Il a été démontré que la torsion des têtes métatarsiennes est influencée par le mode de locomotion chez les primates et peut être utilisée pour déterminer la présence ou non d’une arche longitudinale chez les ancêtres hominines. Chez l’humain moderne, l’arche longitudinale rend le pied plus inversé que chez les grands singes, provoquant un léger basculement de l’axe dorsoplantaire de l’articulation proximale des métatarses. Ainsi, les têtes métatarsiennes subissent une torsion par rapport à l’axe de la diaphyse pour que leur surface plantaire reste parallèle au sol. Comme les femmes ont une arche longitudinale plus haute que les hommes et comme le port du soulier à semelles rigides provoque des changements morphologiques au niveau du pied, rendant l’arche longitudinale plus haute et l’hallux moins divergeant, il est attendu que la torsion métatarsienne soit différente selon le sexe et le type de soulier porté. Ce mémoire examine donc l’effet du contexte environnemental du pied et de la plasticité de la torsion des têtes métatarsiennes en comparant différentes populations humaines. L’échantillon disponible pour cette étude est constitué de 166 individus provenant de 18 sites archéologiques différents comprenant 57 hommes, 35 femmes et 74 individus de sexe indéterminé qui ont été divisés en quatre grands groupes : Amérindiens, Inuits, Militaires et Euro-canadiens. Il n’y a aucune différence de torsion entre les hommes et les femmes, ce qui suggère que la différence de hauteur de l’arche longitudinale entre les hommes et les femmes n’est pas assez importante pour être perçues au niveau de la torsion des têtes métatarsiennes. La topographie ne semble pas provoquer assez de modifications au niveau du pied pour provoquer une torsion différentielle des têtes métatarsiennes. Cependant, la surface du sol, plat ou accidenté, pourrait être un facteur modifiant ce trait. Finalement, le port de souliers constrictif à semelles dures comparativement aux souliers souples, tels les mocassins, provoque une torsion différentielle des têtes métatarsiennes. Les individus chaussant des souliers à semelles souples ont un premier métatarsien présentant une plus grande éversion et un troisième, quatrième et cinquième métatarsien présentant une plus petite éversion comparativement aux individus chaussant des souliers constrictifs. Ces résultats viennent appuyer l’hypothèse de la capacité plastique de la torsion des têtes métatarsiennes. / It has been shown that the metatarsals head torsion can be influenced by the mode of locomotion in primates and can be used to determine the presence or absence of a longitudinal arch in hominin ancestors. In modern humans, the longitudinal arch results in a foot more inverted than in apes, causing a slight tilting of the dorsoplantary axis of the metatarsals proximal joints. Thus, the metatarsal heads undergo torsion relative to the axis of the shaft so their plantar surface lie parallel to the ground. Since women have a higher longitudinal arch than men and since wearing hard sole shoes causes morphological changes in the foot, making the longitudinal arch higher and the hallux less abducted, it is expected that torsion will be different according to sex and type of shoes worn. By comparing different human populations, this paper examines whether metatarsal torsion is a plastic trait that can be influenced by the loading environment. The sample available for this study, consists of 166 individuals from 18 different archaeological sites including 57 men, 35 women and 74 of indetermined sex that were divided into four groups: Amerinds, Inuits, Military and Euro-canadian. There is no significant difference in torsion between men and women, suggesting that the slight difference in longitudinal arch height between men and women is not sufficient to be perceived in metatarsal variation torsion. The topography of the land does not seem to cause significant changes in the foot such as torsion. However, the surface of the ground, flat or irregular, could be a factor modifying torsion. Finally, wearing constrictive shoes with hard soles compared to flexible shoes, such as moccasins, increased variation in torsion angles. Individuals known to wear moccasins present more eversion of the first metatarsal and less eversion of the third, fourth and fifth metatarsals compared to individuals who used to wear constrictive footwear. These results support the hypothesis that metatarsal torsion is a relatively plastic feature.

