Zugl.: Marburg, Univ., Diss., 2010

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o filme À procura de Eric(2009), do cineasta inglês Ken Loach. A análise procura fundamentar de que forma a narrativa do filme apresenta aspectos formais e conceituais que permitam aproximar os elementos constitutivos do jogo de futebol com possibilidades de explicações do mundo da pós-modernidade pautadas pelo materialismo histórico. Para tal, será necessário compreender a noção de Mapeamento Cognitivo, de Fredric Jameson, visando delimitar de que forma é possível situar os vínculos históricos do sujeito inserido na pós-modernidade. Não obstante, será necessário compreender como as práticas culturais da classe operária podem ser um bom indicativo para a aplicação desse mesmo conceito, retomando noções importantes como a manifestação de práticas Dominantes, Residuais e Emergentes, de Raymond Williams, bem como a possibilidade de mudanças sociais a partir da noção de Utopia de Ernst Bloch. Tais ideias estão dispostas na obra em questão a partir da manifestação de valores históricos em objetos culturais da indústria cultural. A narrativa busca estabelecer como esses elementos podem constituir aquilo que Pierre Nora conceitua como Lugares de Memória os quais, se ressignificados, podem ser a ponte para reestabelecer as conexões históricas entre o indivíduo e a sociedade. / This paper aims to analyze Ken Loachs movie Looking for Eric (2009). The analysis seeks to establish how the movie narrative presents formal and conceptual aspects that enable us to compare the constitutive elements of a football match with possibilities of explanations for Postmodernity oriented by the framework of Historical Materialism. In order to do so, it will be necessary to understand Fredric Jamesons notion of Cognitive Mapping, to depict how it is possible to situate a subjects historical connections in the context of Postmodernity. Nonetheless, it will be necessary to comprehend how the working class cultural practices can be an interesting sign for the application of that same concept, doing so by the assessment of important notions such as the existence of Dominant, Residual and Emergent cultural practices, as established by Raymond Williams, as well as the possibility of social change through Ernst Blochs idea of Utopia. These ideas are depicted in the work being analyzed through the manifestation of historic value in cultural objects that come from the Cultural Industry. The narrative seeks to establish how these elements can constitute what Pierrre Nora repute as Places of Memory and, if signified through a diferent perspective, could be a bridge for the establishment of historical connections between the individual and society.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o filme À procura de Eric(2009), do cineasta inglês Ken Loach. A análise procura fundamentar de que forma a narrativa do filme apresenta aspectos formais e conceituais que permitam aproximar os elementos constitutivos do jogo de futebol com possibilidades de explicações do mundo da pós-modernidade pautadas pelo materialismo histórico. Para tal, será necessário compreender a noção de Mapeamento Cognitivo, de Fredric Jameson, visando delimitar de que forma é possível situar os vínculos históricos do sujeito inserido na pós-modernidade. Não obstante, será necessário compreender como as práticas culturais da classe operária podem ser um bom indicativo para a aplicação desse mesmo conceito, retomando noções importantes como a manifestação de práticas Dominantes, Residuais e Emergentes, de Raymond Williams, bem como a possibilidade de mudanças sociais a partir da noção de Utopia de Ernst Bloch. Tais ideias estão dispostas na obra em questão a partir da manifestação de valores históricos em objetos culturais da indústria cultural. A narrativa busca estabelecer como esses elementos podem constituir aquilo que Pierre Nora conceitua como Lugares de Memória os quais, se ressignificados, podem ser a ponte para reestabelecer as conexões históricas entre o indivíduo e a sociedade. / This paper aims to analyze Ken Loachs movie Looking for Eric (2009). The analysis seeks to establish how the movie narrative presents formal and conceptual aspects that enable us to compare the constitutive elements of a football match with possibilities of explanations for Postmodernity oriented by the framework of Historical Materialism. In order to do so, it will be necessary to understand Fredric Jamesons notion of Cognitive Mapping, to depict how it is possible to situate a subjects historical connections in the context of Postmodernity. Nonetheless, it will be necessary to comprehend how the working class cultural practices can be an interesting sign for the application of that same concept, doing so by the assessment of important notions such as the existence of Dominant, Residual and Emergent cultural practices, as established by Raymond Williams, as well as the possibility of social change through Ernst Blochs idea of Utopia. These ideas are depicted in the work being analyzed through the manifestation of historic value in cultural objects that come from the Cultural Industry. The narrative seeks to establish how these elements can constitute what Pierrre Nora repute as Places of Memory and, if signified through a diferent perspective, could be a bridge for the establishment of historical connections between the individual and society.

