Objectives: To explore why so few mothers breastfeed when their babies are admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and to gain an understanding of the impact of this for the mothers and staff involved. DESIGN: This study adopted an ethnographic approach. The data collection involved 135 hours of participant observation over a 6-month period and 32 semi-structured interviews of 17 mothers, 10 nurses, and 5 physicians. Findings: Data from the participants’ interviews and the participant observation were analysed focusing on the two different perspectives; one relating to the mothers and the other to the staff members and their working conditions. The mothers’ experiences were revealed as a developing process as their feeling changed from fearful and terrifying toward becoming and feeling like a ‘real’ mother. Their experience of mothering and breastfeeding differed from their expectations in that breastfeeding became a complex process for some and impossible for others. Five distinct themes emerged; the first highlighted the crisis, which involved the mother's feelings of emotional instability, their strategies for coping such as not visiting the baby, and recognition of the NICU as a stressful environment. The second theme described issues relating to control and power. This involved the perception of having a lack of control and needing to seek permission, the use of language as a mechanism for control, and mothers being placed in a subordinate role. The third theme related to the separation, which included difficulties of acceptance, feeling like stranger and not being important, and the need for physical closeness. Acceptance and adaptation comprised the fourth theme in which gradual acceptance occurred and a spiritual aspect emerged. The final theme, becoming a mother, included issues such as the special moments, breastfeeding as a turning point, and practical and informational needs. Almost all the mothers in this study spoke about going through all these stages during their infants’ stay in the NICU. Analysis of these findings suggests that mothers who deliver prematurely, may have their rite of passage into motherhood interrupted, resulting in them being placed in a position of suspended liminality. v The data also suggest that while staff members agree with the benefits of breastfeeding for preterm infants, the actual implementation of a breastfeeding policy within the neonatal units is more problematic. Three key themes emerged from the analysis relating to the staff perspectives. The first described the contradiction that exists between the staff beliefs and behaviours in relation to breastfeeding and supporting mothers. Elements that comprised this theme were “breast milk is best”, perceiving breastfeeding promotion as a nicety not a necessity; lacking support for mothers, and abdication of responsibility. The second theme related to their working conditions: this included a lack of institutional support for the health care team, and barriers to support breastfeeding. The final theme of controlling relationships captured the essence of the practitioner: mother association. Together, these elements revealed a situation whereby staff appeared more preoccupied in addressing the task aspect of care for the babies than supporting mothers in feeding and subsequently mothering their preterm child. Conclusions: An understanding of the experiences of mothers of preterm infants who wish to breastfeed, and the connection that breastfeeding has to the process of becoming a mother, allows for the finding of more positive strategies to support mothers and breastfeeding within the NICU. This study reveals a new understanding of how breastfeeding is connected to the process of becoming a mother, within the context of two Jordanian NICUs. It also highlights the difficult working conditions for nurses within these units. It is anticipated that recognition of these findings may assist with service developments and lead to improvements in the NICU environment in Jordan, thus enhancing health care delivery in accordance with the individual needs of infants and their mothers.

Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Asad Esmaeily / Performance-based building design is a necessity in geographic locations where buildings are susceptible to large earthquakes and high winds. This design method requires an analysis of the performance of the structural system with loadings and deflections caused by earthquakes and wind. Current design codes include the load intensity in analysis procedures, but do not consider the effect of load pattern in the performance analysis of reinforced concrete columns. Because a thorough analysis must take into consideration load pattern and load intensity, computer software is ideal to analyze these systems. A computer program was originally developed by Esmaeily (USC_RC), and was revised later to be renamed (KSU_RC) in order to make the analysis of concrete column performance accurate, yet simple for design purposes. This analytical tool used analytical methods and material models, verified against experimental data, to accurately predict the performance of reinforced concrete columns under various loading conditions, including any pattern in lateral direction and independently variable axial load. However, the program was limited to circular, rectangular, hollow circular and rectangular sections and uniaxial lateral curvature and displacement. The next generation of the program, KSU RC 2.0, was developed to overcome the aforesaid limitations.

The purpose of this study was to find if memory load significantly affects the performance of the subjects in the before condition of a before versus after technique experiment. In order to accomplish this the alternatives were presented either before or after the stimulus, with the alternatives and stimuli being either of high-complexity or low-complexity.

