Dieser Aufsatz behandelt die Erzählung Fräulein Else von Arthur Schnitzler und im Zentrum steht Elses Schlaftraum auf der Bank. Die Aufgabe des Aufsatzes ist herauszufinden, wie der psychische Zustand Elses ihren Schlaftraum beeinflusst. Um ein tieferes Verständnis für die Traumdeutung zu entfalten, wird auch der bedeutungsvolle Psychoanalytiker Freud, in einem Vergleich mit Arthur Schnitzler, präsentiert. Außerdem wird die Persönlichkeit Elses kurz vorgeführt und dies um Elses Wünsche und Hoffnungen besser verstehen zu können. Ein Einblick in den tatsächlichen Traum wird auch vermittelt aber im Fokus steht die Interpretation des Traumes und die wird natürlich auch eingehend präsentiert. In der Schlussfolgerung ist es außerdem möglich der Analyse des Traumes weiter zu folgen.

Cynthia Voigt is a well-known author of children’s books. She deals mainly with contemporary issues, although she also has written some fantasy. The Tillerman saga consists of 7 books. This essay deals with the first two, Homecoming and Dicey´s Song. It is the story of four abandoned young children hiking their way through America, looking for a home to settle down in. The phrase “The American Dream” was first coined in 1931 by J. T. Adams in The Epic of America. It is still used today for example by President Bush, although now users have new definitions and connotations to it. The painter Norman Rockwell has been called “The Painter of the American Dream”. This essay investigates whether the idea of the American Dream as portrayed by Rockwell could be found in the aforementioned two books by Voigt. The author of this essay also used Nickel and Dimed. On (Not) Getting by in America by B. Ehrenreich and Friare kan ingen vara by G. Rosenberg to exemplify the reality behind the American Dream.

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This study discusses the tradition of ideal ageing, which emphasizes life-long virtue as an avenue to wisdom. In line with this tradition the senior members of society have been expected to take charge of and to organize their withdrawal from their social engagements, make themselves available to the younger generations needs without (openly) wanting to control them, and impart traditions without insisting that everything remain unchanged. Women have not been excluded from this tradition, but they have figured more in the margin. This is especially noticeable in the popular image of the ideal ageing man as a king in command of himself (but only in exceptional cases also in command of others). The tradition of ideal ageing emerged during antiquity. Socrates held a central position in the formation of this set of values, Cicero’s De Senectute is a prototype of positive examples of ideal ageing, and Seneca’s texts on old age became, at the time, a model for how deterrent examples function as warnings to others. Traces of this tradition can, for example, be found in Shakespeare’s King Lear, and in texts by and about the ageing Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. In the beginning of the 19th century, the tradition of ideal ageing in Swedish literature dominated the portrayals of the relationship between young and old, especially in texts by Esaias Tegnér, Erik Gustaf Geijer, and Fredrika Bremer, who all wrote at a time when a new national ideology was emerging. Some of these writers though did attempt to break with the tradition by portraying themselves in old age as passionate and perpetually young. This shows the importance of studying how individual writers, instead of regarding the tradition of ideal ageing only as a limiting norm or discourse, have used the tradition in accordance with their own interests and perspectives. / ageing, old age, wisdom, virtue, cultural history, history of literature and ideas, rhetoric, conceptual history, Swedish literature in the 19th century

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Travel literature and especially the ”adventure story” has excited young British boys for over two centuries. However, it has also been a vehicle for the assertion of male dominance and European supremacy. The story of a British man who goes to the colonies, performs some test which is essentially a test of his manliness, and whose compulsory victory marks the end of the book, has been a central myth in colonial masculinity. Through looking at three Anglo-Saxon male travel writers from the 20th century, this essay aims to study the different ways in which Western male identity is shaped against an Indian background. The novels analysed are Topee and Turban or Here and There in India by H.A. Newell, the Don Juan- tetralogy by Carlos Castaneda and Are You Experienced by William Sutcliffe. Whether the Self is defined against the Indian other; by identification with the Indian other, or through deconstructing the notion of an Indian other, and what role femininity plays, are the central themes of this essay. Theory paramount to the analysis has been Ann McClintock’s discourse on the feminisation of the colonized country; Simon Gikandi’s assumption that imperialism was crucial in shaping British identity, and Gayatri Spivak’s notion of epistemic violence.

The aim of this essay is to get deeper into the mysteries of love as they manifest themselves as most open: in literature. I have studied the two French writers Claire Etcherelli and Françoise Sagan, both writing about love in the 50’s Paris. While Etcherelli’s love takes place between factory workers, Sagan’s scene is the upper middle class. My question is how love manifests itself in such similar but yet different surroundings: is love a class question? Looking at the structure present in the novels and how the love story proceeds, I have discovered that although the conditions are fundamentally different, the structure is almost identical. This is itself an ideological fact. The structure shows that in both cases, love appears as a solution to an unsatisfactory situation. The man enters the novel when the heroine knows she needs change. With him, she then embarks on a project for change. This project implies for Sagan a journey towards nature and the dissolution of the Self, whereas for Etcherelli it means a greater involvement in the political struggle and the constitution of an identity. The journeys undertaken are therefore diametrically opposed, yet the way they are taken about, is the same. Both authors present a vision of love that is comparable to many of 20th century theorists. Whereas some theorists, e.g. Denis de Rougemont and Slavoj Žižek, claim that love essentially is a lie: it says one thing and wants another, it is actually the want of suffering or a power game, others such as Erich Fromm and Francesco Alberoni speak about it as a revolutionary movement towards social change and knowledge of the human soul. Both Sagan and Etcherelli support the latter view. Love is in their novels a metaphor for hope, it comes forth as a firm belief in the possibility of change, social as well as existential.

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This paper examines the structure of The Golden Notebook and in which way it reflects thethemes in the novel. This paper also describes the context of the 1960`s in which a certaintype of ideas were developing and wants to place The Golden Notebook in this context. Finallythe paper investigates what can be understood by reading the novel as a part of that context.