published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

<p>Livestock keeping has been the essential source of livelihood in Babati District for many hundreds of years. The traditional ecological knowledge about this semi-arid environment has influenced the general view on livestock management. This essay discusses the measures that are, or could be taken in Babati District to prevent overstocking and overgrazing in the woodlands. With the continuing population density increase also the livestock population grows. More houses and roads are built and the grazing lands diminish. To avoid overgrazing forest management programmes restrict grazing in forests. This additionally decreases availability of grazing land. My conclusion is that minimizing number of livestock is necessary to not exceed carrying capacity of pasture during drought. Hence this is not free from problems since it is traditionally rooted to have a large number of livestock as a buffer of energy and wealth. One solution for both how to prevent overstocking and how to survive with small number of livestock is to practise zero-grazing. Zero-grazing is to keep a small number of healthy big cattle e.g. exotic cows or crossbreeds in stables or tied up. However, when tying cattle on the spot the fact that cattle have four legs is disregarded.</p>

5 pp. / Arizona youth livestock quality assurance and food safety: Trainers reference. Arizona youth livestock quality assurance and food safety: Youth manual. Feeding management for show lambs. Feeding management for show steers. Swine nutrition for show animals. / Illness or injury to a show animal may be preventable by following a few guidelines. Providing a clean and safe environment and properly feeding, watering, and vaccinating animals will help to reduce the risks of experiencing illnesses and injuries. Owners should also learn how to identify signs of health problems, such as sudden changes in behavior or appearance, and prepare a first aid kit for use in the event of an emergency. Also, being familiar with emergency treatment guidelines will help owners protect themselves, prevent further injury to the animal, and properly administer care to the animal if appropriate.

14 pp. / A primary expression of stocking levels on rangeland vegetation is utilization defined as the proportion or degree of current years forage production that is consumed or destroyed by animals (including insects). Utilization may refer either to a single plant species, a group of species, or the vegetation as a whole. Utilization is an important factor in influencing changes in the soil, water, animal, and vegetation resources. The impact of a specific intensity of use on a plant species is highly variable depending on past and present use, period of use, duration of use, inter-specific competition, weather, availability of soil moisture for regrowth, and how these factors interact. Utilization data can be used as a guideline for moving livestock within an allotment with due consideration to season, weather conditions and the availability of forage and water in pastures scheduled for use during the same grazing season. In combination with actual use and climatic data, utilization measurements on key areas and utilization pattern mapping are useful for estimating proper stocking levels under current management. Utilization studies are helpful in identifying key and problem areas, and in identifying range improvements needed to improve livestock distribution.

During 2007 the UK experienced outbreaks of three notifiable exotic livestock diseases; Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and bluetongue. Large epidemics of any of these diseases would have a serious impact on animal welfare, farming, food production and the economy. In light of this, understanding holdings which are most likely to acquire and spread infection and being able to identify areas at higher risk of an epidemic is valuable when preparing for and managing an epidemic. This thesis uses a spatial epidemiological framework and the detailed disease and demographic data from the 2001 Great Britain (GB) FMD epidemic to develop static models of the risk of FMD susceptibility and transmission. These models are used to develop maps of FMD risk. These methods are then applied to the outbreak of FMD in 2007. The inputs for this analysis comprised a set of data relating to the farms diagnosed with FMD and farms culled as part of the disease control measures. The cleaning of these data is described and data which were estimated relating to dates of infection and putative sources of infection are evaluated. The distribution of farm holdings and animals is taken from the June 2000 GB agricultural census, off-fields of farms in the agricultural census are recorded in other datasets and these have been identified and linked to census holdings. A model of holding level susceptibility is developed using both farm level variables and measures of animal numbers in the locality of the holding as well as the distance to the nearest farm infected before the ban on animal movements (seeds). The overall fit of the model was very good with an area under the Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.91. A further model was developed to describe the risk of FMD transmission. However, due to incompleteness of transmission data, this was a model of the risk of finding a subsequent Infected Premises (IP) within 3km of an IP. Risk factors were a combination of holding level variables and locality measures as well as data relevant to the infection, such as infectious period and the species initially infected. The area under the ROC curve for this model was 0.71, which is regarded as an acceptable fit. Geographical barriers to FMD transmission were investigated using a case-control methodology, linear barriers comprising rivers and railways had a significant protective effect with respect to disease transmission (odds ratio = 0.54, 95% CIs = 0.30,0.96, p=0.038). Modelled values for the transmission and susceptibility models were transformed to a raster surface in ESRI ArcMap for both the disease as it was seeded in the 2001 epidemic and a non-specific background risk surface independent of the distribution of seeds. A risk map generated for the outbreak of FMD in Surrey in August 2007 suggested that there was little risk of a large outbreak in Surrey. Potential disease introductions through livestock movements from Surrey into Scotland were identified and these suggested that if the disease were introduced into Scotland there was great danger of substantial local spread. These methods described in this thesis have been used to map risk of FMD and subsequently applied to inform the risk presented by a different outbreak of FMD. The study underlines the value of detailed data both disease and demographic, for epidemic management. Similar methods could and should be applied to other infectious diseases threats of livestock such as HPAI and bluetongue.

