Myc deregulation critically contributes to many cancer etiologies. Recent work suggests that Myc and its direct interactors can confer a distinct epigenetic state. Our goal is to better understand the Myc-conferred epigenetic status of cells. We have previously identified the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), H19, as a target of Myc regulation and shown it to be important for transformation in lung and breast cells. These results prompted further analysis to identify similarly important Myc-regulated lncRNAs. Myc-regulated lncRNAs associated with the cell cycle and transformation have been identified by microarray analysis. A small number of candidate lncRNAs that were differentially expressed in both the cell cycle and transformation have been validated. Given the increasing importance of lncRNAs and epigenetics to cancer biology, the discovery of Myc-induced, growth associated lncRNAs could provide insight into the mechanisms behind Myc-related epigenetic signatures in both normal and disease states.

Myoclonus-Dystonia (MD) is an inherited, rare, autosomal dominant movement disorder characterized by quick, involuntary muscle jerking or twitching (myoclonus) and involuntary muscle contractions that cause twisting and pulling movements, resulting in abnormal postures (dystonia). The first MD locus was mapped to 7q21-q31 and called DYT11; this locus corresponds to the SGCE gene. Our group previously identified a second MD locus (DYT15) which maps to a 3.18 Mb region on 18p11. Two patients were chosen to undergo next-generation sequencing, which identified 2,292 shared novel variants within the critical region. Analysis of these variants revealed a 3 bp duplication in a transcript referred to as CD108131, which is believed to be a long non-coding RNA. Characterization of this transcript determined that it is 863 bp in size, it is ubiquitously expressed, with high expression in the cerebellum, and it accounts for ~3% of MD cases.

L’autisme est un syndrome neuro-développemental hétérogène à l’étiologie génétique complexe. Afin d’identifier les dérèglements initiaux responsables de ce mal-développement cérébral, des travaux antérieurs au sein de notre équipe se sont basés sur des cellules représentatives des stades précoces de l’ontogenèse : les cellules souches olfactives. Le gène MOCOS, codant pour la sulfurase du cofacteur à molybdène, a été trouvée sous-exprimé chez la majorité des patients autistes comparés à des sujets contrôles de même âge et du même sexe.Nous avons ensuite postulé que la dissection minutieuse des mécanismes moléculaires pouvant rendre compte de cette dérégulation aiderait à trouver des mécanismes sous-jacents contribuant aux troubles du spectre autistique (TSA). Ceci a conduit à l'identification de COSMOC, un long ARN non codant généré à partir d'une transcription divergente dans la région promotrice de MOCOS, dont l'expression est diminuée chez 10 des 11 patients autistes de notre cohorte. A l’aide de diverses techniques de biologie moléculaire, nous avons montré que la déplétion de COSMOC induit : (1) une sous-expression de MOCOS, (2) une déstabilisation de l'organisation de la chromatine, ce qui suggère une fonction de régulateur transcriptionnel, et (3) une altération du métabolisme des lipides et de l’homéostasie redox de la cellule, deux voies dérégulés dans les TSA. Par ailleurs, COSMOC régule de l’expression de la PTBP2 (polypirimidine track biding protein 2), un facteur d’épissage contrôlant l’expression de nombreuses protéines synaptiques. En conclusion, la dérégulation de COSMOC pourrait expliquer certains des dysfonctionnements observés dans les TSA. / Autism is a heterogeneous neuro-developmental syndrome with a complex genetic etiology. In order to unveil the initial disturbances responsible for this brain maldevelopment, previous works in our team relied on cells representative of the early stages of ontogenesis: olfactory stem cells. The MOCOS gene, coding for molybdenum cofactor sulfurase, was found under-expressed in most of autistic patients of our cohort when compared with age- and gender-matched control adults without any neuropsychiatric disorders. We postulated that the meticulous dissection of the molecular mechanisms involved this deregulation would help to unveil pathogenic mechanisms underlying autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This led to the identification of COSMOC, a long non-coding RNA, generated from a divergent transcription in the promoter region of MOCOS, whose expression is decreased in 10 out of 11 autistic patients in our cohort. Using various molecular biological techniques (interference RNA, DNA microarray, qPCR...), we showed that COSMOC depletion induces: (1) an under-expression of MOCOS, (2) a destabilization of chromatin organization, suggesting a transcriptional regulatory function, and (3) an alteration of cellular lipid metabolism and redox homeostasis, two deregulated pathways in ASD. In addition, COSMOC regulates the expression of PTBP2 (polypirimidine track biding protein 2), a splicing factor that controls the expression of many synaptic proteins, including PSD95. In conclusion, the deregulation of COSMOC may explain some of the dysfunctions observed in ASDs.

