e espectroscopia UV-Vis e fluoresc?ncia. Os resultados obtidos com estas caracteriza??es mostraram que a amostra oxidada apresenta um tamanho m?dio aproximadamente de 2,7 nm com uma significativa quantidade de grupos funcionais oxigenados ?cidos, dos quais 63% s?o ?cidos carbox?licos. Ap?s as rea??es de modifica??o superficial foi verificado que em meio alcalino ocorre somente uma elimina??o de nanoestruturas mais oxidadas, enquanto que na rea??o com hidrazina ocorre a redu??o de alguns grupos carbox?licos e ep?xidos com forma??o de grupos funcionais hidrazonas. Como consequ?ncia da modifica??o superficial, as propriedades ?pticas dos CD s?o alteradas significativamente. Com a redu??o, o band gap diminui e a energia da emiss?o aumenta, deslocando-se para a regi?o azul do espectro eletromagn?tico. Uma vez caracterizados, a parti??o de todos os CD preparados foi investigada em diferentes Sistemas Aquosos Bif?sicos (SAB), nos quais foram avaliados os efeitos dos c?tions e ?nions dos sais, dos pol?meros e do pH inicial do sistema no coeficiente de parti??o (K). Em adi??o foi avaliado o efeito da modifica??o superficial das nanopart?culas. A rela??o do K com comprimento da linha de amarra??o (CLA), o par?metro termodin?mico dos SAB foi estudado para todos os sistemas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a melhor separa??o ocorreu com o sistema PEO1500+sulfato de l?tio+?gua em pH=3 e usando os Carbon Dots reduzidos com hidrazina. O valor do K para este sistema foi de 64,4. Por outro lado, o menor valor de K foi 0,79, foi obtido para o sistema PEG1500+tartarato de s?dio+?gua em pH=6 e usando Carbon Dots oxidados. As an?lises detalhadas das fases superior e inferior de alguns destes sistemas com espectroscopia de fluoresc?ncia mostraram que os SAB s?o capazes, al?m de particionar, separar as nanopart?culas com diferentes propriedades ?pticas, as quais est?o diretamente associadas ?s propriedades superficiais e tamanho de part?culas. Por fim, n?s avaliamos a atividade catal?tica foto-Fentom dos CD na degrada??o do corante ani?nico ?ndigo de carmim e os resultados mostraram que os CD apresentam atividade fotocatal?tica neste sistema. Devido ? alta parti??o verificada para o sistema PEG1500+ sulfato de l?tio+?gua, este foi usado para avaliar a potencialidade de seu uso em cat?lise de transfer?ncia de fase usando CD como fotocatalisador e o corante ?ndigo de carmim como mol?cula modelo. Apesar da complexidade e da dificuldade de caracteriza??o dos produtos da foto-oxida??o no SAB, os resultados obtidos indicam que o sistema testado pode ser usado em rea??es de transfer?ncia de fase fotocatalisadas. Como conclus?o final, acredita-se que os resultados apresentados, em especial, a parti??o/sele??o das nanopart?culas com distintas propriedades ?pticas s?o de extrema import?ncia para o desenvolvimento de novas e eficazes aplica??es dos CD. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Qu?mica, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / In this work, oxidized Carbon Dots (CD) were prepared by a dehydration/oxidation reaction of cellulose and subsequently deoxygenated in alkaline medium and reaction with hydrazine sulfate. The CD characterizations were made with Transmission Electron Microscopy, FTIR, potentiometric titration. 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results obtained with these characterizations showed that the oxidized sample has an average size of 2.7 nm with a significant amount of acid oxygenated functional groups, of which 63% are carboxylic acids. After the superficial modification reactions, it was verified that in alkaline conditions only one elimination of more oxidized nanostructures occurs, whereas in the reaction with hydrazine the reduction of some carboxylic groups and epoxides with formation of hydrazones functional groups. As a consequence of the surface modification, the optical properties of the CD are significantly changed. The band gap decreases and the emission energy increases, shifting to the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Once characterized, the partitioning of all CD prepared was investigated in differente Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS), in which the effects of the cations and anions of salts, of the polymers and the initial pH of the system in the partition coefficient (K) were evaluated. In addition, the surface modification effect of the nanoparticles was evaluated. The relationship of K with Tie Line Length (TLL), the thermodynamic parameter of the ATPS was studied for all systems. The results showed that the best separation occurred with the system PEO1500 + lithium sulfate + water at pH = 3 and using the reduced carbon dots with hydrazine. The K value for this system was 64,4. On the other hand, the lowest K value was 0,79, it was obtained for the system PEG1500 + sodium tartrate + water at pH = 6 and using oxidized carbon dots. The detailed analysis of the upper and lower phases of some of these systems with fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the ATPS are capable, in addition to partition, to separate the nanoparticles with different optical properties, which are associated directly to the surface properties and particle size. Finally, we evaluated the photo-Fentom catalytic activity of the CD in the degradation of the anionic anion dye indigo carmine and the results showed that the CD present photocatalytic activity in this system. Due to the high partition found for the PEG1500 + lithium + water sulfate system, it was used to evaluate the potentiality of its use in phase transfer catalysis using CD as a photocatalyst and the indigo carmine dye as a model molecule. Despite the complexity and difficulty of characterizing the photo-oxidation products in ATPS the results indicate that the system tested can be used in photocatalysed phase transfer reactions. As a final conclusion, we believe that the results presented, in particular, the partitioning / selection of nanoparticles with different optical properties are of extreme importance for the new and effective applications of CD.