La cité de Nîmes, territoire localisé en bordure de la mer Méditerranée (Gard et partie est de l’Hérault), est créée au cours du Ier s. av. J.‑C., avec à sa tête un chef‑lieu (Nemausus) auquel sont rattachés de nombreux établissements répartis au sein de ce vaste territoire. La société nîmoise, tout en conservant son héritage protohistorique, est profondément influencée par le modèle socio‑économique romain dans ce nouveau cadre administratif centralisé. Dans ce contexte de transition, il était intéressant d’aborder la thématique de l’alimentation carnée des habitants de cette cité entre le IIème s. av. J.‑C. et le IIème s. ap. J.‑C. L’étude réalisée à partir des restes fauniques des mammifères provenant du chef‑lieu, d’agglomérations secondaires et d’établissements ruraux, permet d’éclairer l’exploitation des animaux dits « de bouche » dans cette cité. L’analyse propose d’aborder les questions des zones d’élevage et de la présence du bétail à l’intérieur des villes, la gestion des cheptels qui révèle des différences d’exploitation entre les troupeaux et une diversité des productions : lait, laine, force de travail et bien évidemment la viande. Les données archéozoologiques ont également permis d’observer des différences entre sites et des variations chronologiques dans le choix des espèces consommées, ainsi que dans les techniques de découpe des carcasses, les qualités de viande et la gestion des déchets d’origine animale. Les résultats font apparaître une organisation territoriale de l’économie animale nîmoise avec des lieux de production et de consommation, des activités que l’on retrouve souvent entremêlées au sein des établissements. / The city of Nîmes is located near the Mediterranean Sea (Gard and eastern Hérault provinces). Created during the first century BC, the city consists of several establishments scattered in a vast territory and connected to a chief town (Nemausus). In this centralized administrative organisation, a new society appears which, although retaining its protohistoric heritage, is deeply influenced by the Roman socio‑economic model. In this transitionnal context, the question of the meat diet of the inhabitants of this city between the 2nd century BC and the 2nd century AD is of great interest. This study is based on the faunal remains of mammals founded at several archaeological sites: chief town, secondary agglomerations and some rural settlements. This work will focus on the animals which are eaten. The data analysis raises the question of livestock production areas or at least the presence of animals inside the urban sites. Livestock management reveals differences between herds and a diversity of productions: milk, wool, traction and of course meat. The zooarchaeological data also revealed differences between sites and chronologies concerning the choice of species consumed, butchering systems, meat quality and management of animal waste. All these results suggest a territorial organization of animal economy based on production and consumption areas, although these activities are often mixed inside the establishments.