1 Abstract Title: The effect of running with a load on postural stability. Objectives: The establishment of changes in postural stability after a 3 km maximum effort run with a 15 kg load. Research sample: The tested subject group was constitued by seven soldiers of the Army of The Czech Republic at the average age of 25,6 ± 2,1 years who are students of the Military specialization at the Faculty of sport and physical education of The Charles University. Methods: This master's thesis was drawn up as a observational study of theoretic empiric character, realised through intraindividual comparative analysis on a group of 7 subjects. Postural stability was examined with RS Footscan forceplate and clinical balance test U.S. Military Academy Stance Test. The run was realised on a treadmill, without and with a load. For statistical analysis nonparametric statistic tests of significance were used. Results: The results of relations between postural control changes and 3km run with a load of 15 kg display a deterioration of postural stability tested after the run. The extend of deterioration of postural stability after 3-km run with a load within tested group is similar to one after 3-km run of analogous intensity. Key words: run, load, postural stability, balance

The title of the work: Floorball goalkeeper conditioning The aim of the work: Based on the identified needs for floorball goalkeeper conditioning the diploma thesis deals with composing the manual for stimulating their specific demands. Methodology: The essentials of the work are both foreign and Czech literature searches dealing with the given issue, measuring functional ability with a sporttester and maximum heart rate laboratory measurement. Based on floorball goalkeeping functional requirements two main areas of stimulation have been defined - speed and speed endurance. The work has been consulted with the renowned conditioning trainers - namely e.g. Josef Bruk (ice hockey goaltending), PhDr. Aleš Kaplan (basketball, football, athletics) and PaeDr. Miroslav Špalek (football goalkeeping, tennis). Outcomes: Measured values of heart rate during floorball goalkeeping performance have reached over 70 % of goalkeepers' maximum heart rate. The measured data show high demands on conditioning component of floorball goalkeeping and the need for its continuous improvement for better performance. As with growing heart rate combine some negative impacts on performance - tiredness and concentration problems. It is possible to influence versatile fitness, adapt organism to physical load and develop specific...

Student number : 0318567G School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty of Engineering / Comminution is an important process in mineral processing, power plants, cement production and pharmaceutical industries. It is costly and an inefficient process in terms of energy requirements and steel consumption related to grinding media and liners. Spherical grinding media are predominantly used in final stages of ore grinding. The spherical balls change shape through breakage and wear. Though this is universal in milling, its contribution and effect on milling kinetics, load behaviour and mill power is not fully established. One area that is usually ignored is the relationship between media shape and mill power. The objective of this dissertation was to investigate how media shape affects grinding. Ball size distribution inside an industrial mill was analysed in terms of shapes and sizes. Load behaviour, mill power and breakage as affected by media shapes were studied in a pilot laboratory mill. An inductive proximity probe, light emitting diode, phototransistor and video photographs were used to determine the load orientation in terms of toe and shoulder positions. A load beam was used to measure the torque exerted by the charge. The variation in load orientation and mill power with speed among different media shapes was observed. Higher shoulder positions were noted with cylpebs than with worn and spherical balls. The power increased to a maximum with increasing mill speed for all media shapes reaching its peak at different mill speeds for the three shapes studied. Variations of breakage rates with media shapes were found; higher breakage rates were noted with spherical media but the differences narrows with decreasing feed size and increasing material fractional filling U. Considering that worn balls in an industrial mill charge constitute about 15 to 40 percent and that the highest difference in breakage rate observed being nine percent for purely one shape charge; it is very doubtful whether it is worthwhile in attempting to develop techniques for removing worn balls from the mill.