Aqueous Phase Partitioning has a long history of applications to the analytical characterisation of biomolecules. However process applications have attracted the most interest in biotechnology where it has become widely recognized as a cost-effective technique. The main aim of this work was to explore the proposition that partition in Aqueous Two Phase Systems (ATPS) can be used as an analytical tool to detect protein isoforms and to assess the applicability of the method in clinical assays and for quality control in bioprocessing through examination of several analytical problems. The work also examined the development of automated methods of system preparation and sampling techniques to determine the partition coefficient in ATPS. The study demonstrated that the geometrical form of the phase diagram co-existence curve was of crucial importance since this directly affected the accuracy with which systems of defined Tie Line Length and Mass Ratio could be constructed. The TLL %Bias (accuracy) of a theoretical system range in the PEG1000-(NH4)2SO4 system at shorter TLL (12.2) was in the range +80.6% to -100% while at a longer TLL (53.1) the %Bias (accuracy) was reduced to +0.1% to -1.9%. At the same time the MR %Bias (accuracy) at shorter TLL (12.2) was in the range +59.5% to -21.3% while at the longer TLL (53.1) this was reduced to +2.7% to -2.6%. By contrast in the PEG8000-Dextran500 system the TLL %Bias (accuracy) at shorter TLL (13.1) was in the range +3.7% to -4.12%, while at a longer TLL (31.1) the range was +0.74% to -0.67%. The MR %Bias (accuracy) at the shorter TLL (13.1) was in the range +3.6% to -3% while at the longer TLL (31.1) the range was +1.1% to -1.4%. This illustrated that it is more difficult to work with a high degree of accuracy (e.g. %Bias <5%) close to the critical point in PEG-salt systems than in PEG-dextran systems. Two different approaches were taken to examine analytical phase partitioning. In the first approach the structure of the isoforms of a model protein (ovalbumin) were altered enzymatically. Analytical methods involving Strong Anion-Exchange chromatography were developed and applied to the separation of the ovalbumin isoforms. Removal of the phosphorylated groups (dephosphorylation of ovalbumin) was undertaken using alkaline phosphatase and de-glycosylation was attempted using neuraminidase and Endo-glycosidase F. However, both enzymatic approaches to deglycosylation were unsuccessful. Dephosphorylated isoforms were successfully produced and characterised. After partitioning in ATPS a clear difference was demonstrated between the behaviour of the native and dephosphorylated forms of ovalbumin. The mean % recovery in a PEG-salt ATPS was 99.8% (± 3.59) for the naive protein and 75.6% (± 4.03) for the dephosphorylated form. On the other hand, in a PEG3350-Dextran500 system, where solubility was maintained, a significant difference in the partition coefficient (K) of native and dephosphorylated ovalbumin was found. K for native ovalbumin was 0.85 while the partition coefficient of the dephosphorylated ovalbumin was 0.61. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that the regression coefficients of the respective partition isotherms were significantly different (p value < 0.05). In a second approach to examine analytical phase partitioning, chemical modification of a specific target surface amino acid of another model protein (serum albumin) was used to determine the degree of conjugation of the protein and also to determine its oxidative state. The method examined the reactivity of a free surface thiol to a wide range of labels ( (a) 2-methylsulfonyl-5-phenyl -1,3,4 oxidiazole reagent, (b) N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM) reagent, (c) 5, 5’-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoate)(DTNB) (Ellman’s reagent), (d) N-pyrenylmaleimide (NPM) reagent, (e) Fluorescein-5-maleimide (F-5-M) Reagent). Only DTNB was found to modify the surface free thiol of serum albumin in a highly specific and quantitative manner. In the course of the development of a partitioning assay for surface free thiols of serum albumin significant oxidative properties were found to be associated with poly(ethylene glycol) PEG solutions and several attempts were made to find an oxidatively safe partitioning system by including antioxidants and by removal of contaminants by freeze drying. PEG3350-Dextran500 was found to provide an oxidatively safe environment for the development of a partitioning assay for the determination of albumin free thiols. A phase partitioning assay system capable of quantitatively resolving protein associated free thiols and low molecular weight thiols from a mixture of the two was developed. Correlation coefficients (R2) for the regression of experimentally determined protein free thiols in the presence of different levels of added LMW free thiol on the known addition of protein ranged from 0.77 to 0.83. The results demonstrated that the assay could quantify and distinguish both types of thiol in a simple two-step procedure.

