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With the arrival of European settlers to Western Oregon nearly 150 years ago came new methods of forest management. Early settlers' forest practices consisted of little more than harvesting what seemed an endless supply of timber. Forestry in the 20th century eventually incorporated such management concerns as re-forestation, biodiversity, wildlife sciences, recreation, and cultural resources. While forest practices in the Pacific Northwest changed dramatically during the 20th century, clothing worn by those most commonly associated with the field, the "logger," remained relatively unchanged. While much information has been published regarding the often over-romanticized life of the logger, information regarding the day to day-life and associative material culture remains almost nonexistent. As the 20th century economy in the Pacific Northwest became less dependent on the wood products industry, the culture and way of life for those whose lives centered around this once thriving industry began to disappear. My interest in this subject developed out of my personal experience working in the woods throughout the Pacific Northwest for seven years, as a forest fire fighter and park ranger for the Bureau of Land Management, and as an archaeologist for the U.S. Forest Service and Oregon State University Research Forests. In this study, I gathered collective memories from 18 individuals who logged throughout Western Oregon between 1920 and 1970. Informants were asked a series of questions pertaining to their logging careers and the clothing they wore. Often termed "old-timers," these informants served as the primary resource of information about work clothing worn by loggers in Western Oregon between 1920 and 1970. Published information describing the history of logging in the Pacific Northwest, photographs provided by informants showing them at work, the examination of catalogues from manufacturers of men's work clothing, and interviews with representatives of work clothing companies served as secondary resources. Published materials detailing work clothing worn by loggers is relatively nonexistent. Consequently, persons with first hand knowledge wearing logging work clothing are in many instances the only sources of information. Photographs furnished by subjects, showing them wearing their work clothing were collected as supportive material. While interviewing subjects for this project, additional questions beyond the scope of the project were asked. Subjects were asked related questions about other types of clothing they wore during their careers. Other areas of logging history and culture explored during interviews consisted of information about changes they observed in the technology of logging hand tools and machinery, land management and associative forest practices, and first hand experiences observing fellow workers severely injured or killed while working in the woods. With the passing of each "old-time" logger, a living connection between the present and the past, and the stories in between, are gone forever. This project helps to present a written record of some of these connections. / Graduation date: 2000

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1994. / Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 193-200).

A group of 22 independent southeastern U.S. logging contractors provided 44 contractor-years of detailed cost and production information. Information was collected on demographics, operational characteristics, and business strategies for the participants. Precipitation was statistically proven to not be a good predictor of production, accounting for 2% of the weekly variation. High production through periods of favorable harvesting did not occur. Loggers contracting for the same mill in the same general area had higher than average production in the winter months and lower than average production in the summer months. Summary analyses for the entire population found that the cost of producing an additional ton dropped in 1997 by $0.90, but fixed annual costs rose. Predicting costs on the basis of production for the population was misleading. A comparison of total costs for individual firms with the population average (regression equation) found that the equation underestimated costs by as much as $408,000 and overestimated costs by as much as $528,000. Contracted services expenditures increased in 1997, as expenditures for equipment, consumables, and labor decreased. Over the study period, total costs per ton increased by 3.7%, but total production increased by 3.9%. The relationship between key cost components revealed strong evidence to disprove previously held theories. A major portion of the population increased production but experienced increased costs per ton. Replacement purchases of equipment tended to be of similar capabilities and technology and did not reduce labor costs. Trends in supply and equipment costs per-unit were not found in the expected fashion. / Master of Science

Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 3140. Adviser: Thomas Stock. Includes bibliographical references.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Lindsey E. Hulbert / Stressors and stress responses are part of everyday life, for both humans and animals. Organisms evolved well-developed mechanisms to cope with most stressors, and to recover from stress responses. Nevertheless, severe acute stressors and chronic stressors lead to health problems. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as malfunctioning and pathology of the brain caused by external mechanical forces. This physical and psychological stressor may lead to long-term damage on both physiology and psychology mechanisms. Traumatic brain injury becomes a public health issue for millions of soldiers, veterans and general public, who suffer from its aftermath and reduced quality of life. To understand TBI, human patients and rodents models were extensively studied. In recent years, miniswine were utilized to research the histopathology of TBI. They serve as a better human brain model because their nervous system is more anatomically relevant than rodents, their brains have similar white:grey matter ratios as humans, and they have similar cognitive abilities as humans. Despite the progresses in pathology and histology work among miniswine models of TBI, there were not validated behavior tests for this new animal model. This thesis introduced two behavior-tests for Yucatan miniboar models. The first study was conducted to validate a modified human approach test (HAT) specifically designed for Yucatan miniboars for mild TBI experiments. This test was originally validated and widely used for commercial pigs. The current test was designed around the housing and animal care, with the experimental performing the test outside of pens where pigs were individually housed. Animals were treated with a single blast wave (BLAST) or anesthesia only (control, SHAM), and were tested 3 days before the treatment (baseline) and 3 consecutive days after the treatment. During the test, the spatial positions (Climb, Close, Mid and Far) and structural positions (Stand, Lie) were measured. Climb and Close were collectively named approach behaviors, and Mid and Far Move away behaviors. Results showed that this test had high reliability, and was sensitive to acute effects of TBI: BLAST-treated pigs showed decreased approach behaviors and increased move away behaviors following the treatment, compared to the baseline. The second experiment was conducted to develop automated data collection methods to monitor circadian active and inactive behaviors of miniboars. Using the same experimental design as described previously, Fitbit Zip, a commercially available accelerometer with an embedded algorithm (Fitbit, San Francisco, CA), was tested. When attached to ear tags, Fitbit Zip was validated to be recording head movements without locomotion, which were oral-nasal-facial (ONF) behaviors. Results showed that Fitbit Zips best-detected behavior changes following TBI at 2-hour observation intervals. BLAST animals showed decreased ONF behaviors during the day especially around the feeding time, which were also when the pigs were most active. Both behavior-tests were shown to be reliable and useful in measuring behavior changes following TBI in Yucatan miniboar models. Measures of behavior were shown to be a promising and valuable addition to the biomedical research utilizing large animal models. These advances in knowledge and technology could also benefit farm animal production.

Recent emphasis on producing energy from woody biomass has raised questions about the impact of a vibrant wood-to-energy market on the southern wood supply chain, which consists of forest landowners, forest industry mills, and harvesting contractors. This study utilized two surveys of southern wood supply chain participants and a designed operational study of an energywood harvest to investigate the impact of an expanded wood-to-energy market on each member of the southern wood supply chain. First, a survey of consulting foresters was conducted to examine how harvest tract size, forest ownership, and forest industry structure have changed within the U.S. South and how foresters expect the wood-to-energy market to impact the wood supply chain in the future. Second, this study employed a mail survey of forest landowners, forest industry mills, and wood-to-energy facilities from the thirteen southern states in order to investigate expected competition for resources, wood supply chain profitability, and landowner willingness to sell timber to energy facilities. Third, this study conducted a designed operational study on a southern pine clearcut in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, with three replications of three harvest prescriptions to measure harvesting productivity and costs when harvesting woody biomass for energy. The three treatments were: a Conventional roundwood only harvest (control), an Integrated harvest in which roundwood was delivered to traditional mills and residuals were chipped for energy, and a Chip harvest in which all stems were chipped for energy use. Results from the two surveys suggest that timber markets are inadequate in many areas of the South as a result of expanded timber supply and reduced forest products industry capacity. Only 12% of responding landowners and foresters had sold wood to an energy facility, indicating that wood-to-energy markets are non-existent in many areas of the South. Nonetheless, 98% of consulting foresters and 90% of landowners reported a willingness to sell timber to an energy facility if the right price were offered. Consulting foresters expected wood-to-energy facilities to provide an additional market for wood, and not displace forest products industry capacity. However, two-thirds of consulting foresters, wood-to-energy facilities, and private landowners expected competition between mills and energy facilities while 95% of fibermills (pulp/paper and composite mills) expected competition. Fibermills were much more concerned about competition for resources and increases in wood costs than any other member of the southern wood supply chain. The operational study documented the challenges facing some harvesting contractors in economically producing energywood. Onboard truck roundwood costs increased from $9.35 green t-1 in the Conventional treatment to $10.98 green t-1 in the Integrated treatment as a result of reduced felling and skidding productivity. Energy chips were produced for $19.19 green t-1 onboard truck in the Integrated treatment and $17.93 green t-1 in the Chip treatment. Energywood harvesting costs were higher in this study than in previous research that employed loggers with less expensive, more fuel efficient equipment. This suggests that high capacity, wet-site capable loggers may not be able to economically harvest and transport energywood without a substantial increase in energywood prices. This study suggests that the southern wood supply chain is in position to benefit from a vibrant wood-to-energy market. Landowners should benefit from an additional market for small-diameter stems. This study shows that high production, wet-site capable loggers should not harvest energywood until prices for this material appreciate considerably. Wet-site loggers have very expensive equipment with high hourly fuel consumption rates and this study documented that energywood production was not sufficiently high to offset the high hourly cost of owning and operating this equipment. Nevertheless, a wood-to-energy market should benefit harvesting contractors in general because unless the forest products industry contracts further, loggers can continue to harvest and deliver roundwood to mills as they do at present and those properly equipped for energywood harvesting at low cost may be able to profit from a new market. The forest products industry has the largest potential downside of any member of the southern wood supply chain. This study documents widespread anticipation of competition between the forest products and wood-to-energy industries. However, to date there has been minimal wide-scale competition between the forest products and wood-to-energy industries. It is possible that the wood-to-energy industry will complement, rather than compete with the forest products industry, and thereby benefit each member of the southern wood supply chain. / Ph. D.