Ken Loach has been playing an important role for the British cinema for more than five decades now. His work has gained international regocnition and recieved various prestigious awards. Some of his films were even quite successful at the box office, nevertheless many people have still not heard of him. That is regrettable, because Loach is without doubt one of the best in his field. This paper is meant to show what distinguishes his films from the work of other directors and explains why his films are of such great value. Loach's career can be broadly divided into three stages, which will be specified in the first chapter of the paper. Afterwards three examples were chosen to illustrate Loach's working methods and the results of these. The films Kes (1969), Riff-Raff (1991) and My Name Is Joe (1998) are dealt with in separate chapters in chronological order, in this way the development of Loach's career can be reproduced. First the contents and backgrounds of the particular films will be briefly explained, followed by the analysis of important aspects of Loach's work based on the examples. / Ken Loach ist seit mehr als fünf Jahrzehnten ein wichtiger Teil der britischen Filmszene. Längst hat seine Arbeit auch international Anerkennung gefunden und wurde mit vielen renommierten Auszeichnungen bedacht. Einige seiner Filme liefen sogar an den Kinokassen recht erfolgreich, trotzdem ist er für viele Menschen noch immer kein Begriff. Das ist sehr bedauerlich, denn Loach gehört zweifelsohne zu den ganz Großen in seinem Fach. Diese Arbeit soll aufzeigen, worin seine Filme sich von den Werken anderer Regisseure unterscheiden und warum sie so wertvoll sind. Loachs Werdegang lässt sich grob in drei Phasen unterteilen, welche im ersten Teil der Arbeit näher beschrieben werden. Anschließend wurden drei Beispiele ausgewählt, mit deren Hilfe Loachs Arbeitsweise und die dadurch erzielte Wirkung veranschaulicht werden. Den Filmen Kes (1969),Riff-Raff (1991) und My Name Is Joe (1998) ist in chronologischer Reihenfolge jeweils ein Kapitel gewidmet, um auf diese Weise auch eine Entwicklung in Loachs Laufbahn nachvollziehen zu können. Die Inhalte und die Hintergründe der einzelnen Filme werden zunächst kurz erläutert, um dann anschließend auf wichtige Aspekte von Loachs Schaffen anhand der Beispiele einzugehen.