Background Pes planus is one of the most common diagnoses in the pediatric field; flexible flat foot being the most prevalent. This developmental type of flatfoot is a normal finding in young children, seen to resolve spontaneously with growth and development and also remain asymptomatic. Despite this, there is still a large incidence of flat feet in adolescence and many cases of adult flatfeet are frequently presented as residual pediatric flatfeet. The factors that influence the prevalence of flatfeet during a child's development have also the capacity to altering its course and gaining insight on what they are and their influence aids in diagnosing, treating and preventing flat feet. Purpose The aim of this literature review was to enhance knowledge on the persistence of the flat feet condition in the pediatric population by determining the development of flat feet in children with an outline of its affect on posture and gait and identifying contributing factors that affect the incidence and progression of the deformity. Methodology An electronic database search was conducted to obtain articles from relevant journals (from early 2012 to mid 2013). Only full text English articles were obtained, with a few exceptions. Further information was collected from online textbooks and the reference lists of the...

Il a été démontré que la torsion des têtes métatarsiennes est influencée par le mode de locomotion chez les primates et peut être utilisée pour déterminer la présence ou non d’une arche longitudinale chez les ancêtres hominines. Chez l’humain moderne, l’arche longitudinale rend le pied plus inversé que chez les grands singes, provoquant un léger basculement de l’axe dorsoplantaire de l’articulation proximale des métatarses. Ainsi, les têtes métatarsiennes subissent une torsion par rapport à l’axe de la diaphyse pour que leur surface plantaire reste parallèle au sol. Comme les femmes ont une arche longitudinale plus haute que les hommes et comme le port du soulier à semelles rigides provoque des changements morphologiques au niveau du pied, rendant l’arche longitudinale plus haute et l’hallux moins divergeant, il est attendu que la torsion métatarsienne soit différente selon le sexe et le type de soulier porté. Ce mémoire examine donc l’effet du contexte environnemental du pied et de la plasticité de la torsion des têtes métatarsiennes en comparant différentes populations humaines. L’échantillon disponible pour cette étude est constitué de 166 individus provenant de 18 sites archéologiques différents comprenant 57 hommes, 35 femmes et 74 individus de sexe indéterminé qui ont été divisés en quatre grands groupes : Amérindiens, Inuits, Militaires et Euro-canadiens. Il n’y a aucune différence de torsion entre les hommes et les femmes, ce qui suggère que la différence de hauteur de l’arche longitudinale entre les hommes et les femmes n’est pas assez importante pour être perçues au niveau de la torsion des têtes métatarsiennes. La topographie ne semble pas provoquer assez de modifications au niveau du pied pour provoquer une torsion différentielle des têtes métatarsiennes. Cependant, la surface du sol, plat ou accidenté, pourrait être un facteur modifiant ce trait. Finalement, le port de souliers constrictif à semelles dures comparativement aux souliers souples, tels les mocassins, provoque une torsion différentielle des têtes métatarsiennes. Les individus chaussant des souliers à semelles souples ont un premier métatarsien présentant une plus grande éversion et un troisième, quatrième et cinquième métatarsien présentant une plus petite éversion comparativement aux individus chaussant des souliers constrictifs. Ces résultats viennent appuyer l’hypothèse de la capacité plastique de la torsion des têtes métatarsiennes. / It has been shown that the metatarsals head torsion can be influenced by the mode of locomotion in primates and can be used to determine the presence or absence of a longitudinal arch in hominin ancestors. In modern humans, the longitudinal arch results in a foot more inverted than in apes, causing a slight tilting of the dorsoplantary axis of the metatarsals proximal joints. Thus, the metatarsal heads undergo torsion relative to the axis of the shaft so their plantar surface lie parallel to the ground. Since women have a higher longitudinal arch than men and since wearing hard sole shoes causes morphological changes in the foot, making the longitudinal arch higher and the hallux less abducted, it is expected that torsion will be different according to sex and type of shoes worn. By comparing different human populations, this paper examines whether metatarsal torsion is a plastic trait that can be influenced by the loading environment. The sample available for this study, consists of 166 individuals from 18 different archaeological sites including 57 men, 35 women and 74 of indetermined sex that were divided into four groups: Amerinds, Inuits, Military and Euro-canadian. There is no significant difference in torsion between men and women, suggesting that the slight difference in longitudinal arch height between men and women is not sufficient to be perceived in metatarsal variation torsion. The topography of the land does not seem to cause significant changes in the foot such as torsion. However, the surface of the ground, flat or irregular, could be a factor modifying torsion. Finally, wearing constrictive shoes with hard soles compared to flexible shoes, such as moccasins, increased variation in torsion angles. Individuals known to wear moccasins present more eversion of the first metatarsal and less eversion of the third, fourth and fifth metatarsals compared to individuals who used to wear constrictive footwear. These results support the hypothesis that metatarsal torsion is a relatively plastic feature.