Myoclonus-Dystonia (MD) is an inherited, rare, autosomal dominant movement disorder characterized by quick, involuntary muscle jerking or twitching (myoclonus) and involuntary muscle contractions that cause twisting and pulling movements, resulting in abnormal postures (dystonia). The first MD locus was mapped to 7q21-q31 and called DYT11; this locus corresponds to the SGCE gene. Our group previously identified a second MD locus (DYT15) which maps to a 3.18 Mb region on 18p11. Two patients were chosen to undergo next-generation sequencing, which identified 2,292 shared novel variants within the critical region. Analysis of these variants revealed a 3 bp duplication in a transcript referred to as CD108131, which is believed to be a long non-coding RNA. Characterization of this transcript determined that it is 863 bp in size, it is ubiquitously expressed, with high expression in the cerebellum, and it accounts for ~3% of MD cases.

Myc deregulation critically contributes to many cancer etiologies. Recent work suggests that Myc and its direct interactors can confer a distinct epigenetic state. Our goal is to better understand the Myc-conferred epigenetic status of cells. We have previously identified the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), H19, as a target of Myc regulation and shown it to be important for transformation in lung and breast cells. These results prompted further analysis to identify similarly important Myc-regulated lncRNAs. Myc-regulated lncRNAs associated with the cell cycle and transformation have been identified by microarray analysis. A small number of candidate lncRNAs that were differentially expressed in both the cell cycle and transformation have been validated. Given the increasing importance of lncRNAs and epigenetics to cancer biology, the discovery of Myc-induced, growth associated lncRNAs could provide insight into the mechanisms behind Myc-related epigenetic signatures in both normal and disease states.

It has recently become apparent that cells encode a large number of novel non-protein-coding genes called long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Whilst the biological function of many lncRNAs remains unknown, recent evidence has suggested that lncRNAs may be important regulators of cellular growth, differentiation and may play a significant role in cancer. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) – an activator of the ERK1/2 signalling cascade – is an important spatio-temporal regulator of transcription and, ultimately, of cellular growth and movement. EGF stimulation triggers a wave-like expression of immediate-early genes (IE genes), followed by delayed-early genes (DE genes) and secondary-response genes (SR genes). Over the years, considerable effort has been made to unravel the regulatory loops downstream of EGF signalling. This study investigated whether lncRNAs are sensitive to EGF signalling and whether they play a role in the transcriptional programme associated with EGF signalling. In order to identify lncRNAs regulated by EGF signalling, I sequenced nuclear RNA in the presence or absence of EGF stimulation. RNA-seq data showed that 173 lncRNAs are upregulated by EGF, of which 89 were intergenic lncRNAs (lincRNAs). The time-dependent expression profile of EGF-upregulated lincRNAs followed the well-established expression pattern of IE genes. Finally, investigation of the expression of lincRNAs in primary breast and lung cancer cells showed that EGF-upregulated lincRNAs were differentially expressed in cancer. The EGF-dependent induction profile and cancer enrichment were particularly strong for one of the transcripts – EGF-induced lncRNA 1 (EIN1) – and I selected it for further studies. Firstly, using bioinformatics and biochemical approaches, I confirmed the non-coding status of the EIN1 transcript. Secondly, I confirmed that EIN1 transcription is ERK1/2-dependent and is independent of protein synthesis. Investigation of EIN1 expression in normal tissues showed its high enrichment in the human cardiovascular system. At the cellular level, the EIN1 transcript was predominantly found in the nucleus. Functionally, the depletion of endogenous EIN1 transcripts (using the newly developed CRISPRi approach) led to changes in the EGF-dependent transcription programme. EIN1 downregulation resulted in the addition of normally EGF-independent genes into the EGF-dependent expression programme. Collectively, these results show that EGF (via the ERK1/2 pathway) can regulate transcription of lincRNAs. The EIN1 example suggests that lincRNAs may play a crucial role in the modulation of the EGF-dependent expression programme by limiting of the scope of the programme.

