Esta dissertação aborda o tema das estratégias de meio de vida à luz das mudanças climáticas. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa se propõe a combinar três temáticas: o modo de vida dos camponeses, a percepção ambiental e a estratégia de meio de vida. Assim, a pesquisa procurou responder quais estratégias de meio de vida, as famílias adotam para enfrentam a seca que afeta a vida dos camponeses do posto de administrativo de Mahel, no distrito de Magude, na província de Maputo, em Moçambique. O objetivo principal da pesquisa é compreender as estratégias de meio de vida (reação ou adaptação) que as famílias camponesas adotam em função dos ativos disponíveis na unidade produtiva familiar, numa situação de mudanças climáticas, neste caso da seca que aflige as famílias camponesas do posto administrativo de Mahel. Para tal, formularam-se três hipóteses: (1): as famílias elaboram estratégias de meio de vida; (2): as estratégias de meio de vida estão em função dos ativos disponíveis na unidade produtiva familiar e dos fatores sociodemográficos; e (3): A partir de percepção das mudanças climáticas, os homens elaboram estratégias de meio de vida para responderem o impacto das mudanças climáticas. Convém mencionar que em função da complexidade dos dados que se pretendia coletar, estabeleceu-se método qualitativo (estudo de caso), através de entrevistas semiestruturadas centralizadas nos chefes dos agregados de onze famílias. A escolha das onze famílias deriva de um conjunto de fatores, como dispersão da população em pequenos territórios e produção na propriedade. Portanto, estabeleceu-se metodologia por etapa, isto é, uma pesquisa a partir de um local específico para posteriormente expandir para outras áreas. Vale mencionar que a escolha dos chefes dos agregados deve-se ao fato destes influenciarem nas estratégias de meio de vida nas unidades produtivas familiares. As variáveis de análise foram os ativos: humanos, naturais, sociais, financeiros e físicos. Deste modo, estavam criadas as condições para a realização da pesquisa, a qual veio confirmar as hipóteses, porque as famílias estabelecem estratégias de meio de vida em função dos ativos disponíveis na unidade produtiva familiar, sendo as estratégias determinadas pelos fatores sociodemográficos da unidade produtiva familiar. Para o caso específico do posto administrativo de Mahel, os ativos humanos e naturais têm mais impactos que os demais ativos. Assim, as famílias elaboram estratégias de reação, garantindo assim a manutenção do modo e condição de vida campesina, neste caso em apreço, a sobrevivência, o que significa que satisfaz a demanda interna com menor penosidade. / This dissertation addresses the issue of the strategies of livelihood in the light of climate change. In this sense, the research aims to combine three themes: the way of life of farmers, environmental awareness and the strategy of livelihood. Thus, the research sought to address what livelihood strategies, families adopt to face the drought that affects the lives of peasants Mahel administrative post in the Magude district of Maputo province in Mozambique. The main objective of the research is to understand the livelihood strategies (reaction or adaptation) that peasant families adopt depending on the assets available in the family production unit, in a situation of climate change, in this case the drought afflicting the peasant families of the post administrative Mahel. For this, three hypotheses were formulated: (1): families prepare livelihood strategies, (2): living through strategies are depending on the assets available in the family production unit and sociodemographic factors; and (3): From perception of climate change, the men prepare livelihood strategies to respond the impact of climate change. It should be noted that due to the complexity of the data that was intended to collect, was established qualitative method (case study), through centralized semi-structured interviews in the heads of households eleven families. The choice of the eleven families derived from a set of factors such as dispersion of the population of small regions and the production property. Therefore, it was established methodology by step, that is, a search from a specific location to further expand into other areas. It is worth mentioning that the choice of the aggregates of the heads is due to the fact that these influence the strategies of livelihood in family production units. The analysis variables were assets: human, natural, social, financial and physical. Thus were created the conditions for the research, which confirmed the hypothesis, because families establish livelihood strategies depending on the assets available in the family production unit, and the strategies determined by sociodemographic factors of family production unit . For the specific case of the administrative Mahel post, human and natural assets have more impacts than other assets. Thus, families prepare response strategies, thus ensuring the maintenance of order and peasant living conditions, in this case, survival, which means it meets domestic demand with less painfulness.

