University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of Portuguese

Translating and reading western modernist literature played a vital role in forging contemporary Chinese literature and China’s mode of subjectivity, but little has been written about them, and even less about the interconnections between them. My PhD thesis aims to offer a comprehensive interpretation of the phenomenon of translating and reading modernist literature in Mao’s China, focusing particularly on translators’ and readers’ agency, and their collective construction of a multifaceted discourse of subjectivity. The central questions I try to answer in my thesis are: For what “practical” purposes or needs did the Chinese Communist Party order the translation and publication of these modernist texts which are clearly against the ideology of Mao’s China? What mark did translators from state controlled institutions leave in the intellectual history of China? Why did western modernist literature of 1950s cause such a strong response from the intellectual youth in the 1970s? In Mao’s China, there were a number of modernist literature texts that were translated and published. They were only intended to be available for a very limited readership consisting of high ranking party officials, but ended up being leaked, and eventually became extremely popular in the underground reading movement. I decided to focus on the three most widely read texts, which are On the Road (first translated into Chinese in 1962), Catcher in the Rye (first translated into Chinese in 1963), and Waiting for Godot (first translated into Chinese in 1965). By mapping the translation process and the underground reading of these texts into the context of the politics of China from the early 1960s to the late 1970s, my study provides three arguments which attempt to answer the three questions raised above: 1) Mao’s China encountered similar modernity situations so that western modernist literature after World War II was translated for internal circulation and criticism; 2) Thanks to the subjectivity of translators from state controlled institutions, their translations paved the way for the rising of the self, the end of revolution, and the individualization of Chinese society; 3) As early as in the 1960s to 1970s, the conscious reading of modernist literature brought alternative understandings of self and ways of being, and the sent-down Chinese youth have new self-projection by reading these texts. Few researchers have studied translation beyond analysis of target language text (TLT), while my methodological innovation is to connect three traditionally isolated subjects into a single continuing process of meaning giving activity: the source text and their role in forging western subjectivity; translators and their translations in Mao’s context; and Chinese underground reading of western literature from late 1960s to 1970s. This is a comparative and theoretical study of the three chosen texts in their historical contexts in order to reconsider the cultural significance of translating and reading modernist literature in Mao’s China. I hope it will modify our view of translation and reading history in Mao’s China, contributing to theories of subjectivity and the plurality of Chinese modernity discourse. / published_or_final_version / Chinese / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

楊曉頤. / 論文(哲學碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院翻譯學部, 1998. / 參考文獻: leaves 132-141. / 中英文摘要. / Yang Xiaoyi. / 引言 --- p.1-2 / Chapter 第一章 --- 《阿麗思漫游奇境記》原著及譯作背景 --- p.3-13 / Chapter 第一節 --- 原著背景 / 英國維多利亞時代的文壇情況 --- p.3 / 《阿麗思漫游奇境記》的創作過程 --- p.5 / Chapter 第二節 --- 譯作背景 --- p.10 / Chapter 第二章 --- 角色名字的翻譯 --- p.14-29 / Chapter 第一節 --- 與真實人物有關的名字 --- p.14 / Chapter 第二節 --- 與神話故事有關的名字 --- p.19 / Chapter 第三節 --- 與社會習俗有關的名字 --- p.21 / Chapter 第四節 --- 與流行諺語有關的名字 --- p.24 / Chapter 第三章 --- 角色形象的翻譯 --- p.30-66 / Chapter 第一節 --- 小女孩形象 --- p.31 / Chapter 第二節 --- 成年人形象 --- p.49 / Chapter 第三節 --- 主僕形象 --- p.56 / Chapter 第四節 --- 貴族形象 --- p.62 / Chapter 第四章 --- 遊戲文字的翻譯 --- p.67-115 / Chapter 第一節 --- 語音層面 --- p.67 / Chapter 第二節 --- 詞彙層面 --- p.73 / Chapter 第三節 --- 句法層面 --- p.100 / Chapter 第四節 --- 表現手法 --- p.103 / 結論 --- p.116-121 / 注釋 --- p.122-126 / 附錄一 《阿麗思漫游奇境記》中譯本概覽 --- p.127-129 / 附錄二 《阿麗思漫游奇境記》插圖 --- p.130-131 / 參考文本 --- p.132 / 參考書目 --- p.133-141

