Denna systematiska litteraturstudie ämnar undersöka vilka åtgärder som kan vidtas för att förebygga lone wolf terrorism. Denna form av terrorism har blivit allt mer uppmärksammad de senaste åren och anses vara ett växande problem som utgör ett allvarligt hot mot samhället. Lone wolf terrorism är en brottstyp som är väldigt svår att förebygga, främst på grund av att lone wolf terrorists, i jämförelse med terrorister som agerar i grupp, inte i lika stor utsträckning kommunicerar med andra individer angående sina planer att begå terrorbrott. Ett antal åtgärder med potential att förebygga lone wolf terrorism har dock identifierats. Bland dessa åtgärder kunde två teman urskiljas; internet/sociala medier och samarbete myndigheter och lokalsamhälle/allmänheten. Åtgärder på temat internet/sociala medier baserades på att lone wolf terrorists trots allt ofta använder internet för att kommunicera med likasinnade angående sina radikala åsikter och/eller intentioner att begå brott. Därutöver använder de internet för att bland annat införskaffa radikaliserande material och ritningar över potentiella mål. Därmed kan åtgärder med internet i fokus, såsom övervakning av extremistiska hemsidor och chattforum, spela en viktig roll i det brottsförebyggande arbetet riktat mot lone wolf terrorism. Att involvera lokalsamhällen i det brottsförebyggande arbetet är också viktigt eftersom det är i dessa miljöer individer ofta radikaliseras. Av särskild vikt är att involvera allmänheten då familj, vänner och andra bekanta vanligtvis befinner sig i den bästa positionen för att upptäcka varningssignaler som antyder att någon i deras närhet har radikala åsikter och/eller avsikt att begå terrorbrott. / This systematic literature review aims to investigate what measures can be taken to prevent lone wolf terrorism. This form of terrorism has gained increasing attention in recent years and is considered to be a growing problem that poses a serious threat to society. Lone wolf terrorism is a type of crime that is difficult to prevent, mainly because lone wolf terrorists, compared to terrorists acting in groups, not to the same extent communicate with other individuals regarding their plans to commit acts of terrorism. However, a number of measures with the potential to prevent lone wolf terrorism have been identified. Among these measures two themes could be distinguished; internet/social media and cooperation between authorities and local communities/the public. Measures on the theme internet/social media were based on the fact that lone wolf terrorists after all often use the internet to communicate with likeminded regarding their radical opinions and/or plans to commit acts of terrorism. Additionally, they use the internet to, among other things, obtain radicalising material and drawings of potential targets. Consequently, measures with a focus on the internet, such as monitoring of extremist websites and chat rooms, can play an important role in the attempt to prevent lone wolf terrorism. To involve local communities in crime prevention efforts targeted at lone wolf terrorism is also important since it is in these environments individuals often become radicalized. Of particular importance is the involvement of the public since family, friends and other acquaintances usually are in the best position to detect warning signs that indicate that someone close to them has radical views and/or intentions to commit acts of terrorism.

Contemporary social and political discourses often emphasise the security threat of Jihadism towards Europe and the United States as the main terrorist threat. Two decades into the twenty-first century, however, the new threat of right-wing terrorism has emerged as the statistically most prominent form of terror. As these attacks are predominantly carried out through so-called lone wolf tactics, it becomes essential to understand how these actors operate. While there is a growing amount of empirical literature that seeks to understand this phenomenon of lone-wolf terrorism, many follow similar frameworks with explanatory models which are dependent on assumptions and common truisms, such as that lone wolves are loners with depressive personality disorders who are cultivated in a vacuum independent from social ties. This study instead explores group psycho-historical factors through the theoretical framework of Symbolic Convergence Theory, which is applied through discourse analysis. The research thus aims to identify group fantasies and grand narratives which ties these lone wolves to a community on which they depend upon in radicalisation and subsequently, in carrying out the attacks. The findings consequently suggest that the typology of lone wolf terrorism is misleading as the subjects indicate a group consciousness with a cohesiveness which grows stronger as they increasingly interpret a growing danger towards their community dependent on commonly recurring fantasies and narratives.

This thesis focuses on the issue of far-right lone-wolf terrorism in Germany. Lone-wolf terrorism - terrorism perpetrated by individuals, who display no ties to terrorist organizations - is a concept, which is skeptically accepted by many scholars. The main issue with this concept is the emphasis of the "lone" part, especially during the preparation and the attack itself. Scholars, who refuse this concept claim, that in every case, the attacker is a member of a larger group - it can be either ideology-based or it can provide material assistance. Furthermore, lone- wolf terrorism is primarily associated with religious terrorism, probably because of the activities of Islamic state in recent years. However, this thesis approaches lone-wolf terrorism as relevant concept, which refers to a security threat, that is represented by radicalized and hard- to-detect individuals. The thesis focuses on three cases of far-right terrorism in Germany, which were committed by an attacker, that operated alone - Munich shooting (July 2016), Halle synagogue attack (October 2019), and Hanau shooting (February 2020). German society provided significant space for radicalization and spread of far-right ideology, especially because of its friendly politics after the outbreak of refugee crisis. Regarding the cases, the main...