Orientador: Rahoma Sadeg Mohamed. / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T04:27:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PessoaFilho_PedrodeAlcantara_D.pdf: 10293388 bytes, checksum: d2122777bc0a4783f681b4c94289e6de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: A fonnação de sistemas aquosos bifásicos em conseqüência da adição à água de alguns pares de polímeros, ou de certos polímeros e sais, é um fenômeno bem estabelecido e conhecido. Esses sistemas encontram larga aplicação na separação de moléculas biológicas em laboratório e têm conhecido nos últimos tempos incipiente aplicação industrial; sua correta modelagem tennodinâmica é o objetivo deste trabalho. Inicialmente consideraram-se sistemas formados por dois polímeros. Procurou-se incorporar à equação de Flory-Huggins modificações que levassem em conta a formação de ligações de hidrogênio entre moléculas de água e entre moléculas de água e de polímero, no caso, o poli(etileno glicol). Em uma primeira análise utilizou-se como base do desenvolvimento a teoria quimica, que considera a ligação de hidrogênio uma ligação covalente. Os resultados foram bastante adequados e indicavam que a consideração das ligações cruzadas era suficiente para permitir uma boa modelagem. Assim, outros modelos que levavam em conta a solvatação foram desenvolvidos, em uma primeira abordagem considerando o número de moléculas de água na camada de solvatação constante, depois permitindo que esse valor variasse com a composição. Todos esses modelos tiveram bastante sucesso; entretanto, resultados pouco adequados foram obtidos na utilização da SAFT (teoria estatistica do fluido associativo). A polidispersão da dextrana também foi considerada em alguns cálculos, com sucesso; entretanto, dadas as diferenças existentes entre dados experimentais obtidos em grupos de pesquisa diversos, não foi possivel construir um modelo totalmente preditivo. Estudaram-se também sistemas formados por polímeros e sais. Nesse caso, o esforço teórico foi direcionado à compreensão do papel dos componentes nos tennos devidos à interação eletrostática ¿ por exemplo, polímeros presentes alteram a constante dielétrica e a densidade do meio, devendo portanto alterar a equação de Debye-Hückel, o que, por sua vez, faz com que se prevejam comportamentos irrealistas. Análise acurada revelou que a solução completa do problema demanda a conversão de propriedades obtidas no formalismo de McMillan e Mayer ao formalismo de Lewis e Randall para misturas de solventes ¿ esforço teórico cujo vulto ultrapassa o escopo deste trabalho. Desenvolveu-se também um modelo para sistemas fonnados por polieletrólitos e polímeros neutros. Esse modelo é baseado em uma equação empirica do virial, e considera a ocorrência de várias reações, por meio das quais foi possivel obter um novo modelo de energia de Gibbs excedente que levasse em conta a variação do grau de dissociação iônica em soluções aquosas de polieletrólitos. O modelo fisico de solvatação constante, desenvolvido para sistemas formados por dois polímeros, foi utilizado no estudo da partição de moléculas biológicas. O modelo foi capaz de descrever muito bem resultados de experimentos de partição. Nesse caso, a consideração da polidispersão da dextrana, que afeta muito pouco cálculos de equilíbrio líquido-líquido, modificou de maneira adequada a densidade numérica dessas fases, tomando o modelo mais confiável / Abstract: Aqueous two-phase systems are formed when either two polymers or a polymer and a salt are added to water at certain concentrations. These systems have been widely used to separate biological molecules in laboratory, and have recently found incipient industrial application. This work is aimed at the development of reliable thennodynamic models for these systems. First, systems fonned by two polymers were examined. The Flory-Huggins equation was modified to account for hydrogen bonding occurring between water molecules (self-association) and between water and polymer molecules (solvation). The first modification uses the chemical theory, according to which hydrogen bonding is considered to be equivalent to a covalent bonding. The results obtained were very good and indicated that cross-association alone might bring about this improvement. Purely physical models accounting for solvation were subsequently developed, first by considering the number of water molecules bonded to each polymer molecule as a constant value, and later allowing it to vary with concentration. These models were found very successful. A similar attempt to use the SAFT (statistical