Nationalism and globalisation are two topics of great debate. In an increasingly connected world, these concepts are contrasted as opposites unable to coexist with a rise in one there must be a fall in the other. In this study, these concepts are explored alongside Olympism through the medium of the Olympic Games. Historically, the Olympics are structured around nations/nation-states, and national teams, while still attempting to promote universalism, internationalism, and the unity of humankind. This work aims to explore how and why nationalism, Olympism, and globalisation are expressed in the Olympic Movement through a case study of the London 2012 Olympic Games and what the outcomes of these actions are. Backed by an interpretivist paradigm, this study focused on selected events in the lead-up to the London Games, starting in the summer of 2011, and culminated with a prolonged period of observation at the London Games, both at Olympic venues and the live site at Hyde Park. Throughout the course of data collection there was a focus on not only the institutions staging the Games but also the spectators taking part in them.

The research analyses stability and change in the English/British elite sport policy landscape in the period 2005 to early 2014. In the context of a recession and change of government, the policy environment could be described as turbulent and cuts to public funding and commitment to deregulation have been key features of the overarching policy landscape. There was an assumption that elite sport would not be immune from the policy turbulence. The policy landscape is described as consisting of three elements: organisations, public funding and political salience. The original contribution of the thesis is threefold: first, in relation to the empirical study of the relative impact of the political and economic turbulence on the elite sport system; second, in the application of institutional theory and punctuated equilibrium theory to the analysis of elite sport policy; and third, the application of theory to explain the extent of stability uncovered through the empirical research. The research used a case study approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 senior officials from sport in England/the UK from both sport-specific NGBs and organisations with wider, national remits for elite sport and incorporating both government and non-government organisations. Due to the sample of interviewees, the nuances of elite interviewing were an important consideration for the researcher. A document analysis study was also carried out. Through the existing literature and the data gathered, three cases emerged and were examined in depth: youth talent search and development; nurturing and transferring talent; and sustaining world class athletes. Thematic analysis was used to examine the data. The data revealed that the policy landscape was, for the most part, stable in the period studied. There were changes to the intensity of financial and political support and refinements of policy objectives, especially due to the hosting of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, but the overall policy aims remained consistent. The reasons identified for this stability were as follows: the absence of an alternative, critical lobby; strong leadership in the sector; and the hosting of the London 2012 Games. The long-term impact of Labour s Modernisation agenda was found to have contributed to the stable governance of elite sport, which includes a structure for decision-making and accountability around funding of NGBs by UK Sport. Historical Institutionalism was found to offer the most useful meso-level framework for analysis of the data and clear critical junctures and path formation phases could be identified.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (MCurr)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The midwives are the backbone of midwifery practice with needs and opportunities to create a tradition of caring in midwifery. However, there are problems that affect the midwifery practice. These problems include the increased maternal and perinatal mortality rate, shortage of material and human resources and poor implementation of policies and guidelines. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that affect quality of care in a midwifery practice at a hospital complex in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The objectives of the study focused on the structure and process standards. - 1 Structure Standards: To determine whether • policies and procedure manuals are available and updated • support from the supervisor is available • there is adequate staff • the required qualifications were available • the required experience of registered midwives were available • in-service training was being given - 2 Process standards : To determine whether • patients were assessed according to the national guidelines for maternity care • patients were diagnosed according to the national guidelines for maternity care • patients’ care plans were formulated according to the national guidelines for maternity care The descriptive research design with a quantitative approach was applied in this study. The target population (N=172) were the registered midwives working in the maternity department at a particular hospital in the Eastern Cape Province. A specific sampling method was not applied in this study as the total population of 155 was included and17 in the pilot study with a response rate of 81.3%. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The researcher distributed the questionnaires personally to all respondents who met the criteria. Reliability and validity were assessed by means of a pilot study and the use of experts in Nursing Education, Midwifery, Research Methodology and Statistics. Ethical approval was obtained from Stellenbosch University and all other relevant parties. Computerized data analysis software namely the SPSS programmes and Stastica version 9 were used to analyze the data. The results of the study were interpreted, discussed and presented in tables and frequencies. The data was predominantly presented in a quantitative form with responses to a few close-ended questions. A confirmatory analysis to test the quality of properties across a level of variables was carried out. The Chi-square test was used to test association of variables between demographic data and the responses of midwives to factors affecting quality of care. A p-value of p< 0.05 represents statistical significance in hypothesis testing and 95% confidence intervals were used to describe the estimation of unknown parameters. Results showed that the majority of respondents had an experience of 2 to 5 years (n=34/27.0%) and (n=32/25.4%) more than 14 years working in the maternity department. The minority of respondents were those that are highly skilled. Only (n=4/3.2 %) of the midwives were registered in neonatology nursing and (n=9/7.1%) in advanced midwifery. The majority of respondents (n=118/93.7%) recorded that there was not enough staff to provide quality nursing care. Some respondents recorded that comprehensive in-service education was not offered in the hospital (n=18/14.3%). Recommendations include improvement of staffing, adherence to policies and guidelines, proper implementation of staff development and quality improvement programmes. In conclusion, in order to reduce high infant and maternal mortality rates and to reach the millennium development goals, shortcomings in midwifery should urgently be addressed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vroedvroue is die ruggraat van die verloskunde-praktyk met behoeftes en geleenthede om ’n tradisie van versorging in verloskunde te skep. Nietemin is daar uitdagings wat die praktisering van verloskunde beïnvloed. Hierdie uitdagings sluit in die toenemende moeder en perinatale mortaliteit, ’n tekort aan materiële en menslike hulpbronne, en die swak toepassing van beleid en riglyne. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die faktore te ondersoek wat die kwaliteit van sorg in ’n verloskunde-praktyk by ’n hospitaalkompleks in die Oos-Kaap in Suid-Afrika, beïnvloed. Die doelwitte van die studie was op struktuur en proses standaarde gefokus. - 1 Struktuur standaarde: Om te bepaal of • beleid en prosedure handleidings beskikbaar en opgedateer is • daar ondersteuning van die toesighouer is • daar voldoende personeel is • daar voldoen is aan die vereiste kwalifikasies • die vereiste ondervinding van geregistreerde vroedvroue teenwoordig • is indiensopleding gegee - 2 Proses standaarde: Om te bepaal of • pasiënte assesseer is volgens die nasionale riglyne vir verloskunde • pasiënte gediagnoseer is volgens die nasionale riglyne • pasiëntversorgingsplanne geformuleer is volgens die nasionale riglyne vir verloskunde. Die beskrywende navorsingsontwerp met ’n kwantitatiewe benadering is in hierdie studie toegepas. Die teikenbevolking (N=172) is die geregistreerde vroedvroue wat in die kraamafdeling van die spesifieke hospitaal in die provinsie van die Oos-Kaap werk. ‘n Spesifieke steekproefmetode is nie vir die studie toegespas nie maar wel die hele populasie is betrek van 155 en 17 in die lootsstudie met ‘n respons van 81.3%. ’n Self-geadministreerde gestruktureerde vraelys is gebruik om die data te versamel. Die navorser het die vraelyste persoonlik aan al die beskikbare respondente wat aan die kriteria voldoen het, versprei. Betroubaarheid en geldigheid is geassesseer deur middel van ’n loodsondersoek en deur gebruik te maak van spesialiste in Verpleegopleiding, die Navorsingssentrum en Statistiek. Etiese goedkeuring is verkry van die Universiteit Stellenbosch en al die ander relevante partye. Gerekenariseerde data-analise sagteware, naamlik die SPSS programme en Statistica uitgawe 9 is gebruik om die data te analiseer. Die resultate van die studie is geïnterpreteer, bespreek en aangebied in tabelle en frekwensies. Die data is oorwegend in ’n kwantitatiewe formaat aangebied met response op ’n paar geslote vrae. ’n Bekragtigingsanalise om die eienskappe oor ’n vlak van veranderlikes te toets, is gedoen. Die Chi-kwadraat toets is gebruik om assosiasie van veranderlikes te toets tussen demografiese data en die response van vroedvroue vir faktore wat die kwaliteit van versorging beïnvloed. ’n P-waarde van p<0.05 verteenwoordig statistiese beduidendheid in hipotese-toetsing en 95% sekerheidsintervalle is gebruik om die beraming van onbekende parameters te beskryf. Resultate dui aan dat die meerderheid van respondente 2 tot 5 jaar werkervaring (n=34/27.0%) het en (n=32/25.4%) meer as 14 jaar in die kraamafdeling het. Die minderheid respondente is diegene wat hoogsbekwaam is. Alleenlik (n=4/1.0%) vroedvroue is in neonatale verpleging gereistreer en (n=9/7.1%) in gevorderde verloskunde geregistreer is. Die meeste respondente (n=118/93.7%) het aangedui dat daar nie voldoende personeel is om kwaliteit verpleegsorg te gee nie. Sommige respondente het aangedui dat omvattende indiensopleiding nie in die hospitaal aangebied is nie (n=18/14.3%). Aanbevelings sluit in die verbetering van personeelvoorsiening, die nakoming van beleid en riglyne, behoorlike implementering van personeelontwikkeling en gehalte verbeteringsprogramme. Ten slotte, om die hoê insidensie in moeder en kind mortaliteit te verminder en die millennium ontwikkelingsdoelwitte te bereik, moet die tekortkomings in verloskunde dringend aangespreek word.