abstract: The main purpose of this dissertation is to examine the effects of migration and household capitals on agricultural and energy transitions in the setting of rapidly changing socioeconomic and environmental conditions of Chitwan, Nepal. The environmental aspects of agricultural and energy transitions are also discussed to weave the changes in the livelihoods of rural households into the discourse of sustainable development, especially in the context of underdeveloped countries. The data used for the analysis is the Chitwan Valley Family Study which has been collected since 1996 at the individual and household level with the focuses on agriculture and family. The results from first difference model and multilevel logistic regression model using discrete-time event history approach deliver a couple of important messages for the future plans for local and national development. Most of all, migration plays an important role in the livelihoods of rural households in Chitwan. It might not have a direct impact, but the findings indicate that social and financial remittances from migration interact with how a household utilizes their current capitals under a given context for the future. Particularly, available labor in a household, prior investment in agriculture, exposure to modern life style, and what other people do, all these factors moderate the association between migration and the transitions. The implications of these results on sustainable development for the future of Chitwan and Nepal in the coming years are discussed afterwards. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sociology 2014

abstract: Adaptation and transformation have emerged as a key themes for human-environment research, especially in the context of rapid social-ecological changes. The 2008 global financial crisis constitutes a major driver of change with social-ecological ramifications that have yet to be fully explored. Using Greece, the poster child of the euro-crisis as a case-study, this dissertation examines how adaptive capacity is mobilized and even enhanced in times of crisis, paying particular attention to the role played by natural capital. To do so, I focus on the back-to-land trend whereby urbanites seek to engage in food production post-crisis (2008-onwards). In-depth qualitative analysis of back-to-landers’ motivations, experiences, and challenges is integrated with quantitative data about household demographics, incomes and assets, and land management characteristics. The dissertation is organized in three main result papers (chapters). The first seeks to understand why people turn to the land in times of crisis, and the role played by agency. The second analyzes the various assets that people mobilize in order to go back to the land, paying particular attention to the different mobilities necessary for their livelihood transformation. The third examines environmental safety nets in terms of material and non-material benefits that ecosystems provide to people. This research contributes to a wider social-ecological scholarship that seeks to understand how people adapt and transform when confronted with crises, focusing on how land and associated ecosystem services contribute to the resilience of these households, and the role played by agency in this process. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geography 2018