associating fluid theory), however, did not provide good results. Polydispersion in polymers such as Dextran was also successfully accounted for, even though it was not possible to establish a completely predictive model due to the discrepancies in experimental data obtained by different research groups. Systems fonned by polymers and salts were dealt with next. In this case, the theoretical investigation was aimed at the understanding of the role of the different compounds in the ca1culation of the tenn that accounts for long range interactions. For instance, polymers modify the dielectric constant and the specific gravity ofthe surrounding medium, thus modifying the Debye-Hückel equation; however, accounting for this effect introduces spurious terms in phase equilibrium ca1culations. A more detailed analysis showed that the correct solution to this problem would require the conversion of properties of mixing ca1culated in the McMillan and Mayer forrnalism to that of Lewis and Randal, a serious and challenging theoretical problem whose solution is beyond the scope of this work. A new thennodynamic model tailored for solutions of polyelectrolytes and neutral polymers was also developed. This model is based on an empirical virial equation and considers the occurrence of some ionic dissociation reactions. Through this picture it was possible to develop a new excess Gibbs energy model accounting for the variation of the ionic dissociation degree in aqueous solutions of polyelectrolytes. The model with constant value for the solvation number, developed for systems fonned by two polymers, was also used to model the partitioning of biological molecules in these systems. The model provided a very good description of partitioning experiments. Accounting for Dextran polidispersion, which has almost no effect on phase equilibrium ca1culations, modifies the numeric density of the liquid phases in equilibrium, and increases the reliability of the model / Doutorado / Engenharia de Processos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

<p><strong>Apstrakt je obrađen tehnologijama za optičko prepoznavanje teksta (OCR).</strong></p><p>U radu je ispitana raspodela pektinaza u vodenim dvofaznim sistemima sastavljenim od polietilen glikola 4000 i jednog od dva dekstrana, sirovog i dekstrana 40000. Koncepcija rada je podrazumevala definisanje sistema u kojima su vr&scaron;eni eksperimenti raspodele, ispitivanje parametara raspodele pektinaza komercijalnog enzimskog preparata u model sistemima i, konačno, kultivaciju Polyporus squamosus u dvofaznim sistemima.<br />Ispitivanje uticaja masenih udela polietilen glikola na raspodelu pektinaza u model sistemu, pri konstantnom udelu sirovog dekstrana od 7.5% (w/w), pokazalo je negativan uticaj na parametre raspodele, te su najveće vrednosti koeficijenta raspodele (K) dobijene pri najmanjem ispitivanom udelu polietilen glikola, 5% (w/w), i iznosili su za endo-pektinazu (endo-p) 1.76, odnosno za egzo- pektinazu (egzo-p) 1.22. Istu zavisnost je pokazalo i ispitivanje u model sistemu sa dekstranom 40000, ali je vrednost K_endo bila mnogo niža (0.22). Povećanje udela sirovog dekstrana, pri stalnom udelu, 5% (w/w), polietilen glikola, negativno je uticalo na vrednosti parametara raspodele egzo-p, te su maksimalne vrednosti dobijene pri najmanjem udelu, 3% (w/w), dekstrana (K_egzo 0.79, prinos u gornjoj fazi (Y) 62.04%, stepen preči&scaron;ćenosti u gornjoj fazi (st.preč.) 5.5).<br />Sa povećanjem dužine veznih linija u model sistemu sa sirovim dekstranom opadale su vrednosti parametara raspodele pektinaza. Najbolji rezultati (K_endo 1.66, Y_endo 60.85%, K_egzo 0.95, Y_egzo 47.07%) dobijeni su najkraćoj veznoj liniji, dužine 7.44%. Povećanje odnosa zapremina u istom sistemu smanjilo je koeficijente raspodele endo- i egzo-p, kao i njihove stepene preči&scaron;ćenosti u gornjoj fazi, a u isto vreme povećalo prinose u toj fazi.<br />Dodatak amonijum sulfata i natrijum sulfata u model sistem polietilen glikol/sirovi dekstran u koncentraciji od po 15 mmoI/l povećao je K_endo 1-25, odnosno 1.2 puta, dok je K_egzo u prisustvu 15 mmol/l amonijum sulfata ili 5 mmol/l natrijum sulfata bio za 60% veći. Povećanje rN vrednosti KH₂PO₄-Na₂HPO₄ pufera povećalo je koeficijente raspodele oba tipa pektinaza, te je K_endo, na rN 7.5, bio 0.9, a K_egzo 0.76, na rN 7.0. Najbolja raspodela endo-p u gornju fazu model sistema ostvarena je pri 0.4 mol/l fosfatnog pufera (K 4.21, Y 85.78%, st.preč. 10). Vrednosti iznad 0.1 mol/l fosfatnog pufera nisu imale značajnijeg uticaja na raspodelu egzo-p.