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a taxa de sucesso, a quantidade de perda óssea em altura e a interação osso/implante para três diferentes protocolos: 1) implantes osseointegráveis mantidos sem carga durante período de reparo de 120 dias; 2) implantes submetidos a interferências oclusais; e 3) implantes que receberam carga imediata para ancoragem ortodôntica. Foram utilizados doze minipigs BR-1, nos quais foram instalados 70 implantes osseointegráveis de titânio (3,75mm diâmetro x 8,50mm comprimento), divididos em 5 grupos: Grupo 1 (n=12), implantes sem carga sepultados na mesial de caninos; Grupo 2 (n=6), implantes sem carga em áreas de extração; Grupo 3 (n=12), implantes expostos a interferências oclusais; Grupo 4 (n=20), implantes submetidos à carga ortodôntica imediata; Grupo 5 (n=20), implantes instalados em áreas de extração e submetidos à carga ortodôntica imediata. Ao término do período experimental, os animais foram eutanasiados e biópsias da região de interesse coletadas. Realizou-se avaliação clínica para estabelecer a porcentagem de sucesso (Teste Exato de Fisher), análise radiográfica para quantificar a perda óssea em altura (programa de análise de imagens KS300-Zeiss®, ANOVA) e análise histológica para descrever as características da interface osso/implante. A análise dos dados demonstrou: 1) Grupos 1, 2, 4 e 5 - taxa de sucesso, quantidade de perda óssea em altura e interação osso/implante semelhantes; 2) Grupo 3 - taxa de insucesso e quantidade de perda óssea significantemente maiores que os demais grupos, além de apresentar ausência de interação osso/implante. Os resultados clínicos, radiográficos e histológicos revelados nos grupos submetidos à carga ortodôntica imediata em relação aos grupos sem carga demonstraram que a perda óssea na região da crista óssea periimplantar é aceitável e não compromete a estabilidade clínica dos implantes. Desta forma, a utilização de carga imediata para ancoragem em Ortodontia não prejudica a posterior utilização desses implantes para a reabilitação protética, objetivo primário da indicação deste protocolo. Estudos clínicos prospectivos são necessários para comprovar estes dados. / This research aimed at evaluating the success rate, the bone height loss, and the bone/implant interface in three different protocols: 1) osseointegrated implants maintained without load during a repair period of 120 days; 2) osseointegrated implants submitted to occlusal interferences; and 3) immediately loaded osseointegrated implants for orthodontic anchorage. Twelve BR-1 minipigs were used, in which 70 osseointegrated titanium implants were inserted (3.75mm diameter x 8.50mm length), divided into 5 groups: Group 1 (n=12), submerged implants without load; Group 2 (n=6), implants without load in extraction sites; Group 3 (n=12), implants exposed to occlusal interferences; Group 4 (n=20), exposed implants submitted to immediate orthodontic load; Group 5 (n=20), exposed implants inserted in extraction sites and submitted to immediate orthodontic load. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were euthanized and biopsies of the areas of interest were harvested. The clinical analysis (Exact Fisher Test) revealed the success rate of the inserted implants, the radiographic analysis quantified the bone height loss (image analysis program KS300-Zeiss®, ANOVA), and the histological analysis showed the bone/implant interface characteristics. The data analysis revealed: 1) Groups 1, 2, 4 and 5 - similar success rate, bone height loss and bone/implant interface characteristics; 2) Group 3 - statistically greater fail rate and bone height loss, and absence of bone/implant interaction characteristics. Clinical, radiographic and histological results presented in the groups submitted to immediate orthodontic load compared with the other without load demonstrated that the bone loss in the bone crest area is acceptable, and does not compromise the clinical stability of the implants. Therefore, the use of immediate load for orthodontic anchorage did not jeopardize the subsequent use of the implants for oral prosthetic rehabilitation, the main objective of this protocol. Further clinical studies are necessary to confirm these data.

O controle da carga de treinamento é apontado como um desafio na atualidade, principalmente no esporte coletivo, onde existe uma busca pelo avanço nessa área de conhecimento em diferentes centros de pesquisa no mundo. Esses pesquisadores se utilizam da aplicação de ferramentas biomecânicas, fisiológicas, bioquímicas, imunológicas e psicobiológicas para visando esse controle, apesar de pouco entendimento efetivo ter sido alcançado até o presente momento, justificando a continuidade dessa busca. Baseando-se nessa lacuna presente no estado da arte traçamos uma estratégia onde inicialmente devido à existência de pontos conflitantes na literatura em relação ao uso do salto com contramovimento (SCM), foi realizada uma meta-análise para verificar qual deveria ser a estratégia para aplicação dessa ferramenta biomecânica. A partir desse ponto, os demais estudos experimentais da presente tese foram conduzidos com o objetivo de verificar as possibilidades da aplicação de ferramentas biomecânicas para o controle de carga de treinamento em atletas. Os três experimentos foram realizados com a participação de atletas de futsal (n = 18; idade: 15,2 ± 0,9 anos; massa corporal: 62,3 ± 13,1 kg; estatura: 1,71 ± 0,1 m). Os voluntários realizaram o processo de familiarização com o SCM e, em seguida, foi verificada a confiabilidade do desempenho, utilizada para determinar a diferença mínima individual (DMI) do mesmo. Todos os voluntários realizaram as coletas iniciais (T0), avaliando o desempenho do SCM, por intermédio de medidas cinemáticas (tapete de contato e câmeras optoeletrônicas), dinâmicas (plataforma de força), além das antropométricas (balança com estadiômetro e antropômetros). Após a primeira etapa experimental, os