The overarching aim of this research was to improve understanding of the synergies and trade-offs between economic and domestic food security benefits associated export-oriented shrimp and prawn aquaculture in a fragile developing country environmental context. The research scope covers the entire ‘seafood system’ incorporating production, distribution, trading and consumption in the south-west coastal region under greater Khulna District, Bangladesh. The primary research objective was to understand causal factors in variation of seafood nutritional quality and health outcomes, exploring correlations with seafood consumption across a range of agro-ecological, aquatic farming systems and socio-economic conditions. The study also focused on differences in intra-household allocation with a special focus on adolescent girls, being amongst the most vulnerable members of society. These objectives necessitated a highly inter-disciplinary approach to understand complex interactions between biophysical aspects (e.g. where and which species are most effective in supplying essential nutrients) and the social norms of food allocation. Fieldwork was conducted in Satkhira, Khulna, and Bagerhat Districts of Khulna Province over 17 months during 2012 to 2015. Four villages across a peak-annual surface water salinity gradient; high saline (>10 ppt), medium saline (>5<10 ppt), low saline (<5 ppt) and freshwater (<0.5 ppt) were selected for case-studies. The thesis begins with a literature review of the evolution of shrimp and prawn farming in Bangladesh and the wider region and identification of knowledge gaps. Research resolved from district to community to household level. Key informant (KI) interviews were used to establish well-being criteria (based on a range of 5 social and economic assets) at community level. In each community a census of households (n=1082 households) were derived from the same interviews and KIs asked to ranked households on the established well-being criteria. Results were validated through a short interview of all the identified households (HH). This sample-frame provided the based for two concurrent survey efforts. Stratified-random selection of 160 HH on two well-being categories (better-off and worse-off) for ‘farm level’ analysis using a semi-structured questionnaire. Key topics included inputs/outputs characteristics, economic benefits and the fate of farmed products were evaluated. Another 240 households with single adolescent girls were selected from the same frame, again with randomized-stratified sampling based on well-being categories for ‘intra-household’ analysis. This resulted in selection of 60 HH per community consisting of 30 ‘better-off’ and 30 worse-off households (further analysis was conducted on a range of secondary sampling outcomes based on livelihood options, intra-household food distribution and aquatic farming assets). A 24-hour food recall method, food frequency questionnaire, food photography and measuring cup sets were used to estimate individual members’ food consumption at the household level. Anthropometric measures (stunting, wasting, BMI, MUAC) and biomarkers (omega-3 index in RBC and LC n-3 PUFA/LC PUFA in whole blood cell) were used to assess food security outcomes of adolescent girls (n=200 subject). In an entirely separate effort, samples of shrimp/prawn and fish polyculture species (57 species and 9 by-products, 1 live feed; n=672) were collected from the major agro-ecologies (four saline gradients; HS, MS, LS and FW) and culture systems (extensive, semi-intensive, intensive, organic and pocket gher). At least 3 sites from each saline gradient (3×4=12 sites) were selected for sampling and pooled samples to represent all the culture system in the region. The major macro and micronutrients of the collected species were analysed and these datasets were used to know the nutritional distribution among the family members in household level study. Two aggregate indices of wealth (or well-being) and aquaculture were developed based on a range of quantitative (ordinal and interval) measures. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used to understand how aquaculture influences on wealth gain. Wealth index of the same social well-being did not differ among the agro-ecologies. However, the aquaculture index was varied in agro-ecologies. Most of the households (60-80%) were involved directly in aquaculture however, a majority portion of the households was worse-off (48-64%). Both HS and LS area had more livelihood options due to their proximity to mangrove forest Sundarbans and city amenities, respectively compared to MS and FW area. Ownership of the land did not influence any involvement in aquaculture and yields but he willingness and risk-absorbing capacity of the farmers were the main factor to get involve in aqauculture. In aquatic farming system the importance of export-oriented shellfish yield gradually decreased from HS to FW area (55-20% by volume). The intentional stocking of finfish and PLs were common across the saline areas however the wild caught juveniles and hatchery originated fingerlings were usual in higher and lower saline areas, respectively. The low priced tilapia took the place of wild recruited mangrove fishes in MS area. Diseases, especially the devastating white spot virus (WSSV), frequency were higher in higher saline areas. The indicators like wild recruitment, salinity, water productivity and water management also a vital factor to gain yield. The integration of aquatic and terrestrial crops (rice and dyke crop) in the lower saline areas provide higher yield compared to higher saline areas. However, the net economic returns were largely determined by the aquatic products. The income of ghers in FW and MS area was sensitive to the lower prices of freshwater finfish and tilapia. The protein content in shellfish was higher than the other finfish, however, lower in other essential nutrients. Species living in the higher saline areas contained higher total n-3 PUFA (in weight) and LC n-3 PUFA/LC-PUFA compared to the same species living in lower saline areas. Small Indigenous Species (SIS) and Self-Recruiting Species (SRS) were proven to provide higher micronutrients and total n-3 PUFA than larger fish. Seafood that destined for the international markets contained less n-3 PUFA and micronutrients in comparison to the domestically consumed fish. Customary intra-household food distribution disparity (mainly fish) still exists at household levels where females, especially adolescent girls, were deprived. Fish consumption (>77 g /capita/day) and fish originated protein supply (>25% of total protein intake) was higher than the other part of Bangladesh. The protein consumption of adolescents was 2-3 times higher than the Recommended Nutritional Intake (RNI). However, the energy intake was lower than the required level. High protein, low energy consumption was not reflected in body mass. Micronutrients (zinc) consumption was above the RNI level. However, iron and calcium consumption was less than the RNI. The n-3 PUFA in RBC of adolescent girls accurately reflected their access to, and availability of, oily fish. In the omega-3 index (n-3 PUFA in red blood cell) both HS and MS areas, adolescent females were in the intermediate stage (4-8%), and rest of the two areas were in the undesirable stage (<4%). The n-3 LC-PUFA was around 20-30% of total LC-PUFA content in whole blood and gradually decreased from higher saline to lower saline areas. The thesis concludes that the gher based aquatic animal farming in S-W Bangladesh is a dynamic system operated by both rich and poor. The salinity level and the presence of mangrove forest make the farming system dynamic. The holistic scenario suggested aquaculture in ghers is a family driven small scale polyculture where varieties of aquatic foods are produced both for global and local value chain. Higher amounts of valued products (both in terms of nutrition and price), less disease susceptibility, more alternative livelihood options both in HS and LS were found in better position than the other two sites, however the nutritional content of fish and its manifestation in adolescents strongly mirrors agro-ecologies irrespective of social position of households. The thesis provides an important, grounded importance of the system and the linkage of the community people for livelihoods, food production and food security. The dynamic systems were understood and effective messages formulated for the policy makers. In doing so, the thesis contributes to an understanding of how small-scale polyculture equally benefited local food security and macroeconomic growth of a developing country.

Biodiversity loss is a major threat to life on planet earth today. The major causes of biodiversity loss include habitat loss and degradation, over-exploitation, alien invasive species, climate change and pollution. Globally, the use of Protected Areas (PAs) is a commonly accepted way to reduce the biodiversity loss. Although the use of PAs is widely accepted, they face several challenges—mainly degradation caused by human activities. The human-induced PA challenges are more prevalent in low-income countries where the vast majority of people depend on natural resources. One of the proposed solutions to help reduce the challenges is the use of a community-based conservation (CBC) approach. This study uses a mixed methods research design to assess the effectiveness of a CBC approach employed by pastoralist communities in Loliondo Division in northern Tanzania. The study objectives are to (1) to evaluate the governance effectiveness of the approach, and (2) to evaluate the social-ecological contributions of the approach in Loliondo Division. To achieve its goals, the study uses data from content review, focus group discussion, key informant interviews, and household surveys related to six case study villages. The overall results suggest good quality of governance of the conservation approach; however, there are concerns over performance and transparency of its governing institutions - the village councils. The approach is also perceived to have improved local livelihoods by delivering benefits particularly at the community level rather than at the family level. For biodiversity conservation, the approach is perceived to have contributed to the increased number of wildlife species, protected water sources, and forest cover. The abundance of flagship and endangered species, however, were perceived to have remained low. There are also concerns over local involvement in biodiversity conservation. The results varied among the study villages with the status of the implementation of the conservation projects using the approach being a major factor. All but one of the villages had to cease operations as a result of new government regulations. Based on results from the village where the conservation approach is still active, this thesis concludes that under certain conditions, the CBC approach in Loliondo Division can be an effective approach capable to deliver conservation benefits to the local people as well as reduce the loss of biodiversity. However, more empirical data is required to further study the approach’s contribution to ecological integrity. / Graduate