Les exploitations de polyculture-élevage sont de plus en plus reconnues au plan international comme limitant les problèmes environnementaux tout en permettant une agriculture productive et économiquement viable. Les incitations à la spécialisation de la PAC et la diminution de la main d'oeuvre agricole les ont néanmoins marginalisées en Europe. Cette thèse vise à éclairer les conditions de maintien d'exploitations de polyculture-élevage durables. Un travail en partenariat avec des agriculteurs, maires et conseillers agricoles a été conduit sur un cas d'étude en zone défavorisée simple française, les Coteaux de Gascogne. Nos travaux ont montré que, malgré une forte variabilité entre exploitations, la polyculture-élevage locale était un bon compromis par rapport à la spécialisation pour une durabilité environnementale et économique. Une analyse des trajectoires passées des exploitations nous a permis d'éclairer quatre types de « chemins pour durer » en polyculture-élevage. Parmi ceux-ci, deux sont apparus pertinents pour le maintien de la polyculture-élevage en contexte incertain : « maximiser l'autonomie » et « diversifier les ateliers ». Sur la base de ces deux types de trajectoires, nous avons co-construit avec les partenaires deux scénarios techniques prospectifs. Pour le type « maximiser l'autonomie », implanter des intercultures fourragères basées sur des légumineuses permettrait de favoriser l'autonomie alimentaire du troupeau en maintenant la fertilité des sols. Pour le type « diversifier les ateliers », finir des génisses permettrait de les valoriser en circuit court. Ces scénarios ont été adaptés puis simulés sur des exploitations locales. Ce type de démarche a permis i) d'impliquer fortement les acteurs locaux via des réunions collectives et ii) une approche prospective originale fondée sur une étude rétrospective intégrant le temps long. / Mixed crop-livestock farms are again attracting worldwide interest, as they are considered to be a good way to limit environmental problems while allowing a productive and economically viable agriculture. The incentives of the Common Agricultural Policy and decreasing workforce availability nevertheless marginalized these farms in Europe. This thesis aims at understanding the conditions for a survival of sustainable mixed crop-livestock farms. A partnership process with farmers, mayors and technical advisers has been led in a French less favoured area, the Coteaux de Gascogne. Our work has shown that even if a wide variability existed between farms, local mixed crop-livestock farming was a good trade-off compared to farm specialization concerning an environmental and economic sustainability. An analysis of farm past trajectories allowed us to enlighten four “paths to last” in mixed crop-livestock farming. Two of these ones appeared to be suitable paths to maintain mixed crop-livestock farms in a uncertain context: “maximizing autonomy” and “diversification of production units”. On the basis of these two types of trajectories, we have co-constructed with local actors two technical prospective scenarios. In line with the type “maximizing autonomy”, forage legume intercropping could enable to autonomously feed the bovine herd while maintaining soil fertility. In line with the type “diversification of production units”, fattening heifers would allow a commercialization through short circuit. These scenarios have been adapted and then simulated on local farms. This type of approach allowed to i) strongly involve local actors through collective meetings and ii) an original future study based on a retrospective study integrating long time changes.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology / Michael W. Sanderson / The last outbreak for Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in the United States (U.S.) was in 1929. Since that time the U.S. has not had any exposure to the disease or vaccination, creating a very susceptible livestock population. The central U.S. has a large susceptible livestock population including cattle, swine, sheep, and goats. The impact of FMD in the U.S. would be devastating. Simulation modeling is the only avenue available to study the potential impacts of an introduction in the U.S. Simulation models are dependent on accurate estimates of the frequency and distance distribution of contacts between livestock operations to provide valid model results for planning and decision making including the relative importance of different control strategies. Due to limited data on livestock movement rates and distance distribution for contacts a survey was conducted of livestock producers in Colorado and Kansas. These data fill a need for region specific contact rates to provide parameters for modeling a foreign animal disease. FMD outbreaks often require quarantine, depopulation and disposal of whole herds in order to prevent the continued spread of the disease. Experts were included in a Delphi survey and round table discussion to critically evaluate the feasibility of depopulating a large feedlot. No clearly acceptable method of rapidly depopulating a large feedlot was identified. Participants agreed that regardless of the method used for depopulation of cattle in a large feedlot, it would be very difficult to complete the task quickly, humanely, and be able to dispose of the carcasses in a timely fashion. Simulation models were developed to assess the impact of livestock herd types and vaccination on FMD outbreaks in the central U.S. using the North American Animal Disease Spread Model (NAADSM), a spatially explicit, stochastic state-transition simulation model. Simulation scenarios with large vaccination zones had decreased outbreak length and number of herds destroyed. Vaccination did not provide additional benefit to control compared to depopulation alone when biosecurity and movement controls were high, however the ability to achieve high levels of biosecurity and movement control may be limited by labor and animal welfare concerns.