Este trabalho descreve o projeto e implementação de um kernel computacional integrado e de baixo custo, utilizando para aplicações em coleta de dados e controle de processos. A filosofia do projeto é o desenvolvimento de um circuito que possa ser facilmente aplicado a várias atividades, com pequenas alterações no hardware ou simples troca de software. O kernel foi desenvolvido com um microcontrolador programável que permite uma grande redução na complexidade do circuito. O kernel foi usado em duas aplicações diferentes: a aquisição automática de dados em pluviômetros e o controle de experimentos com PCR (Polimerase chain reaction). / This work describes the Project and implementation of a low cost, highly integrated, microprocessor-based kernel for applications in intelligent data acquisition and process control. The Project philosophy concerns the development of a circuit that could be easily applied to several fields with few hardware alterations or just software change. The kernel was developed using a programmable microcontroller which enables large reductions in circuit complexity. The kernel was used in two different applications: the automatic data aquisition in pluviometers and in control of experiments of PCR (Polymerase chain reaction).

Remnants of railroad logging camps, and their associated features, are perhaps some of the most common archaeological resources found on public lands in the Pacific Northwest. Many camps have already been located, their cultural materials inventoried, and networks of logging railroad grades mapped. Yet, despite these efforts, little can be said about the people who made those transportable communities their homes. This study focuses on the social and physical conditions of railroad logging camps of the Shevlin-Hixon Company of Bend, Oregon, from the company's inception in 1916 until it ceased operations in 1950. Historical literature combined with oral history interviews are used to describe camp movement and physical layout, living accommodations, community amenities, and the kind of social life Shevlin-Hixon logging camps offered its residents. The information presented here not only presents a historical picture of a community that no longer exists but should provide future researchers, particularly cultural resource specialists, with a rudimentary model by which to assess similar railroad logging camps and features throughout the Pacific Northwest. / Graduation date: 1998

Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos sistemas de aquisição portáteis de formato esférico, capazes de sensoriar forças de compressão e impacto ao longo dos três eixos cartesianos. Os instrumentos desenvolvidos foram utilizados em diferentes experimentos feitos em estabelecimentos de beneficiamento de frutas (packinghouses) durante o processo de pós-colheita a fim de verificar os danos mecânicos sofridos pelas mesmas. Os instrumentos são sistemas microcontrolados compostos por quarto sensores (acelerômetros, célula de carga, temperatura e umidade), memória Flash para o armazenamento dos dados, transceptor de rádio freqüência e uma porta de comunicações serial universal (USB). A coleta, apresentação e processamentos dos dados obtidos foram feitos por um software desenvolvido em ambiente C++ para o sistema operacional Windows. Fortes forças de compressão e impacto foram registradas, sugerindo a necessidade de mudanças no processo de seleção (mecânica e manual), empacotamento e transporte de frutas. Quatro protótipos diferentes foram desenvolvidos, dois com cabos e dois sem. Os dispositivos provaram ser úteis, funcionando como esperado e o seu projeto modular permite o desenvolvimento de diferentes instrumentos. Os resultados obtidos propiciaram pesquisas relativas aos danos sofridos por frutas durante o processo de pós-colheita. / In this work, spherical shape portable data acquisition systems that are capable of sensing compression and impact forces along the three Cartesian axes were developed. The developed instruments were utilized in several different experiments done in fruit packinghouses during the post harvest process in order to check the mechanical damages they suffer. They are microcontrolled systems composed by four sensors (accelerometers, load cell, temperature and humidity), Flash memory for data storage, radio frequency transceiver and a universal serial bus (USB) communication port. The download, presentation and data processing were done by developed C++ software that runs in a Windows environment. Strong compression and impact forces were recorded, suggesting a need for changes in the mechanical and manual selection, packing and transportation of fruits. Four different prototypes were developed, two corded and two wireless versions. The devices developed were proven to be useful, worked as expected and their modular design permit future developments. The results allowed for different research concerning the damages suffered by the fruits, during the post harvest process.