published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

published_or_final_version / Urban Studies / Master / Master of Social Sciences

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

by Chan Chiu-hong, Andrew. / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1986. / Bibliography: leaves 311-358.

先秦時期，隨著列國戰事的劇烈，各國君主對國內山林藪澤資源需求亦愈加增強。為加強對這些自然資源的掌控，便導致了本文的研究對象--「地方都官」的出現。所謂「都官」，即中央機構的總稱，同時包括了真正處於中央的機構，及它們設於地方的分支單位。這些位於地方的都官，與它們的中央主幹機構一樣，屬於非治民官，與郡、縣等直接面對人民的治民官有所不同。 / 本文首先嘗試對秦漢「地方都官」實際包括的各種機構作出考釋，並嘗試歸納地方都官的命名方式，以及對地方的縣級都官在漢代官僚系統中的地位進行探討。其次，本文又嘗試以鹽、鐵、田、工四種地方都官為例子，復原地方都官的行政架構，結果顯示，雖然這四種地方都官各自經歷了行政組織上的變革，但整體來說，四種地方都官組織的基本結構大致相同，擁有一套共用的五層組織結構。而在地方都官的裁判權方面，地方都官雖然擁有治獄、訊獄、覆獄的權力，但這種權力無疑只在處理屬吏瀆職罪行的行政程序時方可體現。事實上，地方都官在制度上雖屬中央官，但本身在行政上的各方面皆從屬於所在的郡、縣；這種二重的特質，在田官的個案身上便得到徹底的展現。 / 最後，這些掌控帝國山林藪澤資源、為皇家服務的地方都官，因維持其生產的成本極其巨大，故在西漢末時便漸漸被廢置。至東漢時，那些還未廢置的地方都官，亦正式劃歸地方，成為隸屬於郡的機構，不復以往中央官的性格。 / During the Warring States period, there was an increasing demand over natural resources. To have better control over these strategic resources, the central government departments established certain regional branch-offices. Unlike commanderies 郡 and counties 縣, these branch-offices, which similar to their central counterparts, were not responsible for civil affairs and were regarded as Dū-guān 都官. For the sake of convenience, these branch-offices are entitled in a somewhat contradictory way through the article --“regional Dū-guān 地方都官. / Chapter 3 details the macro-organization of regional Dū-guān established during Qin and Han, summarizing a total of 23 different types of regional Dū-guān. It further places the regional Dū-guān under the bureaucratic system as a whole, examining their responsibilities and roles in Han bureaucracy. / Chapter 4 narrows the scope of investigation by selecting four regional Dū-guān, namely, Offices of Salt and Iron 鹽、鐵官, Offices of Farming 田官, and Offices of Workmen 工官, using them as examples to reconstruct the administrative framework of regional Dū-guān. Astonishingly, although these regional Dū-guān had their own specialties, they did maintain a parallel administrative framework, reflecting their nature of not committing to civilian administrations. / Chapter 5 follows a study on the jurisdiction of regional Dū-guān, elaborates that given a complete right in investigation, adjudication, and lawsuits reviews, regional Dū-guān could only execute their jurisdiction right on cases related to misconducts of their subordinates. / Chapter 6 assesses the administrative relationships between regional Dū-guān and regional administrative units, i.e. commanderies 郡 and counties 縣, where these Dū-guān located. Although regional Dū-guān were theoretically belonged to the central government departments, they were controlled by regional administrative units in most of the administrative aspects, including administrative communication; vessels, weapons, necessary raw materials transmission as well as labour force and annual fiscal budget provisions. These natures could perfectly reveal in the case study of the Office of Farming provided in chapter 7. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 唐俊峰. / "2013年7月". / "2013 nian 7 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-225). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Tang Junfeng. / 摘要 --- p.i / 目錄 --- p.iii / 圖表目錄 --- p.vi / Chapter 一、 --- 引論 --- p.1 / Chapter 1. --- 地方都官的源起與性質 --- p.3 / Chapter (1) --- 地方都官的源起 --- p.4 / Chapter (2) --- 地方都官的性質 --- p.8 / Chapter 二、 --- 近人研究回顧 --- p.12 / Chapter 1. --- 睡虎地秦簡出土後 --- p.12 / Chapter 2. --- 尹灣漢簡出土後 --- p.17 / Chapter 3. --- 張家山漢簡發表後 --- p.18 / Chapter 三、 --- 地方都官的種類、命名及其在官僚系統的地位 --- p.26 / Chapter 1. --- 地方都官的種類 --- p.26 / Chapter (1) --- 鹽、鐵官 --- p.29 / Chapter (2) --- 服官 --- p.31 / Chapter (3) --- 工官 --- p.32 / Chapter (4) --- 牧師苑官、家馬官 --- p.33 / Chapter (5) --- 均輸官 --- p.34 / Chapter (6) --- 金官、銅官、木官、奢官 --- p.35 / Chapter (7) --- 橘官、圃羞官、羞官 --- p.37 / Chapter (8) --- 都水官、漁官、陂官、湖官 --- p.39 / Chapter (9) --- 雲夢官 --- p.41 / Chapter (10) --- 發弩官、樓船官 --- p.43 / Chapter (11) --- 田官 --- p.45 / Chapter (12) --- 敖倉官 --- p.48 / Chapter (13) --- 未能確定諸官：洭浦官、常平倉、市令（長）、雒陽武庫令 --- p.49 / 結語 --- p.53 / Chapter 2. --- 地方都官的命名方式 --- p.57 / Chapter 3. --- 都官在官僚系統的地位--對于振波意見的檢討 --- p.60 / Chapter (1) --- 在京畿地區的郡、縣地方行政機關都不屬於都官 --- p.60 / Chapter (2) --- 丞相、廷尉都不屬於都官 --- p.62 / Chapter (3) --- 丞相、御史、大將軍、軍吏和二千石官員都不在都官之列，且官秩高於都官令、丞 --- p.63 / Chapter (4) --- 吏二千石與諸侯相等官員不包括在中都官之內；中都官的級別在二千石、諸侯相之下 --- p.64 / Chapter (5) --- 都官的上司為二千石官，而二千石官本身不是都官 --- p.65 / Chapter (6) --- 都官是縣級經營性或事務性機構；而列卿名下設有令、丞或長、丞的經營性或事務性機構，大概都屬於都官 --- p.66 / Chapter (7) --- 諸侯王國的太傅、內史、中尉、丞相、群卿、大夫與都官並提，說明這些官員都不屬於都官 --- p.66 / Chapter 4. --- 縣級都官地位的演進 --- p.69 / Chapter (1) --- 西漢縣級中都官的地位 --- p.69 / Chapter (2) --- 新莽時中都官的改革--都官令的比士化 --- p.70 / Chapter (3) --- 東漢時「令比士化」的進一步申延 --- p.72 / Chapter (4) --- 「命都官曰長」-- 對秦代縣級都官的一點懸想 --- p.75 / Chapter 附： --- 漢代官吏秩級與秦代軍功爵的比附問題 --- p.78 / Chapter 四、 --- 地方都官的行政架構 --- p.81 / Chapter 1. --- 鹽、鐵官 --- p.81 / Chapter (1) --- 鐵官 --- p.81 / Chapter (2) --- 鹽官 --- p.85 / Chapter 2. --- 田官 --- p.88 / Chapter (1) --- 漢代田官行政組織的幾個問題 --- p.89 / Chapter (2) --- 漢代田官的組織變化 --- p.92 / Chapter 3. --- 工官 --- p.98 / Chapter (1) --- 地方工官的結構 --- p.99 / Chapter (2) --- 地方工官都、離官設置的問題 --- p.104 / Chapter (3) --- 護工卒史的性質與地方工官的組織變革 --- p.105 / 結語 --- p.113 / Chapter 五、 --- 法律中的都官：地方都官的刑獄裁判 --- p.115 / Chapter 1. --- 秦漢法律中的「都官」 --- p.115 / Chapter (1) --- 《睡虎地秦簡》秦律中的「都官」 --- p.115 / Chapter (2) --- 《二年律令》中的都官條文 --- p.123 / Chapter 2. --- 地方都官的刑獄審判權 --- p.126 / Chapter (1) --- 「都官自尉、内史以下毋治獄，獄無輕重關於正；郡關其守」律文的檢討 --- p.127 / Chapter (2) --- 秦漢法律顯示的地方都官審判權再議 --- p.128 / Chapter (3) --- 地方都官審判權的限定 --- p.132 / 結語 --- p.139 / Chapter 六、 --- 地方都官與郡縣行政之一 --- p.140 / Chapter 1. --- 文書行政的聯繫 --- p.140 / Chapter (1) --- 秦代地方都官與郡縣的文書聯繫 --- p.141 / Chapter (2) --- 漢代地方都官與縣文書聯繫的取消 --- p.150 / Chapter 2. --- 公用物資的轉輸 --- p.151 / Chapter (1) --- 地方都官對廢棄公用物資的處理 - 對工藤元男論點的檢討 --- p.152 / Chapter (2) --- 地方都官的公用物資供給 --- p.154 / Chapter (3) --- 地方都官對郡縣的公器輸送 --- p.159 / Chapter 3. --- 勞動力和營運經用 --- p.169 / Chapter (1) --- 勞動力的依賴 --- p.169 / Chapter (2) --- 營運經用的依賴 --- p.171 / 結語 --- p.172 / Chapter 七、 --- 地方都官與郡縣行政之二：邊郡田官的個案研究 --- p.174 / Chapter 1. --- 邊郡田官與中央大司農的聯繫 --- p.174 / Chapter 2. --- 邊郡田官與郡縣級單位的行政關係 --- p.179 / Chapter (1) --- A35大灣地區的遺址 --- p.179 / Chapter (2) --- 田官與肩水都尉府的行政關係 --- p.189 / Chapter (3) --- 田官與肩水都尉的糧食出入 --- p.196 / Chapter (4) --- 田官與縣級單位的行政關係 --- p.202 / 結語 --- p.206 / Chapter 八、 --- 結論 --- p.207 / 參考書目 --- p.217