<br />Kultivacija Polyporus squamosus je bila moguća u dvofaznom sistemu polietilen glikol/sirovi dekstran, sa pektinom. kao inducerom, pri čemu je ostvareno odvajanje biomase od pektinaza njihovom raspodelom u suprotne faze. U sistemu sastava 5% (w/w) polietilen glikol/4% (w/w) sirovi dekstran, količina produkovane biomase je bila 4.5 puta veća od one u homogenom medijumu, ukupne egzo-p aktivnosti 1.82 puta veća, a endo-p aktivnosti jednaka onoj u homogenom medijumu. Drugog dana kultivacije ostvarene su najveće vrednosti parametara raspodele (K_endo 2.45, Y_endo 80.22%, st.preč._endo 7; K_egzo 0.6, Yegzo 49.83%, st.preč._egzo 5.19). Povećanje koncentracije amonijum sulfata za 15 mmol/l u podlozi za kultivaciju u dvofaznom sistemu sastava 5% (w/w) polietilen glikol/4% (w/w) sirovi dekstran, povećalo je koeficijent raspodele endo-p za 81%, vrednost ove aktivnost u grnjoj fazi za 37%, a da nije uticalo na raspodelu biomase P. squamosus.<br />Prisustvo različitih koncentracija fosfata nije uticalo na raspodelu biomase P. squamosus u dvofaznom sistemu. Pri 0.2 mol/l KH2PO4 postignuto je idealno odvajanje biomase od endo-p, uz K_egzo 112. Najveća vrednost ukupnih produkovanih aktivnosti oba tipa ostvarena je pri 0,1 mol/l fosfata, uz koeficijente raspodele za endo-p i egzo-p 3.9 i 0.95 i visoke stepene njihove preči&scaron;ćenosti u gornjoj fazi (5.89 i 14.36, redom).<br />Kultivacija P. squamosus je ostvarena i u dvofaznom sistemu koji je sadržao suve izlužene repine rezance, sa raspodelom biomase u donju fazu. Koeficijenti raspodele su iznosili 4.70, odnosno 2.78, za endo-p, odnosno egzo-p. Prinosi oba enzima u gornjoj fazi su bili 90.71% za endo-p i 85.24% za egzo-p, uz najveće stepene njihove preči&scaron;ćenosti, 4.26 i 7.98, redom.</p> / <p><br /><strong>Abstract was processed by technology for Optical character recognition (OCR).</strong></p><p>Partition of pectinases in aqueous two-phase systems composed of polyethylene glycol 4,000 and crude dextran or dextran 40,000 was studied in this work. As the first step, phase diagrams were constructed, than partition of commercial pectinases was studied in model systems and finally, cultivation of Polyporus squamosus in aqueous two-phase systems was conducted.<br />Increasing of the concentration of polyethylene glycol in model system at fixed 7.5% (w/w) crude dextran decreased partition parameters. Maximal values for partition coefficient (К) of endo-pectinase (endo-p), 1.76, and exo-pectinase (ехо-р), 1.22, were obtained at 5% (w/w) polyethylene glycol. The same was revealed in investigations in model system with dextran 40,000, but Kendo was lower (0.22). Increasing of concentration of crude dextran at fixed 5% (w/w) polyethylene glycol decreased partition parameters of ехо-р, so their maximal values (Кexo 0.79, top phase yield (Y) 62.04% and purification factor in top phase 5.5) were obtained at 3% (w/w) crude dextran.<br />Increasing of the tie-line length caused decreasing of partition parameters and maximal results were achieved at the shortest tie-line 7.44% (Kendo 1-66, Yendo 60.85%, Кехо 0.95, Yexo 47.07%) in model system with crude dextran. With increasing of the volume ratio, partition coefficients of endo-p and ехо-р were decreased, as well as their purification factor in top phase, while top phase yield for both enzymes had higher values.<br />The addition of 15 mmol ammonium sulphate/l and 15 mmol sodium sulphate/l in model system, composed of polyethylene glycol and crude dextran, increascd Kendo 1.25 and 1.2 times, respectively, while Кехо in the presence of 15 mmol ammonium sulphate/l or 5 mmol sodium sulphate/l was 60% higher. Increasing of рН of KH2PO4- Na2HPO4 buffer favoured partition of both endo-p and ехо- p in top phase, so Kendo was 0.9 at рН 7.5 and Кехо was 0.76 at рН 7.0. The favourable partition of endo-p in top phase was achieved in the presence of 0.4 mol phosphate buffer/l (К 4.21, Y 85.78% and purification factor in top phase 10). Concentrations of phosphate buffer above 0.1 mol/l didn&rsquo;t have significant influence on partition of ехо-р.<br />Cultivation of Роlуроrus squamosus in polyethylene glycol/crude dextran aqueous two-phase system was accomplished with pectin as inducer and biomass was separated from pectinases by their partition into opposite phases. In system composed of 5% (w/w) polyethylene glycol and 4% (w/w) crude dextran, amounts of produced biomass and ехо-р activity were 4.5 and 1.82 times higher, respectively, and endo-p activity equal to those obtained in homogeneous cultivation. At the second day of cultivation the highest values of partition parameters were obtained (Kendo 2.45, Yendo 80.22%, purification factor for endo-p 7; Кeхо 0.6, Yexo 49.83%, purification factor for ехо-р 5.19). Increasing of concentration of ammonium sulphate in two-phase medium for 15 mmol/l increased Kendo for 81% and endo-p activity in top phase for 37%, but didn&rsquo;t influence partition of biomass.