Esta pesquisa visa compreender o projeto estético-político do cineasta inglês Ken Loach dentro da história da arte política, e como fruto de um processo histórico de crise da Esquerda e fragmentação da classe trabalhadora, intensificado durante a segunda metade do século XX. Observamos de que maneira a obra de Ken Loach estabelece relações entre a criação de uma forma que possua um resgate de elementos formais (como o melodrama, o naturalismo, o neo-realismo italiano e a Czech New Wave) que teriam um potencial utópico em sua origem, e a busca por conteúdos que explicitem a luta de classes. A refuncionalização desses materiais estéticos o aproxima da concepção benjaminiana de História e dos pressupostos políticos do teatro épico de Bertolt Brecht. Os filmes usados como base para a análise são Terra e Liberdade (Land and Freedom, 1995) e Uma Canção para Carla (Carla\'s Song, 1996), filmes cujas temáticas enfatizam momentos de verdadeiros estados de exceção, como a guerra civil espanhola e a revolução nicaragüense. Além disso, ambos os filmes trazem à tona a discussão sobre o papel do cinema político, de suas possibilidades e limites dentro da indústria cultural e da conjuntura sócio-histórica do final do século XX. / This research aims at understanding the aesthetical-political project of the English filmmaker Ken Loach in the course of the history of political art, and as a result of the historical process of crisis of the Left and fragmentation of the working class, intensified throughout the second half of the 20th century. We observe the ways in which the work of Ken Loach establishes relations between the making of a form which possesses a rescue of formal elements (such as melodrama, naturalism, Italian neorealism and Czech New Wave) that have a utopian potential in their origin, and the search for themes that make the class struggle explicit. The refunctionalization of those aesthetical materials brings him closer to the Benjaminian conception of History and the political assumptions of the epic theater of Bertolt Brecht. The movies used as basis for the analysis are Land and Freedom (1995) and Carlas Song (1996), movies whose themes emphasize moments of real states of exception, such as the Spanish civil war and the Nicaraguan revolution. Besides, both films bring about the discussion over the role of political cinema, its possibilities and limitations inside the cultural industry and the socio-historical conjuncture of the end of the 20th century

Esta pesquisa visa compreender o projeto estético-político do cineasta inglês Ken Loach dentro da história da arte política, e como fruto de um processo histórico de crise da Esquerda e fragmentação da classe trabalhadora, intensificado durante a segunda metade do século XX. Observamos de que maneira a obra de Ken Loach estabelece relações entre a criação de uma forma que possua um resgate de elementos formais (como o melodrama, o naturalismo, o neo-realismo italiano e a Czech New Wave) que teriam um potencial utópico em sua origem, e a busca por conteúdos que explicitem a luta de classes. A refuncionalização desses materiais estéticos o aproxima da concepção benjaminiana de História e dos pressupostos políticos do teatro épico de Bertolt Brecht. Os filmes usados como base para a análise são Terra e Liberdade (Land and Freedom, 1995) e Uma Canção para Carla (Carla\'s Song, 1996), filmes cujas temáticas enfatizam momentos de verdadeiros estados de exceção, como a guerra civil espanhola e a revolução nicaragüense. Além disso, ambos os filmes trazem à tona a discussão sobre o papel do cinema político, de suas possibilidades e limites dentro da indústria cultural e da conjuntura sócio-histórica do final do século XX. / This research aims at understanding the aesthetical-political project of the English filmmaker Ken Loach in the course of the history of political art, and as a result of the historical process of crisis of the Left and fragmentation of the working class, intensified throughout the second half of the 20th century. We observe the ways in which the work of Ken Loach establishes relations between the making of a form which possesses a rescue of formal elements (such as melodrama, naturalism, Italian neorealism and Czech New Wave) that have a utopian potential in their origin, and the search for themes that make the class struggle explicit. The refunctionalization of those aesthetical materials brings him closer to the Benjaminian conception of History and the political assumptions of the epic theater of Bertolt Brecht. The movies used as basis for the analysis are Land and Freedom (1995) and Carlas Song (1996), movies whose themes emphasize moments of real states of exception, such as the Spanish civil war and the Nicaraguan revolution. Besides, both films bring about the discussion over the role of political cinema, its possibilities and limitations inside the cultural industry and the socio-historical conjuncture of the end of the 20th century

Cryopreservation has been extensively used in human reproductive medicine, aquaculture and conservation programs for endangered species. Many studies have been devoted to the mechanisms of cryodamage. However, in spite of growing successes of cryopreservation, post-thaw recovery of reproductive and embryonic cells often remains poor. It is known that cryopreservation causes extensive damage to membrane, results in decreased metabolism of cells, and disturbs the bioenergetical processes of cells by damage to mitochondria. Nonetheless, it has not yet been identified clearly if cryopreservation causes some disruption in the genetic integrity of reproductive cells and the safety of this approach still needs to be confirmed. The present study was undertaken on the spermatozoa of weather loach (Misgurnus tassilis) and blastomeres cells of zebrafish (Danio rerio). It was shown that survival was decreased for embryos derived from sperm after cryoprotectant treatment or cryopreservation. Some evidence has emerged that this decrease is more likely to reflect some genetic instability caused by cryopreservation of sperm. The present study showed for the first time that the DNA repair system of oocytes was activated after fertilisation with cryopreserved sperm. The effect of DNA repair system was also studied. It was found that incubation of fertilised eggs in caffeine could reverse the detrimental effects of cryopreservation of loach sperm on subsequent embryo development. On the other hand incubation of fertilised eggs with 3-aminobenzamide - inhibitor of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)- brought further decrease in the survival of embryos derived from cryopreserved sperm. The effect of individual donors of sperm and eggs on overall embryo survival was also studied and these investigations revealed significant differences between different donors. Effect of cryopreservation on zebrafish blastomeres was studied at the DNA molecular level. Mitochondrial DNA was sequenced after cryopreservation and increased level of frequency of the mutation was observed. This finding showed that cryopreservation might potentially increase the instability of mtDNA genome. The significance of these changes on the subsequent function of the cells is to be elucidated. Meanwhile this study suggests that it is important to be cautious in making judgements on the safety of cryopreservation techniques in reproduction.