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

This research report examined the implementation of villager self-governance in China, of which the election of village leader is the most distinct feature. Unlike previous studies of village self-governance, which focused on policy intentions of the Chinese leadership or the speculation of scholars about what may happen, this study attempted to examine whether or not the elections are competitive and what the consequences of self-governance are.

First, the fifty years history of the Lake Weishan dispute can be divided into three eras, in which Xieshang, Xietiao, and Weitiao have captured the political keywords in each phase. From 1953 to 1980, xieshang between regional governments had dominated the political process; from 1980 to 1990, xietiao by central government had switched to the prevailing tone, in which three Central Documents had been issued to resolve this dispute; from 1990 to 2003, weitiao has remained as the only rational procedure for resolving this enduring conflict. In fact, one common thread to needle this political trilogy is the governance model based on negotiation and compromise rather than coercion and obedience. / Second, the structural, procedural, and cultural factors are aligned to account for this governance model. In the structural dimension, a semi-corporatism model has characterized the dynamics of central-local relationship. Local government is not only the arms reached at the region from political central, but also the legitimate representative of its jurisdiction. In the procedural dimension, democratic centralism is a practical mechanism rather than an ideological propaganda in Chinese politics. In resolving the divisive conflicts inside the political system, democratic centralism is the central government's operational principle, which can be distinguished into democratic decision process and centralized implement process, thus contributing to the bounded democratic process. In cultural dimension, Chinese politics has a tradition emphasizing fairness, compromises and negotiation. / Third, the Chinese body politic has never been a garment without seams nor needles. Inside our gigantic political system, there are a great deal of divisions even conflicts among the joint place between tiao and kuai. Borrowing from the well-known metaphor proposed by Vivienne Shue, in the Lake Weishan case as the dispute inside the honeycomb, there are not only opportunities towards the regime transition, but the divisive logic of this system. In this sense, to strengthen the central government's integrating capacity is vital for the future state building. / This case study on Lake Weishan dispute is theoretically intermingled in the matrix of Chinese political studies. In some sense, the governance of Lake Weishan has revealed the Chinese State anatomy whether in the tiao sense or in the kuai sense. Through this case study, three research questions have been attended: first, in what process have the central government employed to resolve this political dispute; second, what factors can explain the choice of the above political mechanisms; third, in what sense could this case enrich our understanding of the Chinese body politic. / Totalitarianism and authoritarianism have long been the prevailing paradigms in the Chinese political studies. This kind of structural analysis, however, can never do justice to the overall dynamics of the central-local relationship and the diversified political process in PRC. Through a case study focused on the inter-provincial dispute for Lake Weishan, this research has two main goals, one is to memorize this half century historical story, and the other is to analyze the underlying political process and its operational mechanisms. / 田雷. / Adviser: Shaoguang Wang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: 2234. / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 453-465). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Tian Lei.