This dissertation explores how literary translators mediated cultural diplomacy between the U.S. and China during the Cold War period. Focusing on best-selling bilingual authors Lin Yutang, Eileen Chang, Hua-ling Nieh Engle, and Jade Snow Wong, I show how these “cold warriors” negotiated political boundaries, concepts, and agendas while they wrote and translated literary texts. Their works, usually divided into Asian vs. Asian American literature, are here productively read together as pawns in the same ideological struggle, even as they exceed the traditional bounds of Cold War periodization, polarized nation-states, and disciplinary canons. Together, they evince new forms of transnational cultural production that shaped policies of containment, propaganda, resistance, de-colonialism, and racialization. This project thus theorizes translation as its own process of ideology-formation, rather than overlooking it as a mere medium for communication. In the end, examining linguistic exchange in the Cold War redefines what we conceive of as Asian-American, by reconfiguring the outright ideological struggle between Democracy and Communism as an equivocal conflict in the space opened up by translation.

Child-oriented Chinese indigenous children's literature was created with the translation of western children's works and theories on children's literature. The study on translated children's literature in China is significant not only to the research on Chinese children's literature, but also to Chinese translation history. At present the study on translated children's literature both at home and abroad occupies a marginalized position. Particularly in China, the limited research that has been done on the subject is of poor quality. / Key words. Translation Studies; translated children's literature; poetics; patronage; linguistic elements; personality; influence study; reception. / This dissertation combines the methods taken from Descriptive Translation Studies, children's literature research and Comparative Literature to describe and analyze the production, reception and influence of translated children's literature in China during the period of 1898-1949. Based on two catalogues compiled by the author of this dissertation, namely, A Catalogue of Translated Children's Literature During 1898-1919 and A Catalogue of Translated Children's Books During 1911-1949, the dissertation describes a picture of translated children's literature in China during the period of 1898-1949. The production of translated children's work is analyzed from four perspectives: poetics, patronage, linguistic elements and personality of translators. The reception part, based on the reception models by Yves Chevrel, takes Curoe translated by XIA Mianzun, The Watch translated by LU Xun, and "Translated Russian Children's Literature in China" as three case studies to examine the reception of translated children's literature in the Chinese context. The influence part adopts the methodology of chronology and doxologie to prove and conduct the detailed aspects of the influence of translated children's literature upon indigenous Chinese children's literature from three aspects: techniques, content and image. The dissertation ends with an outlook for future research on translated children's literature in China. / 李麗. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(p. 222-238). / Adviser: Chee Fun Fong. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: A, page: 0562. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (p. 222-238). / Li Li.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Portuguese