Empirical forest transition (shift from deforestation to reforestation) literature has historically struggled to establish a single universally-accepted forest transition “theory” due to various knowledge gaps hindering any efforts to do so. One such gap is the fact that very few studies have focused on how and why smallholder farmers respond to commonly accepted forest transition drivers, as well as how these responses impact forest cover and agricultural trends. Also, there remain many parts of the world where forest cover evolution has been insufficiently researched, as is the case of Mae Chaem district (Chiang Mai province, Thailand). Even though there are studies which claim forest loss occurred in the district between the 1990s and mid-2000s, there are few available records of forest cover evolution since then. To address these research needs, this thesis used secondary literature and spatial data, as well as semi-structured interviews and personal observations gathered during fieldwork in Mae Chaem district. It was first determined that forest cover in the district decreased between the 1990s and mid-2010s due to agricultural expansion. However, it appears that forest cover is expected to increase from 2016 to 2021 due to more strictly-enforced conservation measures set in motion by the Mae Chaem Model (a state-sponsored sustainable development model). These findings first suggest that the district might be currently in the early stages of a forest transition, its drivers being shifting forest policies and economic factors. Second, interviewed farmers resisted forest policies to optimize their crop productions before 2016, before beginning to develop more acceptant responses in early 2016 due to pressure from pro-conservation discourses and cognitive shifts regarding the value of protecting forest at the expense of agriculture. Also, farmers adopted ambiguous responses (motivated by their economic rationality) to pressure stemming from various economic factors, both prior and since 2016. With both environmental and socioeconomic issues deriving from these responses, the outputs from this study will hopefully help supplement existing forest transition studies on local populations responses to drivers of forest change. It is also expected to provide up-to-date information on existing and anticipated impacts of recent state development efforts, such as those deriving from the establishment of the Mae Chaem Model.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第23307号 / 地博第288号 / 新制||地||111(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科グローバル地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 藤田 幸一, 教授 河野 泰之, 准教授 柳澤 雅之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第22816号 / 地環博第203号 / 新制||地環||39(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 西前 出, 教授 柴田 昌三, 准教授 落合 知帆 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

MPM / Oliver Tambo Institute of Governance and Policy Studies

MAAS / Department of African Studies / Medicinal plants are now used as a livelihood activity by the marginalized urban poor communities in various places around the world. Indigenous knowledge in medicinal plants is owned and practiced by the knowledge holders for different purposes. It entails the passing of skills and knowledge from one generation to the other within a specific geographical area. Vhembe district is well known to be rich in plants and the people own the rich knowledge in medicinal plants. However, much debate has emerged around the effectiveness of indigenous knowledge in alleviating poverty levels amongst the communities. Despite the wealth and abundance of indigenous knowledge in medicinal plants, Limpopo Province is still rated as one of the poorest provinces in South Africa. Consequently, this study sought to investigate the utilization of indigenous knowledge by medicinal plant vendors in Thohoyandou, Vhembe District. The study has used the qualitative research approach by means of an interview schedule and semi-structured interviews to collect data from a sample of 10 respondents, who were selected using the purposive and snowballing non-probability sampling techniques. The data collected was analyzed thematically. The findings in this study revealed that the sale of medicinal plants by vendors is a source of employment done mostly by men than women who have been engaged in this form of street trading for more than 23 years. The CBD in Thohoyandou is deemed preferably by the medicinal plant vendors as it is busy and attracts more customers. Although the medicinal plant vendors make a living out of selling their practice, they are not fully supported by key stakeholders. The research therefore concluded that the use of indigenous knowledge by medicinal plant vendors has an important role to play in creating employment for indigenous knowledge holders and as such should be invested in. The study recommends that key stakeholders such as the municipality, private companies, business support groups and the government should take the initiative to upgrade, develop and invest in indigenous knowledge v holders of medicinal plants to reduce unemployment in the province and avoid the risk of extinction of the knowledge. Lastly, more research should be conducted on a much bigger scale / NRF