<br />Presence of phosphate at various concentrations didn&rsquo;t affect partition of biomass in two-phase system. At 0.2 mol KH2PO4/I tlie onesided partition of endo-p was accomplished while Кeхо was 1.12. The highest amounts of produced activities of endo-p and ехо-р were obtained at 0.1 mol phosphate/l and partition coefficients were 3.9 and 0.95, respectively, followed by high values of purification factors in top phase (5.89 and 14.36, rcspectively).<br />Cultivation of P. squamosus was accomplished in two-phase system containing dry sugar beet extraction waste and fungal growth was restrected to bottom phase. Partition coefficients were 4.70 and 2.78 for endo-p and ехо-р, respectively. Тор phase yields amounted 90.71% for endo-p and 85.24% for ехо-р followed by the highest obtained purification factors in top phase (4.26 and 7.98, respectively).</p>

No description available.

Neste trabalho estudou-se a modelagem termodinâmica do equilíbrio de fases de sistemas aquosos bifásicos formados por um polímero neutro, especificamente o poli(etileno glicol), e um sal. O modelo implementado é baseado na equação de Pitzer para soluções de eletrólitos, dele diferindo ao considerar a influência das propriedades do polímero no cálculo da constante dielétrica e da densidade do meio, presentes no cálculo do termo relativo às interações de longo alcance da energia de Gibbs excedente. Além disso, procurou-se também considerar a dependência dos parâmetros relativos ao polímero com respeito ao tamanho de sua cadeia. Dados experimentais obtidos da literatura foram utilizados para a obtenção dos parâmetros ajustáveis do modelo, em cuja implementação foi utilizada a linguagem FORTRAN. A alteração nas propriedades do meio modificou o estado de equilíbrio calculado, fato que pôde ser observado por meio da análise de fatores como o desvio entre a composição calculada pelos modelos e os valores experimentais em cada fase e a inclinação da linha de amarração. Em alguns sistemas o desempenho do modelo modificado foi superior nesses parâmetros, mas em termos gerais a modificação no cálculo da constante dielétrica e da densidade não resultou em melhora no cálculo do equilíbrio de fases, por vezes piorando-o, de modo que investigações específicas sobre o termo de longo alcance foram conduzidas para verificar a razão deste comportamento. A inclusão de parâmetros ternários aumentou a capacidade de correlação de ambos os modelos. No que diz respeito à possibilidade de correlação dos parâmetros de interação como função do tamanho da cadeia polimérica, que poderia levar a um modelo preditivo, observou-se que somente para tamanhos grandes de cadeia foi possível estabelecer uma dependência direta e inequívoca. / The thermodynamic modeling of phase equilibrium in aqueous two phase systems containing the neutral polymer poly(ethylene glycol) and a salt was studied in this work. The implemented model is based on the Pitzer equation for electrolytes solutions, modified in order to account for the influence of polymer properties in both the medium dielectric constant and the medium density, values which are present in long range term of the excess Gibbs energy. The dependence of the adjustable parameters on the polymer molecule size was also investigated. Experimental data from literature were used to obtain the adjustable parameters of the model, in whose implementation the FORTRAN computer language was used. The changes introduced into the long range term resulted in a shift of the calculated equilibrium compositions, which could be observed by analyzing the deviation between calculated and experimental compositions and tie-line slopes. For some systems the performance of the modified model was superior, but in most cases the changes introduced did not result in a significant improvement in phase equilibrium calculations, and even worsened them. Specific investigations on the long range term were carried out to verify the reason for such behavior. The insertion of ternary parameters increased the correlation capacity of both models. Concerning the hypothesis that the interaction parameters can be directly related to the polymer chain size, which might eventually lead to a predictive model, it was noticed that a direct dependency holds only for larger chain sizes.