voluntários foram distribuídos de maneira aleatória em dois grupos: Grupo Regulação (GR; n = 9) e Grupo Controle (GC; n = 9). Os voluntários realizaram quatro semanas de intensificação do treinamento, logo em seguida foi realizada a avaliação intermediária (T1), com mais duas semanas para o tapering e a reavaliação (T2). O monitoramento semanal ocorreu no início de cada microciclo a partir da DMI do SCM com o tapete de contato, assim todos os voluntários eram avaliados, mas os ajustes ocorriam somente para o GR. A meta-análise revelou que altura média do SCM foi a variável mais sensível e adequada para acompanhar os efeitos da fadiga e supercompensação. Para o experimento 01, o treinamento autorregulado no GR resultou em uma carga de treinamento significantemente mais elevada na semana 3 (tamanho de efeito \"TE\" = 0,6) e semana 4 (TE = 2,3) comparando com o GC. Entretanto, a carga de treinamento final não foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos (p = 0,082). Como resultado do aumento de carga durante a indução ao overreaching, o GR reduziu a altura do SCM entre T0-T1 (TE = -0,31). Entre T1-T2, o GR teve um aumento significativo na altura do SCM (TE = 0,61), e da mesma forma, outro aumento significativo na altura do SCM entre T0-T2 foi observado (TE = 0,30). As alterações na altura do SCM para o GC não foram significativas: T0-T1 (TE = -0,19); T1-T2 (TE = 0,41) e T0-T2 (TE = 0,07). No experimento 02, as alterações na altura do SCM foram acompanhadas pelas seguintes alterações nos parâmetros dinâmicos; durante a redução de desempenho ocorreu um aumento do momento de quadril na rotação externa/interna e durante o aumento de desempenho ocorreu um aumento da energia e do momento de quadril na flexão/extensão. Quanto ao experimento 03, durante a flexão/extensão; a energia de quadril (r² = 56%), o pico de potência de quadril (r² = 46%), a média do momento de joelho (r² = 50%) e o pico de potência de joelho (r² = 43%) foram correlacionados significativamente com as alterações na altura do SCM. Com esses achados, podemos concluir que o uso de ferramentas biomecânicas permitiu o controle de carga de treinamento de atletas de futsal, utilizando a altura média do SCM com a DMI para regular o treino e alcançar o overreaching funcional. Além disso, as alterações ocorridas nos parâmetros dinâmicos do SCM respaldam a utilização dessa abordagem / The training load control is identified as a challenge today, especially in team sports, where there is a search for the breakthrough in the area of knowledge in different research centers in the world. These researchers are using biomechanical markers, physiological markers, biochemical markers, immunological markers and psychobiological markers for its implementation, although little understanding and effectiveness be achieved to date. Thus we performed a strategy which initially due to the existence of conflicting points in the literature regarding the use of the countermovement jump (CMJ), a meta-analysis was performed to determine which should be the approach to application of biomechanical markers: From that point, the experimental studies of this thesis were conducted in order to verify the possibilities of application of biomechanical markers for training load control in athletes. The three experiments were carried out with the participation of futsal athletes (n = 18; age: 15.2 ± 0.9 years; body mass: 62.3 ± 13.1 kg; height: 1.71 ± 0.1 m). The volunteers perform the familiarization process with the CMJ and then its reliability was verified and used to determine the minimal individual differences (MID). All volunteers performed the initial assessment (T0) for evaluating the performance of CMJ, through kinematic measurements (contact mat and optoelectronic cameras), dynamic (force plate), and anthropometric (scale with stadiometer and anthropometers). After the first experimental stage, volunteers were randomly distributed into two groups: regulated group (RG; n = 9) and control group (CG, n = 9). The volunteers performed four weeks of intensified training, an intermediate evaluation (T1), then two weeks for tapering and finally the reassessed (T2). The weekly monitoring occurred at the beginning of each microcycle from the MID of CMJ with the jump mat, all volunteers performed this assessment, but the adjustments were performed just for RG. The meta-analysis showed that average of CMJ height was the most sensitive and appropriate variable to monitor the effects of fatigue and supercompensation. For the experiment 01, the auto-regulated training in RG resulted in a significantly higher training load at week 3 (effect size \"ES\" = 0.6) and week 4 (ES = 2.3) compared to the CG. However, the final training load was not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.082). As a result of the increased load during the induction overreaching, RG reduced CMJ height between T0-T1 (ES = -0.31). Between T1-T2, RG had a significant increase in the CMJ height (ES = 0.61), and similarly, another significant increase in the CMJ height between T0-T2 was observed (ES = 0.30). Changes in the height of the CMJ for CG were not significant: T0-T1 (ES = -0.19); T1-T2 (ES = 0.41) and T0-T2 (ES = 0.07). In the experiment 02, we found that changes in the CMJ height were followed by the following changes in dynamic parameters; reduction performance by increasing the hip moment (external/internal rotation) and increase performance by increasing hip energy and moment (flexion/extension). For experiment 03, during flexion/extension; hip energy (r² = 56%), peak hip power (r² = 46%), mean knee moment (r² = 50%) and peak knee power (r² = 43%) were correlated significantly with changes in the CMJ height. With these findings, we conclude that the use of biomechanical markers allowed the training load control of the futsal players using the average of CMJ height with MID to regulate the training and achieve functional overreaching. Moreover, the changes in the dynamic parameters of the CMJ support the use of this approach