Šiame darbe iškeltas tikslas išaiškinti Lietuvos kirtiklių paplitimą, populiacijų gausumą ir skirtumus Lietuvos vidaus vandenyse, buveinių pasirinkimą lemiančius veiksnius, morfometriniais ir kariologiniais tyrimais nustatyti taksonominį statusą išskiriant atskiras formas, porūšius ar rūšis. Mokslinis naujumas: Kirtiklis iki šiol Lietuvoje visai netyrinėtas, o ankstesni ichtiocenozių tyrimai neatspindėjo kirtiklių populiacijų būklės, paplitimo, gausumo bei rūšinio statuso. Disertaciniame darbe išnagrinėta kirtiklių populiacijų būklė, paplitimas ir gausumas Lietuvoje. Aprašoma ir nagrinėjama tyrimu metu aptikta nauja Lietuvai rūšis šiaurinis auksaspalvis kirtiklis. Išaiškinta paprastojo kirtiklio populiacijų kompleksinė struktūra, parodanti iki šiol nežinotą poliploidinių hibridų egzistavimą Lietuvoje. Europos mastu, praplėstos žinios apie auksaspalvio kirtiklio paplitimą. Pateikiama nauja informacija apie Cobitis taenia komplekso biotipus bei papildoma jų biogeografija. Disetaciją sudaro: Įvadas, Literatūros apžvalga, Darbo metodika ir medžiaga, Tyrimų rezultatai ir jų aptarimas (6 skyriai), Išvados, Rekomendacijos, Literatūros sąrašas, Disertacijos tema publikuoti darbai bei konferencijų tezės. Visa medžiaga pateikta 168 puslapiuose, Darbo metodika ir medžiaga bei Tyrimų rezultatai ir jų aptarimas sudaro 103 puslapius. Literatūros sąraše pateikiami 137 šaltiniai. Tekste yra 74 paveikslai ir 21 lentelė. / The main objective of this work is to examine distribution of Lithuanian loaches, abundance and difference of their populations in Lithuanian inland waters, as well as factors conditioning selection of habitats, determine the taxonomic status and distinguish forms, subspecies or species. Novelty of the study: Loach has not yet been investigated in Lithuania, and earlier investigations into ichthyocenoses do not reflect the status, distribution, abundance and status of loaches. In dissertation are examined loach population status, distribution and abundance in Lithuania. The northern golden loach which is a new species for Lithuania was detected during this investigation and described and examined. The complex structure of spined loach populations is examined, which reveals the existence of now polyploidy hybrids in Lithuania. The knowledge of distribution of the golden loach is extended on a European scale. New information on biotypes of Cobitis taenia complex is presented and their biogeography is supplemented. The dissertation consists: The dissertation consists of the following chapters: Introduction, Literature Review, Material and Methods, Research Results and Discussion (consisting of 6 subchapters), Conclusions, Recommendations, References, List of Author’s Publications and Conference Abstracts. All the material is presented in 168 pages; Material and Methods, and Research Results and Discussion are presented in 103 pages. The list of references includes 137 sources... [to full text]

Šiame darbe iškeltas tikslas išaiškinti Lietuvos kirtiklių paplitimą, populiacijų gausumą ir skirtumus Lietuvos vidaus vandenyse, buveinių pasirinkimą lemiančius veiksnius, morfometriniais ir kariologiniais tyrimais nustatyti taksonominį statusą išskiriant atskiras formas, porūšius ar rūšis. Mokslinis naujumas: Kirtiklis iki šiol Lietuvoje visai netyrinėtas, o ankstesni ichtiocenozių tyrimai neatspindėjo kirtiklių populiacijų būklės, paplitimo, gausumo bei rūšinio statuso. Disertaciniame darbe išnagrinėta kirtiklių populiacijų būklė, paplitimas ir gausumas