本論文以民國初年六本通俗文學雜誌的翻譯文本為研究對象，首先根據雜誌翻譯文本及其歷史資料，勾勒雜誌翻譯活動的輪廓，繼而從雜誌翻譯追溯雜誌文人的思考與互動過程，展現當時文化場域的動態場景。論文嘗試回歸雜誌翻譯之歷史語境，從中觀察二十世紀初的中國文化圖景；研究的視野，與翻譯研究中以系統為研究對象的理論有共通之處。論文借助系統理論中「規範」、「經典」等概念來探討雜誌翻譯，同時亦注重文本與概念之歷史淵源；相關文本解讀與概念分析，皆以雜誌原始語境為背景。此外，論文以該時期新文化刊物的翻譯現象為參照，追溯通俗與精英文人通過翻譯而進行的對話與互動，藉此反思雜誌翻譯之於文化場域演變的作用。所涉之對比分析，有助把通俗文學雜誌的翻譯活動重置於民初文化版圖，既為近代翻譯史填補一點空白，亦可在目前以新文化精英為主線的現代文學史論之外，提供另一種敍述歷史的角度。 / Based on a historical study of the translation in six popular literary magazines published in early Republican Shanghai, the thesis attempts to explore dynamic cultural landscape of early modern China by reconstructing the ecology and patterns of magazine translation. In line with the perspectives of system theories in Translation Studies, translation is viewed as both functional constituent and shaping force in its cultural settings. With a keen interest in the historicity of texts and notions, the thesis examines magazine translation by analyzing key concepts in system theories such as ‘norm’ and ‘canon’ in the context of early Republican printed media. Translated texts in the magazines under study are also analyzed in comparison with those published in May-fourth journals in the same period. Magazine translation is then presented as a site of conversation, competition and mutual positioning between popular and elite intellectuals. Offering to fill a gap in Chinese translation history with its reconstructive efforts, the thesis proposes an alternative delineation of cultural history against the ‘grand narrative’ that dismisses the literary practices in Shanghai popular magazines as mere residues of the late Imperial era. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 叶嘉. / Thesis submitted: November 2012. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 208-214). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Ye Jia. / 緒 論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 課題緣起 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 理論架構 --- p.4 / Chapter 第三節 --- 研究範圍 --- p.8 / Chapter 第一章 --- 清末民初「通俗」的流變 --- p.13 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「通俗」的定義 --- p.13 / Chapter 第二節 --- 清末到民元：平民教育的初衷 --- p.16 / Chapter 第三節 --- 袁世凱復辟：以「通俗」為名的言論控制 --- p.18 / Chapter 第四節 --- 文學革命之後的「通俗」：从中性到貶義 --- p.20 / Chapter 第五節 --- 上海雜誌界的「通俗」：從啓蒙到暢銷 --- p.22 / Chapter 第六節 --- 解讀「精英」與「通俗」：從對立到互動 --- p.32 / Chapter 第二章 --- 雜誌的外在環境 --- p.37 / Chapter 第一節 --- 雜誌的出版環境 --- p.37 / Chapter 第二節 --- 雜誌的文人圈子 --- p.45 / Chapter 第三章 --- 從雜誌文本看翻譯規範：譯者形象 --- p.55 / Chapter 第一節 --- 從譯書廣告看譯者 --- p.58 / Chapter 第二節 --- 從譯作刊登格式看譯者 --- p.69 / Chapter 第三節 --- 從譯序和譯後記看譯者 --- p.75 / Chapter 第四節 --- 早期《新青年》的譯者形象及其啓示 --- p.82 / Chapter 第四章 --- 從雜誌文本看翻譯規範：從「不忠」到「忠實」 --- p.87 / Chapter 第一節 --- 1910年代：「不忠」為常 --- p.89 / Chapter 第二節 --- 1910年代：抗拒「直譯」 --- p.94 / Chapter 第三節 --- 《新青年》：「忠實」的提出 --- p.99 / Chapter 第四節 --- 1920年代：「忠實」的流行 --- p.102 / Chapter 第五章 --- 從雜誌文本看翻譯規範：「時效」與「實用」 --- p.109 / Chapter 第一節 --- 緣起晚清 --- p.109 / Chapter 第二節 --- 演入民初 --- p.112 / Chapter 第三節 --- 譯叢：獵奇的「時效」與「實用」 --- p.115 / Chapter 第四節 --- 西笑：諧趣的「時效」與「實用」 --- p.126 / Chapter 第六章 --- 「時效」的延續：視覺文本的翻譯 --- p.135 / Chapter 第一節 --- 雜誌插圖：西方世界視覺化 --- p.135 / Chapter 第二節 --- 影戲小：電影時代的先聲 --- p.142 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「雜誌翻譯」：規範與定義重構 --- p.153 / Chapter 第七章 --- 翻譯規範及經典與文化場域之互動 --- p.159 / Chapter 第一節 --- 不拒「經典」，不要「主義」 --- p.160 / Chapter 第二節 --- 重釋林紓：「新」「舊」的對立 --- p.173 / Chapter 第三節 --- 熱議《娜拉》：「新」「舊」的對話 --- p.190 / 結 語 --- p.197 / 後 記 --- p.202 / 徵引書目 --- p.208