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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

A relação entre estrutura e função em redes complexas observada localmente / The relationship between structure and function in complex networks observed locally

Comin, César Henrique 14 February 2012 (has links)
O estudo de redes complexas tem despertado muita atenção nos últimos anos, principalmente pela sua capacidade de permitir a análise dos mais diversificados sistemas através de um mesmo conjunto de ferramentas matemáticas e computacionais. Até pouco tempo a ênfase nessa área era sobre o estudo das propriedades estruturas e sua influência em característica globais da dinâmica ocorrendo sobre o sistema. Recentemente foi-se percebendo a riqueza de comportamentos que podemos estudar ao olharmos para grupos de vértices e as interações que ocorrem entre esses grupos, de forma que cada vez mais se torna necessária a criação de uma forma sistemática de quantificar, a nível de nó, como uma dinâmica é influenciada (ou diferenciada) pela estrutura do sistema. Apresentamos nesse trabalho um primeiro passo nessa direção, no qual definimos uma medida que, baseada em características dinâmicas obtidas em diversas condições iniciais, busca comparar o comportamento dos nós presentes no sistema. Através dessa medida encontramos a alta capacidade de modelos de rede geográficas de produzir, por simples flutuações estatísticas, grupos de nós de dinâmica muito distinta em relação ao demais, um fato que não ocorre para uma rede definida de forma semelhante mas não geográfica. Nessas redes conseguimos verificar também se um nó de topologia local distinta dos demais consegue possuir uma dinâmica diferenciada, o que encontramos foi que mesmo em regiões da rede extremamente regulares existe a formação de grupos dinâmicos devido ao efeito da borda dessa região. Saindo de modelos de redes para apresentar aplicações práticas do método, encontramos na rede neuronal do verme Caenorhabditis elegans um conjunto de nós de alta diferenciação dinâmica, que representam os interneurônios do cordão ventral do verme. Adicionalmente encontramos na rede cortical do macaco da família Cercopithecidae uma divisão em relação a regularidade dos sinais dinâmicos, o que indica a presença de comunidades funcionais nessa rede. Além da metodologia de diferenciação desenvolvemos ainda uma ferramenta que busca encontrar de forma totalmente automatizada as características dinâmicas mais relevantes do sistema em estudo, que foi capaz de representar medidas dinâmicas tradicionalmente utilizadas na área. Todos esses resultados abrem caminho para diversas vertentes de estudo, em especial citamos a influência de uma borda irregular no interior de uma região regular, o estudo da rede Caenorhabditis elegans com dinâmicas neuronais mais precisas e a aplicação sistemática de dinâmicas para encontrar a divisão funcional de comunidades em redes direcionadas, um tema que apresenta resultados promissores. / The study of complex networks has drawn much attention over the last years, mainly by virtue of its potential to characterize the most diverse systems through the same mathematical and computational tools. Not long ago the emphasis on this field mostly focused on the effects of the structural properties on the global behavior of a dynamical process taking place in the system. Recently, some studies started to unveil the richness of interactions that occur between groups of nodes when we look at the small scale of interactions occurring in the network. Such findings call for a new systematic methodology to quantify, at node level, how a dynamics is being influenced (or differentiated) by the structure of the underlying system. Here we present a first step towards this direction, in which we define a new measurement that, based on dynamical characteristics obtained for a series of initial conditions, compares the dynamical behavior of the nodes present in the system. Through this measurement we find the high capacity of networks generated by geographical models to exhibit, by means of statistical fluctuations, groups of nodes with very distinct dynamics compared to the rest of the network, a behavior that does not occur for a similar non-geographical network. We also verify if a large topological differentiation of a node necessarily reflects on its dynamics. We find that even in very regular regions of the network the nodes tend to form dynamical groups influenced by the border effects. In addition to the network models used, we present practical applications of the methodology by using the neuronal network of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, where we show that the interneurons of the ventral cord presents a very large dynamical differentiation when compared to the rest of the network. We also analyze the cortical network of the Cercopithecidae monkey by means of signal communication complexity, finding that it contains two well-defined functional communities. Besides the differentiation measurement, we also presents an useful mechanism for automatically obtaining the relevant dynamical characteristics of the nodes, which showed promising results by obtaining traditional measurements of the area with little effort. All these results pave the way to a range of different studies, of which we highlight the influence of an irregular border on the dynamics taking place inside a regular network region, the study of the neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans using more robust neuronal dynamics and the systematic application of different dynamics in order to find the functional community division of directed networks.
2

A relação entre estrutura e função em redes complexas observada localmente / The relationship between structure and function in complex networks observed locally