Au cours du XXème siècle, l’élevage français a connu un formidable développement dont la poursuite se trouve actuellement fragilisé. L’effort de recherche sur la durabilité de l’élevage s’est focalisé sur la performance économique et environnementale, principalement au niveau de l’animal et de la ferme. Peu de travaux ont abordé les trois piliers de la durabilité à des échelles territoriales où les différentes filières animales se combinent. Une approche articulant l’élevage de ruminants et monogastriques à l’occupation du sol et à l’utilisation des ressources au niveau territorial fait actuellement défaut. Cette thèse développe une évaluation holistique de l’élevage dans les territoires métropolitains en mobilisant une batterie d’indicateurs abordant les contributions positives et négatives de l’élevage. Pour l’ensemble du territoire métropolitain, nous avons constitué trois bases de données à l’échelle départementale. La première base contient des indicateurs socioéconomiques, d’occupation du sol, et de production animale sur la période 1938-2010. La seconde base fournit pour 2010 des indicateurs de production animale et végétale. La troisième base fournit des indicateurs mesurant la contribution de l’élevage à la fourniture de services culturels, socioéconomiques et environnementaux. Avec la première base, nous avons modélisé les trajectoires d’intensification de l’élevage depuis 1938 et identifié les déterminants des dynamiques de changement de l’élevage. Avec la deuxième base, nous formalisé le métabolisme territorial de l’azote, duquel nous avons dérivés six indicateurs pour évaluer la durabilité de l’élevage. Avec la troisième base, nous avons modélisé le lien entre le niveau actuel de fourniture de services et les trajectoires d’intensification. Nos résultats révèlent une différentiation territoriale de l’intensification de l’élevage depuis 1938. Productivité et densité animale ont triplé dans les territoires de l’Ouest, et augmenté de 1.6 dans les territoires de l’Est et du Massif Central. Dans les territoires sans élevage, la surface fourragère principale a reculé de plus de la moitié, tandis que la taille des fermes a triplé et la productivité du travail a quadruplé. Le métabolisme territorial révèle un arbitrage entre autonomie en azote et productivité animale. Les impacts locaux (surplus azoté / ha) et globaux (émissions excrétion azoté / kg de produit) forment un arbitrage difficile à atténuer. L’analyse des contributions positives de l’élevage montre que les territoires ayant suivi une trajectoire herbagère fournissent des services sociaux, environnementaux et culturels; alors que les territoires hébergeant les élevages les plus productifs fournissent surtout des services socio-économiques (emplois). De par sa profondeur historique et sa couverture spatiale, cette thèse offre une analyse inédite de l’élevage et de ses performances dans les territoires. Elle apporte des connaissances pour identifier des leviers de durabilité pour l’élevage de demain. / The development of the livestock sector in the past century undergone a strong intensification. The current heterogeneity of livestock areas in France may have arisen from a spatial differentiation of intensification process. Different degrees of disconnection between livestock and land have resulted in contrasted levels of performance and impacts across areas. To date, a lot of research effort has been directed at measuring environmental impacts and economic performance of livestock systems at the farm level. Insufficient attention has been paid to the three dimensions of sustainability and to trade-offs among them. Existing livestock heterogeneities across areas also deserve more research. An approach that enables connecting livestock to land and resources, at regional level, could bring novel insights on the role of livestock in use and transformation of resources. The goal of this PhD was to develop a holistic assessment of livestock areas using multimetric indicators encompassing positive and negative contributions. We compiled three databases at the department level: i) database 1 was related to socioeconomic, land use, and production characteristics of 88 French departments, within an extensive time frame (1938-2010); ii) database 2 included data on crop, fodder and livestock production for year 2010; iii) database 3 included measures of provision of cultural, environmental and social services for 60 departments. With the first database, we created a typology of intensification trajectories based on a multivariate approach. With the second database, we assessed the nitrogen metabolism of livestock areas, based on the material flows accounting (MFA) approach, from which we derived indicators of performance and impacts to study synergies and trade-offs. With the third database, we studied the influence of past intensification on the current provision of services by the livestock