This is a thesis based on the idea that things in our environment, through neglect or ignorance, become invisible, despite an essence of virtue. The idea stems from the literary work of Fyoder Dostoevsky, particularly his depictions of fallen women. In stories such as “Notes from the Underground,” Liza, the prostitute, is his most virtuous character. My exploration of this idea culminates in the design of an advocacy center for the community of Maywood, California and the Los Angeles River, including a gathering center in which residents of the community and environmentalists may come together on equal social footing.

This is a thesis based on the idea that things in our environment, through neglect or ignorance, become invisible, despite an essence of virtue. The idea stems from the literary work of Fyoder Dostoevsky, particularly his depictions of fallen women. In stories such as “Notes from the Underground,” Liza, the prostitute, is his most virtuous character. My exploration of this idea culminates in the design of an advocacy center for the community of Maywood, California and the Los Angeles River, including a gathering center in which residents of the community and environmentalists may come together on equal social footing.

The tale of South Korea's Cheonggyecheon River is one to warm an urban environmentalist's heart. Cheonggyecheon runs through the center of Seoul, a bustling metropolis of ten million that has been the capital of Korea since the 14th century. The Japanese were the first to sacrice Cheonggyecheon on the altar of urbanization, turning the River into a sewage system during their 35 year occupation between 1910 and 1945. Already thusvdegraded, it was easy for later administrations to eventually completely cover the river with the Cheonggye Road and Cheonggye Elevated Highway between 1958 and 1976. Cheonggyecheon became an exemplar of the expendability of urban environments in the face of modernization and economic growth, particularly the need for transportation in a quickly developing city. In the early 1990s it was discovered that extensive repair would be necessary to maintain the Highway, and with heavy political leadership of Mayoral Candidate Myung-Bak Lee, now the president of South Korea, the decision was made to restore the river rather than repair the road (Park, 2006).

Looking at it today, it is hard to believe that the now-concrete river bed was once one of the region’s most important rivers. The Los Angeles River was once framed by wide wetlands, forests of oak trees, and was critical in supporting indigenous, Mexican, Spanish, and early Anglo populations. At first glance, many parts of the Los Angeles River look nothing like a river at all. Belying the river’s historical importance, the river today looks far more like a highway than a naturally occurring body of water. While its current appearance may not reflect its centrality in the city’s history, the Los Angeles River is the reason why Los Angeles is located where it is today.

The characterization of neustonic plastic found in the Los Angeles River was completed in this study. 3 water samples were collected from the river on April 30, 2011 in Long Beach, CA using a 0.5 mm manta trawl. The plastic was separated from organic material, divided into 3 class sizes (0.5 mm, 1.4 mm, and 2.44 mm), and identified and sized under a microscope. Plastic was found in all three samples and categorized into seven categories. Paper, plastic, and styrofoam were present in all three samples. Styrofoam contributed the greatest percentage of the plastic found among the samples. Plastic film had the largest mean size.