César Henrique Comin 14 February 2012 (has links)
O estudo de redes complexas tem despertado muita atenção nos últimos anos, principalmente pela sua capacidade de permitir a análise dos mais diversificados sistemas através de um mesmo conjunto de ferramentas matemáticas e computacionais. Até pouco tempo a ênfase nessa área era sobre o estudo das propriedades estruturas e sua influência em característica globais da dinâmica ocorrendo sobre o sistema. Recentemente foi-se percebendo a riqueza de comportamentos que podemos estudar ao olharmos para grupos de vértices e as interações que ocorrem entre esses grupos, de forma que cada vez mais se torna necessária a criação de uma forma sistemática de quantificar, a nível de nó, como uma dinâmica é influenciada (ou diferenciada) pela estrutura do sistema. Apresentamos nesse trabalho um primeiro passo nessa direção, no qual definimos uma medida que, baseada em características dinâmicas obtidas em diversas condições iniciais, busca comparar o comportamento dos nós presentes no sistema. Através dessa medida encontramos a alta capacidade de modelos de rede geográficas de produzir, por simples flutuações estatísticas, grupos de nós de dinâmica muito distinta em relação ao demais, um fato que não ocorre para uma rede definida de forma semelhante mas não geográfica. Nessas redes conseguimos verificar também se um nó de topologia local distinta dos demais consegue possuir uma dinâmica diferenciada, o que encontramos foi que mesmo em regiões da rede extremamente regulares existe a formação de grupos dinâmicos devido ao efeito da borda dessa região. Saindo de modelos de redes para apresentar aplicações práticas do método, encontramos na rede neuronal do verme Caenorhabditis elegans um conjunto de nós de alta diferenciação dinâmica, que representam os interneurônios do cordão ventral do verme. Adicionalmente encontramos na rede cortical do macaco da família Cercopithecidae uma divisão em relação a regularidade dos sinais dinâmicos, o que indica a presença de comunidades funcionais nessa rede. Além da metodologia de diferenciação desenvolvemos ainda uma ferramenta que busca encontrar de forma totalmente automatizada as características dinâmicas mais relevantes do sistema em estudo, que foi capaz de representar medidas dinâmicas tradicionalmente utilizadas na área. Todos esses resultados abrem caminho para diversas vertentes de estudo, em especial citamos a influência de uma borda irregular no interior de uma região regular, o estudo da rede Caenorhabditis elegans com dinâmicas neuronais mais precisas e a aplicação sistemática de dinâmicas para encontrar a divisão funcional de comunidades em redes direcionadas, um tema que apresenta resultados promissores. / The study of complex networks has drawn much attention over the last years, mainly by virtue of its potential to characterize the most diverse systems through the same mathematical and computational tools. Not long ago the emphasis on this field mostly focused on the effects of the structural properties on the global behavior of a dynamical process taking place in the system. Recently, some studies started to unveil the richness of interactions that occur between groups of nodes when we look at the small scale of interactions occurring in the network. Such findings call for a new systematic methodology to quantify, at node level, how a dynamics is being influenced (or differentiated) by the structure of the underlying system. Here we present a first step towards this direction, in which we define a new measurement that, based on dynamical characteristics obtained for a series of initial conditions, compares the dynamical behavior of the nodes present in the system. Through this measurement we find the high capacity of networks generated by geographical models to exhibit, by means of statistical fluctuations, groups of nodes with very distinct dynamics compared to the rest of the network, a behavior that does not occur for a similar non-geographical network. We also verify if a large topological differentiation of a node necessarily reflects on its dynamics. We find that even in very regular regions of the network the nodes tend to form dynamical groups influenced by the border effects. In addition to the network models used, we present practical applications of the methodology by using the neuronal network of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, where we show that the interneurons of the ventral cord presents a very large dynamical differentiation when compared to the rest of the network. We also analyze the cortical network of the Cercopithecidae monkey by means of signal communication complexity, finding that it contains two well-defined functional communities. Besides the differentiation measurement, we also presents an useful mechanism for automatically obtaining the relevant dynamical characteristics of the nodes, which showed promising results by obtaining traditional measurements of the area with little effort. All these results pave the way to a range of different studies, of which we highlight the influence of an irregular border on the dynamics taking place inside a regular network region, the study of the neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans using more robust neuronal dynamics and the systematic application of different dynamics in order to find the functional community division of directed networks.
3

Comportement local des enrobés recyclés : apport des mesures de champs cinématiques / Local behavior of recycled asphalt pavement : contribution of full-field measurements