Thesis (MEng) -- Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: East London is situated on the south-eastern, Indian Ocean, coast o f South Africa. The sediment transport regime at East London is quite unlike the regimes at other ports in South Africa. A major ocean current (the Agulhas) flows exceptionally close to the coastline in this area, thus significantly affecting nearshore sediment movements. The proximity o f a strong ocean current opposed to the net longshore drift (wave driven transport) creates an anomalous sediment transport regime in comparison with that found at most coastlines throughout the world. Furthermore, the Port o f East London (Figures 1.1 and 1.2) is the only major river harbour in South Africa, which all results in a very intricate pattern o f sediment movement in the area, making it o f particular interest. The aims o f this thesis are to study the littoral sediment transports at East London, achieve a holistic understanding o f this complex sediment transport regime and to quantify the various transport rates as far as possible. The study area includes the coastal zone between the Goda and Nahoon Rivers (Figure 1.3) with the main focus on the Hood Point to Orient Beach area (Figure 1.4). The offshore marine environmental conditions are also considered as they have a strong influence on nearshore currents, waves and sediment transport patterns. The prerequisite to understanding the sediment transport processes is a thorough investigation o f the relevant coastal processes. Thus, an in-depth study is undertaken o f the physical environmental data/information, nearshore processes and coastal dynamics that determine or topography changes, the wave regime, the Agulhas Current, the nearshore current regime, the continental shelf sediment dynamics, sediment characteristics, seabed features, the Buffalo River, the tides, the wind regime, and coastal morphodynamics. The specific contribution of each aspect of the environmental data/information to the qualitative understanding of the overall sediment transport regime is determined, and the various modes of sediment transport in different areas are quantified. All o f this information is then synthesised into an expose' o f the sediment transport regime at East London, as briefly described in the conclusions (Section 5 and Table XI) and illustrated in Figure 4.30: There is a net longshore transport (wave driven) of about 250 000 m3 to 300 000 m3 per year on average from the Foreshore area towards the head of the main breakwater, with the total transport into the main sand trap and entrance channel areas from the south-west estimated at 275 000 m3/year. In the offshore zone, large amounts of sediment are transported downcoast by means of the strong Agulhas Current, which also has a significant influence on nearshore currents and sediment transport in the harbour entrance area. About 75 000 m3/year of sand is transported into the “Bar” area (the seaward part of the entrance channel) from the north-east with downcoast flowing nearshore currents, which is the predominant current direction. The riverine input into the harbour has been estimated at less than 10 000 m3/year of sand. In this thesis, therefore, the sediment transport regime (and sediment transport balance) is derived fo r East London, providing for the first time a holistic understanding o f the complex sediment transport regime. It is recommended that more field data should be collected on specific aspects of this study and that the longer term effects of major weather systems should be investigated further. The numerical wave modelling should be extended and the integration of field measurements and numerical modelling to predict sediment transport and resultant bottom changes should be assessed in detail. Ultimately, the information contained in this thesis should feed into a wider regional investigation, with the aim of drawing up a sediment budget for the entire “regional macro sedimentary cell” of which the present study area forms a part. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: sedimentvervoer-regime by Oos-Londen is anders as die by ander hawens in Suid-Afrika. ‘n Hoof oseaan-stroom (die Agulhas) vloei besonder naby aan die kus in die gebied en het gevolglik ‘n beduidende impak op sedimentvervoer-patrone in die nabystrandse gebied. Die direkte teenwoordigheid van ‘n sterk diepwater stroom wat teen die netto (golfgedrewe) langsstrandse vervoer inwerk, veroorsaak ‘n ongewone sedimentvervoer-regime in vergelyking met wat algemeen wereldwyd gevind word. Daarbenewens is die Oos-Londenhawe (Figure 1.1 en 1.2) die enigste groot rivier-hawe in Suid-Afrika. A1 die ongewone toestande lei tot ‘n ingewikkelde patroon van sedimentvervoer in die gebied. Die doel van hierdie tesis is om die sedimentvervoerregime by Oos-Londen te bestudeer, ‘n holistiese begrip van die ingewikkelde sedimentvervoerregime te verkry, en om die verskillende komponente van die sedimentvervoer regime so ver as moontlik te kM’antifiseer. Die studiegebied sluit die kusstrook tussen die Goda- en Nahoonriviere in (Figuur 1.3). Daar word egter op die Hoodpunt tot Orientstrand-gebied gefokus (Figuur 1.4). Die diepwater, mariene omgewingstoestande word ook beskou, aangesien hul ook ‘n groot impak op die nabystrandse strome, golwe en sedimentvervoer-patrone het. ‘n Deeglike ondersoek van die toepaslike kusprosesse is ‘n voorvereiste om ‘n goeie begrip van die sedimentvervoer-prosesse op te bou. Gevolglik is ‘n diepgaande ondersoek gedoen na die fisiese omgewingsdata en -inligting, nabystrandse prosesse en kusdinamika wat die sedimentvervoer-regime bepaal of bei'nvloed. Dit het ondersoeke ingesluit na: onderhoudsbaggervolumes, bodemtopografie veranderinge, die golfklimaat, die Agulhasstroom, die nabystrandse stroom-regime, die sedimentdinamika op die kontinentale plaat, sediment eienskappe, die windklimaat, die geaardheid van bodemvorme, die Buffelsrivier, getyaksie, en kus-morfologie. Daar is bepaal wat elke aspek van die omgewingsdata/inligting bydra tot ‘n kwalitatiewe begrip van die algehele sedimentvervoer-regime. Verder is die verskillende komponente van die sedimentvervoer in verskeie gebiede gekwantifiseer. Al hierdie inligting is toe versoen in ‘n beskrywing van die sedimentvervoer-regime by Oos-Londen, soos wat in die gevolgtrekkings (Deel 5 en Tabel XI) gegee word en in Figuur 4.30 geillustreer word: Daar is ‘n gemiddelde netto golfgedrewe langsstrandse vervoer van ongeveer 250 000 m3 tot 300 000 m3 per jaar vanaf die strandgebied suid van die hawe na die punt van die hoof-golfbreker. Die totale beraamde vervoer vanaf die suidweste na die hoofsandvangput en ingangskanaal-gebied is 275 000 m3 per jaar. In die diepsee word groot hoeveelhede sediment langs die kus af vervoer deur die sterk Agulhasstroom, wat ook ‘n beduidende impak het op nabystrandse strome en sedimentvervoer in die haweingangsgebied. Omtrent 75 000 m3 sand word per jaar na die “Bar”-gebied vervoer vanaf die noord-ooste deur nabystrandse strome wat langs die kus af vloei. Dit is ook die oorwegende nabystrandse stroomrigting (uitgesluit die brandersone). Sawafafsetting in die hawegebied afkomstig van die Buffelsrivier word op minder as 10 000 m3 per jaar geskat. Die sedimentvervoer-regime (en sediment-balans) by Oos-Londen word dus afgelei, en vir die eerste keer saamgesnoer in ‘n bree insig van die komplekse sedimentvervoer-regime. Daar word aanbeveel dat meer velddata verkry moet word oor sekere aspekte van hierdie studie en dat die langtermyn-impakte van groot weerstelsels verder ondersoek word. Die wiskundige golf-modellering moet uitgebrei word en die gesamentlike benutting van veldmetings met wiskundige modellering om sedimentvervoere en gevolglike bodemveranderinge te voorspel, moet deeglik ondersoek word. Uiteindelik behoort die inligting vervat in hierdie tesis in te voer in breer streeks-ondersoeke, met die oog daarop om ‘n sediment-begroting vir die “Ooskaapse makro-sedimentvervoer-regime” op te stel.