sector. A multivariate approach was used to assess how different rates of change in intensification variables determined contrasted levels of services. First, we showed that the intensification of the French livestock sector was spatially differentiated and based on four trajectories, ranging from extensive to intensive livestock areas, and from crop specialized to areas where livestock had a small share of national production. Livestock productivity and stocking rates had a 3 fold increase in intensive areas, whereas extensive areas had a 1.6 fold increase. Crop specialized areas lose more than half of their original fodder area, and tripled the average farm size and more than quadrupled their labor productivity. Non-dominated livestock areas lose 30% of initial livestock population, and half of their initial fodder area. Second, the study of synergies and trade-offs revealed that gains in efficiency and economies of scale, often compromised other dimensions, e.g. through increased environmental impacts. The spatial analysis of relationship between performance and impacts revealed two types of synergies linked to the type of impact, either land or product-based. Both of which were in trade-off. Third, we showed that the provision of services was spatially structured and based on three types of service bundles, determined by different rates of change in intensification variables. Changes towards grazing systems resulted in higher provision of environmental and cultural services, whereas changes towards intensive systems resulted in higher levels of social services; but this was achieved at the cost of environmental services. This PhD thesis furthered the understanding on the temporal trajectories of livestock sector across areas in France. This knowledge could help to improve livestock sustainability. Our work provided knowledge on the drivers that shaped current intensification patterns and the provision of cultural, environmental and social services. It could be used to examine options for desirable longterm changes of the livestock sector.

A suinocultura é uma atividade de grande importância em termos mundiais e de Brasil. Entretanto, por serem animais homeotérmicos, algumas alterações no ambiente térmico de alojamento podem alterar suas respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais para manutenção da temperatura interna. Portanto, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar o comportamento alimentar de suínos, mediante a influência do ambiente térmico, nas fases de crescimento e terminação para diferentes linhagens comerciais e sexo. Além disso, buscou-se o desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos e sistemas inteligentes para predição do tempo em alimentação (TM, min dia-1) dos suínos. Os dados foram coletados em uma granja experimental de suínos, localizada na cidade de Clay Center, Nebraska, Estados Unidos. O período experimental contemplou duas estações durante o ano 2015/2016 (verão e inverno), totalizando 63 dias (9 semanas) de informações coletadas para cada estação. Os animais alojados foram de três linhagens comerciais distintas: Landrace, Duroc e Yorkshire. Cada baia apresentava composição mista, sendo alojados 40 animais de diferentes linhagens comerciais e sexo. No total, foram confinados 240 animais, sendo 80 animais para cada linhagem comercial entre machos castrados e fêmeas. Foram registrados dados de temperatura do ar (Tar, °C), temperatura do ponto de orvalho (Tpo, °C) e umidade relativa do ar (UR, %) a cada 5 minutos no interior da instalação. Para TM, os dados foram coletados e registrados a cada 20 segundos por meio de um sistema de coleta de dados por rádio frequência. O conforto térmico foi analisado a partir do Índice de Temperatura e Umidade (ITU) e a Entalpia Específica (H, kJ kg-1 de ar seco). Para avaliar a relação entre o ambiente térmico e TM, foi utilizada estatística multivariada por meio de análise de componentes principais (ACP) e agrupamento para obtenção de padrões e seleção de variáveis para entrada nos modelos. O modelo fuzzy e as redes neurais artificias foram desenvolvidos em ambiente MATLAB&reg; R2015a por meio dos toolboxes Fuzzy e Neural Network, com o objetivo de predizer TM, tendo como variáveis de entrada: linhagem comercial, sexo, idade e ITU. De uma maneira geral, as médias de Tar estiveram dentro da zona de termoneutralidade (ZCT) em todo período experimental, sendo que apenas a UR apresentou valores abaixo da UR crítica inferior. Para o ITU, apenas no verão foram encontrados valores acima da ZCT, entretanto, esses valores estiveram abaixo do ITU crítico superior. Diante da análise dos resultados, pôde-se observar em relação ao comportamento alimentar, que a fêmea Landrace apresentou o menor tempo em alimentação com médias de 42,19 min dia-1 e 43,73 min dia-1 para o inverno e verão, respectivamente, seguido do macho castrado de mesma linhagem. Enquanto