Hok-bun Ku. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [194-201]). / List of Tables --- p.i / List of Illustrations --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --Bringing the Peasants Back In --- p.1 / Chapter I. --- Sister Ling's Story --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- Where are the Peasants --- p.3 / Chapter III. --- "Back to the Village, Search for the Peasants" --- p.8 / Chapter IV. --- Summary of the Thesis --- p.14 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Understanding the Local Politics of Rural China --- p.16 / Chapter I. --- State-Society in Communist China --- p.17 / Chapter II. --- State and Its Agents --- p.19 / Chapter III. --- Socialist Clientelism in Rural China --- p.23 / Chapter IV. --- Everyday Forms of Resistance in Village --- p.28 / Chapter V. --- The Changing Village Politics under Deng --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Legacy of the Past --Ku Village under Mao --- p.40 / Chapter I. --- Setting of Ku Village --- p.42 / Chapter II. --- Reconstructing the Old Political Economy --- p.45 / Chapter III. --- Socialist Clientelism in Ku Village --- p.54 / Chapter IV. --- Conclusion --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- The Ku Village in Transformation (I) --The Retreat of the State --- p.77 / Chapter I. --- Reconstructing the Rural Administrative Organization --- p.78 / Chapter II. --- Local Response to the Political Reform --- p.82 / Chapter III. --- Paralysis of Village Organs --- p.88 / Chapter IV. --- Conclusion --- p.98 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- The Ku Village in Transformation (II) --The Source of Peasant Power --- p.103 / Chapter I. --- The Responsibility System and Land Redistribution in Ku Village --- p.105 / Chapter II. --- Political Economy of Shatian Shaddock Plantation --- p.112 / Chapter III. --- Conclusion --- p.125 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- Everyday Forms of Struggle in the Ku Village --- p.130 / Chapter I. --- Everyday Forms of Resistance I --Defensive Action --- p.132 / Chapter II. --- Everyday Forms of Resistance I -- Offensive Action --- p.147 / Chapter III. --- Everyday Struggle of the Village Cadres --- p.156 / Chapter IV. --- Conclusion --- p.161 / Chapter Chapter Seven: --- Conclusion -- From Socialist Clientelism to Household Individualism --- p.164 / Chapter I. --- The Erosion of Patron-Client Bonds --- p.165 / Chapter II. --- Household Individualism -an Atomistic Community --- p.170 / Chapter III. --- Everyday Forms of Resistance as the Way of Peasant Life --- p.172 / Chapter IV. --- Rethinking Village Politics in Dengist China --- p.174 / Appendix A. List of Interviewees --- p.179 / Appendix B. Glossary --- p.180 / Appendix C. Note on Measures --- p.183 / Appendix D. Photos --- p.184 / Appendix E. Maps --- p.193 / Bibliography