O ambiente Antártico é caracterizado por condições ambientais restritivas de clima, hábitat e biogeografia. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a diversidade de leveduras em amostras marinhas e terrestres do ambiente Antártico, além da prospecção de lipases que atuem em processos que requerem baixas e moderadas temperaturas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, 97 leveduras foram recuperadas por semeadura em meio de cultura PDA e YMA a partir de diferentes amostras coletadas na OPERANTAR XXVIII (verão 2010), das quais foram identificados 12 gêneros e 21 espécies. Destas, 45 apresentaram atividade de lipase e duas foram selecionadas para o ensaio de otimização da produção enzimática: C. laurentii L59 e L. scotti L117. A extração de lipase de L. scottii L117 foi avaliada por Sistema de Duas fases Aquosas e o sistema micelar utilizando TX-114 foi o mais eficiente para purificação parcial desta enzima. Por fim, a avaliação da diversidade das 405 leveduras isoladas de macroalgas e liquens (coletadas na OPERANTAR XXXII no verão de 2013) revelou a ocorrência de 24 taxons de leveduras a partir das amostras de macroalgas e 18 taxons a partir das amostras de liquens, sendo apenas cinco espécies comuns a estes dois substratos. / The Antarctic continent is characterized by restrictive environmental conditions of climate, habitats and biogeography. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of yeasts in marine and terrestrial samples of the Antarctic environments, as well as the propspecting of lipases that can act in proceses that require low and moderate temperatures. According to the results, 97 yeasts were recovered from different samples collected in OPERANTAR XXVIII (summer 2010), representing 21 different species. Among them, 45 showed lipase activity and two were selected for the optimization of enzyme production: C. laurentii L59 and L. scotti L117. Extraction of L. scottii L117 lipase was assessed by Aqueous Two-Phase System and the micellar system TX-114 was the most efficient for partial enzyme purification. Finally, the diversity evaluation of 405 isolates from seaweeds and lichens (collected in XXXII OPERANTAR, summer of 2013) revealed the occurrence of 24 taxa from macroalgae samples and 18 taxa from lichens samples, being only five substrates common to these two substrata.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-02T12:53:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação CCB - Kátia Albuquerque 2016.pdf: 1508022 bytes, checksum: 82278b56e00cafb789bead747a3af48d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-02T12:53:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação CCB - Kátia Albuquerque 2016.pdf: 1508022 bytes, checksum: 82278b56e00cafb789bead747a3af48d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / CAPEs / Enzimas são proteínas com atividade catalítica capazes de integrar diferentes processos biotecnológicos. Dentre as enzimas com aplicação na indústria destaca-se a tanino acil hidrolase (EC 3.1.1.20) ou simplesmente tanase, uma enzima extracelular produzida na presença de ácido tânico por fungos filamentosos, bactérias e leveduras. A tanase (TAH) catalisa a hidrólise de taninos liberando ácido gálico e glicose. TAH pode ser utilizada no tratamento de efluentes, na indústria farmacêutica, de alimentos, bebidas entre outros. Na biotecnologia, o grande desafio na produção de enzimas é extrair a molécula a partir de métodos economicamente viáveis. Assim, o sistema de duas fases aquosas (SDFA) tem sido cada vez mais utilizado para purificar parcialmente diversos produtos biológicos. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como finalidade extrair em SDFA, caracterizar bioquimicamente e aplicar em chá verde a enzima tanase obtida de Aspergillus sp. SIS 25 por fermentação em estado sólido, utilizando a fibra do coco como substrato. Um planejamento fatorial 23 foi utilizado para avaliar a influência das variáveis principais: massa molar (MMPEG) do PEG (1000, 3350 e 6000 g/mol), concentração (20, 22 e 24% m/m) do PEG (CPEG) e concentração (15, 17,5 e 20% m/m) de citrato de sódio (CCIT), sobre as variáveis resposta: coeficiente de partição (K), recuperação (Rec) e aumento de pureza (AP), em pH 6. A tanase foi preferencialmente particionada para a fase sal do sistema uma vez que em todos os ensaios os valores de K foram menores do que 1. As variáveis MMPEG e a interação entre MMPEG-CPEG apresentaram os resultados mais significativos para o valor de K, sendo ambos os efeitos negativos. Com relação ao aumento de pureza, o melhor resultado (3,2) foi