Myoclonus-Dystonia (MD) is an inherited, rare, autosomal dominant movement disorder characterized by quick, involuntary muscle jerking or twitching (myoclonus) and involuntary muscle contractions that cause twisting and pulling movements, resulting in abnormal postures (dystonia). The first MD locus was mapped to 7q21-q31 and called DYT11; this locus corresponds to the SGCE gene. Our group previously identified a second MD locus (DYT15) which maps to a 3.18 Mb region on 18p11. Two patients were chosen to undergo next-generation sequencing, which identified 2,292 shared novel variants within the critical region. Analysis of these variants revealed a 3 bp duplication in a transcript referred to as CD108131, which is believed to be a long non-coding RNA. Characterization of this transcript determined that it is 863 bp in size, it is ubiquitously expressed, with high expression in the cerebellum, and it accounts for ~3% of MD cases.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第22797号 / エネ博第411号 / 新制||エネ||79(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)教授 片平 正人, 准教授 小瀧 努, 教授 森井 孝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Les cancers bronchopulmonaires non à petites cellules (CBNPC) sont la première cause de décès par cancer, les adénocarcinomes étant la forme la plus fréquente. Malgré une prise en charge précoce, ils constituent, par leur taux de récidive important et leur mauvais pronostic, un véritable problème de santé publique. Nous nous intéressons à l'hypoxie, un facteur agressivité des ADC, et à la famille des longs ARNs non codants (lncARNs), dérégulés dans de nombreux cancers et en réponse à l'hypoxie, mais peu caractérisés sur le plan structural et fonctionnel. Ces transcrits représentent un espoir pour le développement de nouvelles thérapies. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai identifié une dizaine de lncARNs régulés par l'hypoxie in vitro et in vivo dans des ADC de stades précoces. j'ai caractérisé NLUCAT1, un transcrit nucléaire induit par l'hypoxie. L'invalidation de ce transcrit par le système CRISPR/Cas9 a révélé une diminution de la prolifération et de l'invasion cellulaires, et une augmentation du stress oxydatif et de la sensibilité au cisplatine, traduisant un potentiel rôle pro-oncogénique de ce transcrit dans les ADC. L'analyse du transcriptome a révélé une répression des réseaux de gènes contrôlés par NRF2, HIF et NFkβ dans les cellules déficientes pour NLUCAT1. Nous avons notamment identifié des gènes de la réponse anti-oxydante régulés par NRF2 dont l'ARN interférence mime en partie les conséquences de l'inactivation de NLUCAT1 sur l'apoptose. Nos résultats démontrent que NLUCAT1 exerce des activités pro-tumorales dans les ADC et suggère qu'il pourrait représenter une cible thérapeutique potentielle dans ce type de cancer. / Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with poor prognosis and a high rate of recurrence despite early surgical removal. It is therefore essential to identify new prognostic markers and new therapeutic targets. We are interested in gene regulation related to hypoxia, a factor associated with relapse of lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD). The roles of long non coding RNAs (incRNAs) in cancer development and hypoxic response are largely unexplored. A transcriptome profiling of early-stage LUAD samples indicated that a set of incRNAs was correlated to a metagene hypoxic signature. Some of these transcripts were also sensitive to hypoxia in LUAD cell lines. We focused on a new "hypoxaLinc", named NLUCAT1 that is strongly up-regulated by hypoxia in vitro and correlated to hypoxic markers and bad prognosis in LUAD samples. Full molecular charactherization of NLUCAT1 showed that LUCAT1 is mainly regulated by NF-kβ and NRF2 transcription factors. Targered deletion of NLUCAT using CRISPR/CAS9 in A549 LUAD cell line, revelated a decrase in proliferative and invasive properties, an increase in oxidative stress and a higher sensisivity to displatin-induced apoptosis. We identified genes of the NRF2-regulated and anti-oxidant response whose RNA interference partially mimicked the consequences of NLUCAT1 inactivation on ROS-dependent caspase activation. Overall, our data strongly demonstrate that NLUCAT1 exerts pro-tumoral activities in early stages hypoxic LUADs ans suggest it could represent a new potential therapeutic target in lung cancer.

Wound healing is a complex physiological process. Effective wound healing enables the skin barrier function to be restored once the skin is injured. However, due to the complex nature of wounds, the mechanisms underlying tissue repair are still poorly understood. This has hindered the development of treatment for chronic wound, which is posing threat to both human health system and economy. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as important gene expression regulators and to play functional roles in many biological processes.  The aim of this study was to unravel the gene regulatory network in human skin wound healing, in particular, to identify lncRNAs that may play a functional role in skin repair. Here we performed RNA sequencing to profile gene expression in fibroblasts and keratinocytes isolated from matched skin and day-7 acute wounds of five healthy donors. We predicted a total of 1974 and 3444 mRNA–lncRNA correlated pairs in wound fibroblasts and wound keratinocytes, respectively. By integrating the results from gene ontology enrichment and weighted co-expression network analysis, we shortlisted lncRNAs that may play a functional role in human skin wound healing.