Much current discourse around policing in the UK stresses the need for a partnership between the police and public and, in particular, the need for the police to be responsive to the concerns of local communities. It is argued that appearing responsive to local needs, and showing a willingness to consult the public in the process of decision making, is likely to increase support for the police. Despite this, detailed analysis of the public’s preferences for policing remains relatively sparse. This thesis uses data from the 2003-04 Metropolitan Police’s Public Attitude Survey (PAS) to consider whether survey data can provide a useful indication of a respondent’s preferences, and how these preferences may vary depending on the characteristics of respondents and the boroughs in which they live. This thesis argues that rather than simply considering some overall measure of the level of policing individuals would like to see, or investigating attitudes towards different functions of the police individually, a more interesting and complete view of preferences for policing can be developed by looking at the mix of policing that individuals best believe will meet their needs. Additionally, it will be shown that differences in respondents’ preferences can be related to both the characteristics of individuals and the nature of the boroughs in which they live. It will be suggested that some of these relationships provide evidence that respondents favour a mix of policing they believe will protect them from perceived threats and reflect their perception of the police’s role within society. In addition, this thesis provides an example of how the techniques of Factor Analysis and Latent Class Analysis can provide greater insight into the data collected in large scale surveys. It is suggested that responses provided to different questions are often related and may represent a more general underlying attitude held by the respondent. It is also argued that using techniques which can handle multilevel data will provide greater explanatory depth by suggesting how a respondent’s attitude may be influenced by the context in which they live. The analysis presented offers new insights into the public’s priorities for policing and demonstrates the worth of the statistical methods employed. However it is, to some extent, limited by the form of the questions within the PAS dataset and by the lack of information about the thought process underlying a respondent’s answers. These concerns will be discussed, along with suggestions for future research.

No description available.

Shoplifting proliferated in eighteenth-century England with retail expansion, acquiring a new prominence as it was made a capital crime. This study comprehensively examines this phenomenon, seating it within the historiographies of crime, marketing and consumption. The majority of offenders were occasional thieves, drawn from some of the most economically vulnerable sectors of plebeian communities, their profile confirming the significance of age and gender. While specialist shops were shoplifters' primary target, particularly those selling textiles and clothing, a spatial analysis suggests that thieves preferred smaller, local shops to their more prestigious counterparts. Shoplifters matched their tactics to the size and status of shop, using performance as a tool to achieve their ends. Yet the study questions assumptions around the influence of fashion and consumer desire on shop theft, discussing how the type and quantity of goods stolen points to more complex economic motives, both financial and social. The potential impact of the crime on women's role as shopkeepers and the tendency to sexualise female offenders are also scrutinised. While retailers were initially instrumental in driving legislative change and worked constructively with magistrates to control the crime's incidence, their constant reluctance to prosecute conveys a false impression of the crime's true extent. The study calculates prevalence, and projects the financial impact of shoplifting on its victims at a time of highly competitive retailing. 'Risk-based' in their thinking, retailers developed practical means of protecting their stores, while new marketing techniques proved variously a boon and handicap. Yet shopkeepers' reactions were not uniform, some apparently preferring such situational prevention, while others turned more readily to the law. This ambivalence was also exhibited in their engagement with the capital law reform that ultimately saw the repeal of the Shoplifting Act. Employing a variety of sources from court transcripts to literature, the study finally explores how changing social perspectives on crime during the period coloured public attitudes to shoplifting, foreshadowing reconfigured nineteenth-century perceptions of the crime.

The historiography of leisure has focused on class conflict, commercialization, and the arts. In the latter two areas historians have attempted to make statements about consumers, but as historians of consumption have demonstrated, examining the consumer from the perspective of producers is insufficient. This thesis demonstrates what the developing methodologies used to examine practice and consumption reveal about leisure and recreation. Exploration of forty-five diaries kept in London between 1757 and 1820 makes it possible to consider different aspects of choice with reference to recreation. This dissertation analyses how simple determinants of choice such as time, location, and cost shaped behaviour before moving on to the more complex and fuzzy concepts of social position, the role of domesticity, and taste. Choice is central to understanding what amusement was in Georgian society, therefore it is necessary to consider both people’s scope for choice, and the forces shaping those choices. Following an introductory section, chapters two to four examine choice by looking at simple factors. London was by far England’s largest city, but the distribution of establishments and patterns of mobility affected different segments of society in complex ways. In addition, leisure routines and the ability to spend money on recreation differed between socioeconomic groups who had different amounts of time and money to use. Affinities within social groups appear, but diaries also illuminate the importance of individual variations. Chapter four signals a shift in the analysis by looking at determinants of choice like feeling obliged, wanting to please friends or family, or the impact of social networks on reactions to activities. Chapters five to eight examine interpersonal relationships and the function of recreation in eighteenth-century society and raise questions about how we combine agency and structure in our models of society. This account challenges claims that group identities were the only identities available to Georgians and that individual variations were downplayed before the nineteenth century. Rather, individuals existed in networks that had to be negotiated and maintained.