Tyrimo objektas: Normalios ir plokščios pėdos raumenų elektrinis aktyvumas. Tyrimo tikslas: Nustatyti ir palyginti pėdos raumenų elektrinį aktyvumą esant normaliai ir plokščiai pėdai. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti ir palyginti atitraukiamojo kojos nykščio, priekinio blauzdos ir ilgojo šeivinio raumenų elektrinį aktyvumą stovint ant dviejų ir ant vienos kojos atpalaiduotoje ir neutralioje pašokikaulinio sąnario padėtyje esant normaliai pėdai. 2. Nustatyti ir palyginti atitraukiamojo kojos nykščio, priekinio blauzdos ir ilgojo šeivinio raumenų elektrinį aktyvumą stovint ant dviejų ir ant vienos kojos atpalaiduotoje ir neutralioje pašokikaulinio sąnario padėtyje esant plokščiai pėdai. 3. Palyginti atitraukiamojo kojos nykščio, priekinio blauzdos ir ilgojo šeivinio raumenų elektrinį aktyvumą stovint ant dviejų ir vienos kojos atpalaiduotoje ir neutralioje pašokikaulinio sąnario padėtyje tarp normalios ir plokščios pėdos. Tyrimo problema: Pėdos raumenys yra svarbūs išlaikant vidinį išilginį pėdos skliautą. Tačiau nėra žinoma ar skiriasi pėdos skliautą išlaikančių raumenų aktyvumas esant normaliai ir plokščiai pėdai. Išvados: 1. Esant normaliai pėdai atitraukiamasis kojos nykščio raumuo aktyviausias stovint ant vienos kojos neutralioje pašokikaulinio sąnario padėtyje (p<0,05), ilgasis šeivinis raumuo – stovint ant vienos kojos atpalaidavus (p<0,05). Statistiškai reikšmingo priekinio blauzdos raumens elektrinio aktyvumo pokyčių nenustatyta. 2. Esant plokščiai pėdai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object of the research: electromyographic activity of the normal and flat foot muscles. The aim of the research: To evaluate and compare electromyographic activity of foot muscles in subjects with normal and flat foot. The tasks of the research: 1. To evaluate and compare electromyographic activity of abductor hallucis, tibialis anterior and peroneus longus musles standing on two or one leg in relaxed and subtalar neutral position in subjects with normal foot. 2. To evaluate and compare electromyographic activity of abductor hallucis, tibialis anterior and peroneus longus muscles standing on two or one leg in relaxed and subtalar neutral position in subjects with flat foot. 3. To compare electromyographic activity of abductor hallucis, tibialis anterior and peroneus longus muscles standing on two or one leg in relaxed and subtalar neutral position between subjects with normal and flat foot. Problem of the research: Intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles are important supporting medial longitudinal arch. However, there is no research about foot muscle activity in subjects with different foot types. Conclusions: 1. In subjects with normal foot the greatest electromyographic activity of abductor hallucis was standing on one leg in neutral subtalar joint position (p<0,05), the greatest activity of peroneus longus – standing on one leg in relaxed subtalar joint position (p<0,05). There were no significant differences in electromyographic activity of tibialis anetrior. 2. In... [to full text]

Title: Acquired flatfoot in adults Background: Flatfoot deformity is one of the common diagnoses in the orthopedic field and physiotherapy, its common in adults as acquired, there is still a large incidence of flatfoot in adolescence and many cases of adult flatfoot are frequently presented as residual pediatric flatfoot. The treatment also has wide field according to type of cause. Aims: The aim of this literature review was to enhance knowledge on the persistence of the acquired flatfoot condition in adult's population by determining the causes of flatfoot with contributing factors that affect the medial longitudinal arch and progression of the deformity, and review of the most common treatment. Method: An electronic database search was conducted to obtain articles from relevant journals (from early 1990 to end 2015). The information was collected also from textbooks. Results: Regarding the causes of acquired flatfoot in adult, a good base of evidence stems from a number of articles review, the posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction is the most cause of acquired flatfoot. The sensory motor stimulation technique is not the most treatment used to treat acquired flatfoot in adults and the most used treatment is the surgical procedure. Conclusion: Regarding the causes of adults acquired flatfoot in...