Lietuvoje. Aprašoma ir nagrinėjama tyrimu metu aptikta nauja Lietuvai rūšis šiaurinis auksaspalvis kirtiklis. Išaiškinta paprastojo kirtiklio populiacijų kompleksinė struktūra, parodanti iki šiol nežinotą poliploidinių hibridų egzistavimą Lietuvoje. Europos mastu, praplėstos žinios apie auksaspalvio kirtiklio paplitimą. Pateikiama nauja informacija apie Cobitis taenia komplekso biotipus bei papildoma jų biogeografija. Disetaciją sudaro: Įvadas, Literatūros apžvalga, Darbo metodika ir medžiaga, Tyrimų rezultatai ir jų aptarimas (6 skyriai), Išvados, Rekomendacijos, Literatūros sąrašas, Disertacijos tema publikuoti darbai bei konferencijų tezės. Visa medžiaga pateikta 168 puslapiuose, Darbo metodika ir medžiaga bei Tyrimų rezultatai ir jų aptarimas sudaro 103 puslapius. Literatūros sąraše pateikiami 137 šaltiniai. Tekste yra 74 paveikslai ir 21 lentelė. / The main objective of this work is to examine distribution of Lithuanian loaches, abundance and difference of their populations in Lithuanian inland waters, as well as factors conditioning selection of habitats, determine the taxonomic status and distinguish forms, subspecies or species. Novelty of the study: Loach has not yet been investigated in Lithuania, and earlier investigations into ichthyocenoses do not reflect the status, distribution, abundance and status of loaches. In dissertation are examined loach population status, distribution and abundance in Lithuania. The northern golden loach which is a new species for Lithuania was detected during this investigation and described and examined. The complex structure of spined loach populations is examined, which reveals the existence of now polyploidy hybrids in Lithuania. The knowledge of distribution of the golden loach is extended on a European scale. New information on biotypes of Cobitis taenia complex is presented and their biogeography is supplemented. The dissertation consists: The dissertation consists of the following chapters: Introduction, Literature Review, Material and Methods, Research Results and Discussion (consisting of 6 subchapters), Conclusions, Recommendations, References, List of Author’s Publications and Conference Abstracts. All the material is presented in 168 pages; Material and Methods, and Research Results and Discussion are presented in 103 pages. The list of references includes 137 sources... [to full text]

The clown loach Chromobotia macracanthus, is a well known species in ornamental fish circuits although the knowledge about it in its wild environment today is limited. The outtake of 50 million juveniles every year may drive the population into a collapse and it might be necessary to breed clown loaches in captivity to lower the pressure in wild stocks. This has not yet been accomplished without hormone treatment. The aim of the present study is to find out if it is possible for C. macracanthus to prepare for spawning in captivity without the use of hormones. The study was set up according to documentation about the wild conditions simulating the migration prior to spawning from greater rivers and swamps to smaller streams upriver. Although the experiment did not result in spawning it is believed that egg production took place according to criteria for identifying sexually mature fish ready to spawn. If so it would have resulted in the fish retaining or reabsorbing the eggs since they were not laid. A surprising result which tells us it would not be unusual with egg production in C. macracanthus in aquariums around the world.