as demais linhagens apresentaram valores acima de 60 min dia-1. Não foi observado correlação linear significativa entre o ambiente térmico e TM uma vez que os animais estiveram dentro de sua ZCT ao longo de todo período experimental, indicando que o comportamento alimentar foi influenciado principalmente pelos fatores homeostáticos e cognitivos-hedônicos. A estatística multivariada dividiu os animais em 8 grupos. Foi observado que animais de linhagens e sexos distintos se comportaram da mesma maneira, dificultando a modelagem matemática. Entretanto, alguns grupos apresentaram maior quantidade de animais de determinada linhagem e sexo, sendo estes utilizados como \"grupos padrão\" para o desenvolvimento do modelo fuzzy e a rede neural artificial. O modelo fuzzy apresentou R2 de 0,858 quando utilizado os dados do grupo padrão, entretanto, para todos os valores o R2 foi de 0,549. Já a rede neural apresentou um R2 de 0,611 para os dados completos e R2 de 0,914 para o \"grupo padrão\". Portanto, a rede neural artificial mostrou-se como uma ferramenta de maior precisão e acurácia na predição do comportamento alimentar de suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação. / The swine production in an activity of great importance to Brazil and to the world. However, because they maintain a constant body temperature and, alterations in the thermic accommodation environment can directly affect their physiological and behavioral responses for maintaining the internal temperature. Thus, the objective of this study was to access the feeding behavior of growing-finishing pigs of different sirelines and gender and its relationship with climate variables (thermic environment). Furthermore, mathematical models based on classic logic was developed as well as an intelligent system for predicting the total time spent eating (TM, min day -1). The data was collected in an experimental farm located in Clay Center, Nebraska, United States. The experimental period contemplated two seasons (summer and winter), totalizing 63 days (9 weeks) of information collected for each season. The housed animals were from three different commercial sirelines: Landrace, Duroc and Yorkshire. Each pen presented a mix composition, being housed 40 animals of different sirelines and gender. In total, there were 240 housed animals, being 80 animals for each sireline among barrows and gilts. The data registered were air temperature (Tar, °C), dew point temperature (Tpo, °C) and relative humidity of the air (UR, %) every 5 minutes inside the facility. For TM, the data were collected and registered every 20 seconds by a radio frequency data collection system. The thermal comfort was analyzed from the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) and Specific Enthalpy (H, kJ kg-1 of dry air). In order to evaluate the relationship between the thermic environment and TM, the multivariate statistics through principal component analysis (PCA) and grouping was utilized for obtaining the selection standards of variables to enter in the models. The fuzzy model and the artificial neural networks were developed in a MATLAB&reg; R2015a environment through the Fuzzy and the Neural Network toolboxes with the objective to predict TM, having as entry variables: sireline, gender, age and THI. On the whole, the Tar averages were inside the thermoneutral zone (ZCT), however, these values were below the superior critic THI. In the face of the results analysis, it could be observed in ration to the feeding behavior that the Landrace gilt presented the shortest time eating with averages of 42.19 min day-1 and 43.73 min day-1 for winter and summer respectively followed by the barrow from the same sireline, while the other sirelines presented values above 60 min day-1. It was not observed a significative linear correlation between the thermic environment and TM once the animals were inside their ZCT throughout all the experimentation period, indicating that the feeding behavior was influenced mainly by the homeostatic and cognitivehedonic factors. The multivariate statistics divided the animals in 8 groups, being observed that animals of different sirelines and gender behave the same way throughout the experimentation period, making the mathematical modeling difficult. However, some groups presented a bigger amount of animals of determined sireline and gender, being utilized as \"standard groups\" for the development of the fuzzy model and the artificial neural network. The fuzzy model presented an R2 of 0,858 when utilizing the \"standard group\" data, however, for all the values the R2 was 0.549. In the other hand the neural network presented an R2 of 0.611 for the complete data and an R2 of 0.914 for the \"standard group\". Thus, the artificial neural network appeared to be a tool of a better precision and accuracy when predicting the feeding behavior of pigs on growing-finishing phases.