Thesis advisor: Rebekah Levine Coley / Theories of upward mobility argue that academic and employment success grant individuals improved health, yet emerging evidence suggests that striving for such mobility in the context of marginalization may actually dysregulate physiological stress responses and compromise health. It is still unclear whether these associations operate as a function of cumulative exposure to risk (including both socioeconomic and racial/ethnic marginalization), or whether they would emerge outside of such collective risk. Further, little is known about how the school context, one of the most central contexts in adolescent development, affects associations between mobility and health, despite evidence that opportunities for socioeconomic comparisons or for discrimination at school may further exacerbate these associations. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a longitudinal survey of a nationally representative school-based sample of adolescents in the United States (N=14,797), the current study sought to clarify links between achievement and physiological health. Multilevel regression analyses considered prospective associations between achievement and health while attending to potential variation in links across the socioeconomic spectrum and across racial/ethnic groups. Additionally, school-level factors were taken into account and explored as potential augmenting mechanisms in these links. Findings suggested promotive links between achievement and physiological health, but also suggested that such links were not shared broadly by all youth. Although links did not vary across the socioeconomic spectrum, Asian American youth demonstrated some greater health payoffs of achievement compared to their non-Hispanic White peers, while non-Hispanic Black and Mexican American youth largely experienced reversed links. These results suggest additional evidence that striving for academic achievement while experiencing racial/ethnic marginality may engender dysregulation of the stress-response system. Thus, findings are discussed in relation to the social and historical contexts that may contribute to such divergent links. However, the school-level factors considered did not moderate links among achievement, individual characteristics, and physiological health, pointing to the importance of future research considering alternate social and contextual mechanisms in these relationships. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2017. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology.

O município do Guarujá, localizado na Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista (litoral central de São Paulo) tem como principais atividades econômicas o Complexo Portuário-Retroportuário de Santos-Cubatão-Guarujá, o Pólo Polindustrial de Cubatão e o turismo de segunda residência. A cidade recebe, anualmente, grande população turística, cuja quantidade de pessoas pode variar de acordo com os períodos de temporada, feriados prolongados e fins de semana ensolarados. Nos períodos de maior aporte a infra-estrutura local torna-se insuficiente e inadequada para suportar a demanda. O presente estudo visa estudar esses limites e fazer uma análise mais detalhada dos fenômenos socioeconômicos ligados à capacidade de carga de três praias próximas ao centro urbano, Pitangueiras, Astúrias e Tombo, esta última recentemente agraciada com o selo internacional de qualidade Bandeira Azul. A metodologia prevê a avaliação das diferentes capacidades de carga (Capacidades de Carga Física, Capacidade de Carga Econômica, Capacidade de Carga Ecológica, Capacidade de Carga Social e Capacidade de Carga Recreativa), por meio de seus indicadores. / The city of Guarujá, located in the Santos Metrpolitan Region (central coast of São Paulo) has as its maisn economic activities of the Port Complex-Retroportuário Santos-Cubatão-Guarujá, the Pole Poleindustrial Cubatão tourism and second homes. The city receives annually, a large tourist population, which many people may vary according to the periods of the seasons, long weekends and weekends sunn. In peiods of greater contribution to local infrastructure becomes insufficient and inadequate to support the demand. This study aims to study those boundaries and make a more detailed analysis of the socio-economic phenomena related to the load capacity of tree beaches near the city centers. Pitangueiras, Asturias and Tombo, the latter recently awarded the international seal of quality Blue Flag. The methodology provides for the evaluation of different load capacities (Load Capacities Load Capacity Recreation), through its indicators.