The existing research on lone wolf terrorism and the use of case study research within this field and criminology is discussed and reviewed. In an attempt to find how an investigated and IS inspired extremist commits an act of lone wolf terrorism without any suspicion of authorities was the key focus. Through the use of a case study utilizing a chronological time-series analysis, Man Haron Monis responsible for the Martin Place Siege in Sydney, Australia in 2014 was examined. The analysis produced eleven significant events contributing to his radicalization. His radicalization process and the causal factors were examined against two radicalization pyramids developed by McCauley and Moskalenko (2014) that placed him at the most dangerous level of a lone wolf about to act. This thesis also indicates the limitations of lone wolf terrorism research and the further steps required in order for authorities to effectively identify and disrupt lone wolf terrorists prior to terrorist acts.

本論文以近年歐盟會員國境內之孤狼恐怖攻擊趨勢出發，分析歐盟因應孤狼恐怖主義威脅所制定之反恐政策，同時評估歐盟反恐政策之內外反恐成效，藉此檢視孤狼恐怖主義與歐盟反恐政策之因果關係。孤狼恐怖主義緣起於美國「無領袖反抗運動」與「暴力激進化」，並透過「全球伊斯蘭反抗運動」與「外國恐怖主義戰士」成為歐盟內部安全之威脅來源；而歐盟反恐政策之決策機構與執行機關，業已透過戰略方針與行動計畫等歐盟反恐法律文件，對內建立合作機制與輔助工具等內部反恐網絡，藉此強化歐盟與歐盟會員國之間的警察合作、司法合作、資訊與情報交換合作、以及邊境安全合作；對外則透過國際協定形式，與重要第三國以及國際組織建構外部反恐網絡，以雙邊與多邊反恐合作形式強化歐盟反恐能量。本論文亦以四起孤狼恐怖攻擊個案分析歐盟會員國層級之反恐措施，分析近年歐盟孤狼恐怖主義之現況與趨勢。 本論文發現，歐盟孤狼恐怖主義來自「聖戰恐怖主義」、「本土恐怖主義」、與「外國恐怖主義戰士」等三種威脅，而歐盟近年因應孤狼恐怖主義威脅之反恐政策與措施，已朝向2005年11月30日歐盟部長理事會《歐盟反恐政策》四大反恐戰略的「預防」層面發展，並以外國恐怖主義戰士為重要反恐目標；此外，歐盟除了著手打擊「激進化」與「暴力極端主義」等導致孤狼恐怖主義之根本原因原因外，亦持續因應敘利亞與伊拉克等衝突地區之「返國外國恐怖主義戰士」所帶來的後伊斯蘭國時代孤狼恐怖主義威脅。 / With the trend of lone-wolf terrorism in member states of the European Union, the thesis analyzes EU’s policy to counter threat from lone-wolf terrorism and also evaluates internal and external effectiveness of EU’s counter-terrorism policy, in an attempt to examine the correlation between lone-wolf terrorism and EU’s counter-terrorism policy. Lone-wolf terrorism originated in the United States from the “Leaderless Resistance” and “Violent Extremism” and further threatened EU’s internal security via “Global Islamic Resistance Movement” and “Foreign Terrorist Fighters.” The decision-making as well as the executing agencies of EU’s counter-terrorism policy has established mechanisms of cooperation and policy toolkits for internal counter-terrorism network by means of EU’s legal documents of counter-terrorism, strategic guidelines and implementing programs included, in order to consolidate cooperation of police, justice, exchange of communication and intelligence, as well as border security between EU and member states. Meanwhile, EU has also been constructing its external counter-terrorism network with bilateral and multilateral agreements with third states and international organizations of importance. The thesis also offers four case studies of lone-wolf terrorist attacks of EU’s member states to analyze conditions and trends of lone-wolf terrorism in EU. The thesis concludes that “Jihadist terrorism,” “Home-grown Terrorism,” and “Foreign Terrorist Fighters” are the three main types of threat of lone-wolf terrorism in EU, and that EU counter-terrorism policy has been developing strategy of “prevention”, one of which stated in “EU’s Counter-terrorism Strategies” of November 30th, 2005, by Council of the European Union, and considering foreign terrorist fighters as its main target. Additionally, EU has been countering not only root causes of lone-wolf terrorism, such as “radicalisation” and “violent extremism,” but also future threats from “Returning Foreign Terrorists Fighters” heading back home from Syria and Iraq in the Era of Post-Islamic State.