Teguedi, Mohamed Cheikh 26 September 2017 (has links)
Les enrobés bitumineux sont des matériaux composites complexes constitués de plusieurs phases : granulats, liants bitumineux et vides. L'assemblage de ces phases définit une microstructure très complexe qui pilote la réponse macroscopique des enrobés. Classiquement, les réponses mécanique et thermique des enrobés sont caractérisées par des essais à l'échelle macroscopique en supposant que le matériau est homogène et isotrope. À l’échelle des constituants, la caractérisation de ces matériaux nécessite d’utiliser une technique de mesure disposant simultanément d’une bonne résolution spatiale et d’une bonne résolution de mesure. L’enjeu de ce travail est d’une part d’évaluer les possibilités d’utilisation de la méthode de la grille (MG) pour l’analyse des propriétés thermo-mécaniques des enrobés bitumineux, et d’autre part de caractériser, grâce à l’apport de cette méthode, l’effet de l’introduction d’agrégats d’enrobés (AE). L’étude expérimentale comprend des essais de compression et de traction ainsi que des essais de gel-dégel. Les champs cinématiques issus de la MG ont permis d'étudier la réponse de ces matériaux à des échelles allant de l’échelle du constituant jusqu’à celle de l’éprouvette. Les résultats obtenus ont également permis de valider une approche expérimentale innovante pour l’analyse des enrobés en permettant d’accéder à des informations fiables et riches à l’échelle de la microstructure. Certains aspects liés à l'impact du recyclage sur le comportement local de l’enrobé sont également fournis. / Asphalt mixtures are complex composite materials constituted of several phases, namely aggregates, bituminous binder and voids. The assembly of these phases defines a highly complex microstructure, which drives the macroscopic response of asphalt mixtures. Classically, both the mechanical and the thermal responses of asphalt materials are characterized by using experiments at the scale of the mixture assuming that the material is homogeneous. At the scale of their constituents, these materials require a measurement technique featuring simultaneously both a good spatial resolution and a good strain resolution. To date, there are only few experimental studies available in the literature that describe the thermal and mechanical behavior of bituminous mixes at the scale of the constituent. The aim of this work is, on the one hand, to evaluate the possibilities of using the grid method (GM) for the analysis of the thermo-mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures and, on the other hand, to characterize the effect of the recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) inclusion on the local behavior of these materials. Full-field measurements provided by GM allow to study the response of these materials at scales ranging from the component to the mixture itself. These results enable us to validate an innovative experimental approach for the analysis of asphalts. It gives access to reliable and rich information at the scale of the microstructure. Some aspects related to the impact of RAP on the local behavior of asphalt were also provided.
4

Contribution à l’étude du comportement mécanique de composites textile-mortier : application à la réparation et/ou renforcement de poutres en béton armé vis-à-vis de l’effort tranchant / Contribution to the mechanical behavior study of the composite textile reinforced concrete : application to shear repairing and/or strengthening of reinforced concrete beams

Contamine, Raphaël 06 December 2011 (has links)
Ces travaux portent sur la réparation et le renforcement de structures béton armé par matériaux composite. Dans ce domaine, la solution de type carbone-époxy appliqué sur les faces extérieures des structures occupe une place prépondérante, mais reste perfectible. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de proposer des solutions alternatives à ces matériaux, tels que les composites de type textile-mortier (Textile Reinforced Concrete, « TRC ») et d'en juger la faisabilité, les performances et le comportement. Une approche expérimentale et analytique, aux échelles micro, méso et macroscopiques, est menée en s'appuyant notamment sur la technique de mesure de champs de déplacements par corrélation d'images. À l'égard de l'étude du matériau, une procédure d’essai de caractérisation en traction directe des TRC a été conçue et validée. La conduite de 98 essais par cette procédure, a permis de mieux appréhender le comportement de ces composites, notamment l’articulation entre les mécanismes locaux et leur traduction à l’échelle macroscopique. Les principaux leviers permettant l'optimisation des TRC ont ainsi été déterminés. À l'échelle structurelle, l'étude de 11 poutres réparées vis-à-vis de l'effort tranchant, par collage de plats préfabriqués ou moulage à même la poutre, a été conduite. Il en ressort que les solutions TRC se comparent favorablement à celles de type carbone-époxy. Aussi, le comportement local a été finement évalué, notamment, l'évolution des efforts repris par le renfort TRC ainsi que la validité du modèle analytique du treillis. Un comportement de type multifissurant ou pull-out du TRC sensible à son procédé de mise en oeuvre a également été mis en avant / This research focuses on repairing and strengthening concrete structures with composite materials. In this particular domain, carbon-epoxy composites are of considerable interest, but still room for improvement. The main objective of this thesis is to show alternatives to these composites, such as Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC). Feasibility, performances and behavior of this alternative composite are examined. An experimental and analytical approach, at the micro-, meso- and macroscopic scale are conducted, notably thanks to the technique of digital image correlation for in-plane displacement measurement. Regarding the study of the material, a rather handy, reliable and efficient procedure of a direct tensile test was designed and validated. To enable a better understanding of the TRC behavior, 98 different TRC configurations were tested thanks to this procedure. The links between local mechanisms and macroscopic scale behavior were notably studied. Finally, key levers for optimizing the TRC were determined. On the structural level, a study was conducted on 11 beams shear strengthened by bonding of prefabricated plates or by contact molding. It shows that TRC solutions compare favorably with carbon-epoxy composites. Also, the local behavior was thoroughly assessed, notably the change of forces carried by the composite material and the truss model validity. A multi-cracking or pull-out behavior of the TRC was put forward depending on its application process

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