observado no ensaio 8 com 24% de PEG 6000 e 20% de sal. A tanase extraída do sistema apresentou temperatura ótima a 30° C e pH ótimo 5,0. A perda da estabilidade foi observada a 50 °C. A TAH desse estudo foi estimulada na presença de Na+ e completamente inibida na presença de Zn2+. Os surfactantes não interferiram significativamente em sua atividade, com exceção do Triton X-100 a 2% que diminuiu a atividade relativa em aproximadamente 50%. No processo de hidrólise dos compostos fenólicos do chá verde, a tanase pré-purificada em SDFA apresentou melhor resultado se comparada ao extrato bruto; 0,75 mL da enzima do sistema reduziu 44% dos fenóis do chá. Os resultados demonstram que o modelo estatístico montado para o SDFA além de permitir a extração de uma tanase parcialmente pura tornou conhecido outros modelos que favorecem a otimização das variáveis estudadas, principalmente o aumento de pureza. Com isso, é possível afirmar que a tanase de Aspergillus sp. SIS 25 pode ser extraída através de um método de baixo custo, que emprega material reutilizável, biodegradável e que o processo conservou as características biquímicas dessa enzima devido à abundância de água que ocorre no sistema e pela utilização de componentes inertes à maioria das bimoléculas. A criação desse ambiente favorável para separar moléculas biológicas pode explicar o fato da tanase não ter perdido sua atividade durante o estudo, mantendo sua ação catalítica principalmente durante a aplicação em chá verde. / Enzymes are proteins with catalytic activity capable of integrating different biotechnological processes. One of the enzymes with application in industry stands out the tannin acyl hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.20) or simply tannase, an extracellular enzyme produced in the presence of tannic acid by filamentous fungi, bacteria and yeast. The tannase (TAH) catalyzes the hydrolysis of tannins releasing gallic acid and glucose. TAH can be used for effluent treatment, pharmaceutical industry, food, beveragesand others. In biotechnology, the big challenge in the production of enzymes is to extract the molecule from economically viable methods. Thus, the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) has been increasingly used to partiallypurify biological products. In this sense, the present work had as purpose to extract in ATPS, characterize biochemically and apply in green tea the tannase enzyme obtained from Aspergillus sp. SIS 25 by solid state fermentation using coconut fiber like substrate. A factorial design 23 was used to evaluate the influence of major variables: PEG molar mass (1000, 3350 and 6000 g/mol), PEG concentration (CPEG) and sodium citrate concentration (CCIT), on the response variables: partition coefficient (K), recovery (Rec) and purity increase (AP), at pH 6. The tanase was preferentially partitioned to stage the salt system once in all tests the values of K were lower than 1. The variables MMPEG and the interaction between MMPEG-CPEG presented the results more meaningful for the value of K, being both negative effects. With regard to the increase in purity, the best result (3.2) was observed in 8 test with 24% of PEG 6000 and 20% salt. The tannase extracted from system showed optimum temperature at 30 ° C and optimum pH 5.0. The loss of stability was observed at 50° c. TAH this study was stimulated in the presence of Na+ and completely inhibited in the presence of Zn2+. Surfactants not significantly interfere in their activity, with the exception of Triton X-100 2% that decreased the relative activity by approximately 50%. In the process of hydrolysis of phenolic compounds from green tea, tannase pre-purified in ATPS showed better results when compared to the crude extract; 0.75 ml of the enzyme from system has reduced 44% of tea phenols. The results show that the statistical model fitted to the ATPS and allow the extraction of a pure and partially known other models that favor the optimization of the studied variables, especially the increase in purity. With this, it is possible to affirm that the tanase of Aspergillus sp. SIS 25 can be extracted through a low-cost method, employing reusable, biodegradable material and the process preserved the biquímicas features of this enzyme because of the abundance of water that occurs in the system and by the use of inert components to most bimoléculas. The creation of this favourable environment to separate biological molecules can explain the fact of tannase didn't lose its activity during the study, keeping their catalytic action primarily during application in green tea.