面對所謂棘手議題（wicked issues），本文有別於傳統府際管理及其他解析理論的分析觀點，改以跨部門治理概念探討行政轄區界線模糊，多部門、多組織同時參與標的個案之狀況。同時為處理治理概念定義模糊的問題，爰採文獻分析法將治理概念內涵區分為政府中心、市場中心及社會中心三類，並發現多數跨部門治理議題的研究，偏重應用政府與市場觀點，爰本文主張以社會中心治理途徑針對「洛杉磯河整治計畫」進行分析。簡言之，本文的研究問題包括： 一、過往國、內外跨部門治理議題，採取哪些治理途徑？何謂社會中心治理途徑？以跨部門治理議題之規劃過程為例，其治理原則、治理結構與治理結果應有何具體主張？ 二、「洛杉磯河整治計畫」的草案規劃過程，應用哪些制度性安排，藉以產生該計畫之集體規劃成果？ 三、在前述參與機制的安排之下，研究個案的集體規劃過程是否在治理實務與理論主張之間出現落差？各部門參與狀況為何？存在哪些爭議問題？ 四、「跨部門治理」個案，在集體規劃過程應採用何種治理架構，有助於落實跨部門治理原則，以及提高各部門利害關係人對治理結果的滿意程度。 透過上述研究問題與個案，本研究探討三個部門（sectors）間如何（How）「合作」（collaboration）或如何促進合作，以達成共識的問題；又或者從反面來說，是探討哪些因素影響了跨部門合作，三個部門之間存在哪些衝突。從個案研究出發，則關心個案為何（Why）合作成效不佳或無法合作的問題，同時以提出促進合作、參與的制度性安排（What）為目標。 文獻歸納指出，為促進跨部門治理的成效，應堅持公共性、課責與公共參與作為治理原則。就治理結構而言，必須觀察各部門利害關係人於個案參與機制中落實治理原則的程度，並指出應以合作性公共管理作為促進部門間合作的工具。就治理結果而言，則建議對政策利害關係人進行態度調查，詢問對政策結果的滿意與支持程度，亦即以正當性與承諾作為治理結果的指標。 本研究內文在介紹洛杉磯河整治計畫的推動過程、內容與規劃草案結果後，指出其乃是洛杉磯市府會高度共識下的政策產物，並由議會發動的跨部門治理個案。在個案之規劃過程，執行重心乃是由市政府團隊所主導，安排「社區座談會、諮詢委員會、同儕評論委員會、利害關係人委員會、任務小組會議」等五類官方主辦的參與機制，以期落實公眾參與該政策規劃過程的目的；草案規劃期間，洛杉磯河特別委員會則擔任監督的角色。 研究發現各部門參與者多數認同也支持整治計畫的願景與草案規劃內容。但整體而言，仍發現部分有待改善的重要問題，分別為受訪者對治理原則的落實存在權變的觀念，政府部門以外的參與者代表性仍嫌不足，對於社會弱勢議題缺乏討論與回應，缺乏明確的責任歸屬與課責結構安排，未臻透明的決策議價過程。再者，從治理結果的角度來分析，對草案規劃結果抱持不滿態度者多數來自整治區，對規劃結果未表支持者多為男性、30歲以上、政府部門以外之受訪者、來自整治區、參與時間點較早；特別是針對整治的經濟利益與所需經費來源的估算，表示了高度的質疑。 儘管個案規劃過程仍有前述疑義，但在參與觀察的過程，研究者發現個案所處系絡具有較為成熟的社會條件，對於治理原則的認同程度彰顯了公民社會的成熟，也奠定尋求部門間合作的可能性。就跨部門治理之規劃個案而言，本文建議以樹立治理原則為先，進而逐步將其落實於參與過程及相關機制設計之內，最後則可透過正當性與承諾對集體參與之規劃成效加以評估。在研究調查資料與參與觀察的基礎之上，本文運用John Clayton Thomas所提出之「公共涉入形式矩陣」，將洛杉磯河整治計畫草案之規劃過程定位為「修正的獨立自主管理決策」，意指徒具參與形式的決策類型。依據本研究之個案分析架構，本文為洛杉磯河整治計畫之規劃過程提出十三項建議，於下分述之： 一、就制度性安排而言 （一）規定弱勢團體最低代表制；（二）公布各委員會之委員遴選標準、程序與職權；（三）訂定跨部門治理個案之責任宣言；（四）增辦弱勢團體公共會議；（五）善用既有公、私渠道以彙整利害關係人的建議。 二、就部門參與而言 （一）建立主動的意見回饋系統；（二）提高各類資訊的曝光度；（三）擴大計劃團隊、減小公共會議規模。 三、就提高規劃草案結果的「正當性」而言 （一）進行部門間的規劃溝通會議；（二）進行二度訪視／會談計畫；（三）避免由上而下的事前提議。 四、就提高利害關係人對草案結果的「承諾」而言 （一）進行施政成效行銷；（二）縮小計畫範圍，推動先導型計畫為先。 總結研究「洛杉磯河整治計畫」所獲得之啟示，在研究層面確認政府機關在跨部門治理議題中，其扮演的角色不因營利及非營利部門的涉入而被取代，反倒是承擔關鍵整合者的角色，應以合作促進政策議題得以被妥善解決。對本土的啟示而言，社會條件的成熟程度乃是推動跨部門治理的重要因素，無論是公民資格的養成或公民社會的建立，都將有利政策參與環境的鞏固。對土本同質個案的啟示而言，以台北市政府目前積極推動的「活化淡水河系」政策為例，其政策倡議的源頭與洛杉磯河整治計畫絕然不同，規劃、整合、執行及監督的分工亦尚未明朗，民間力量的參與渠道亦尚未建立。質言之，若以洛杉磯河整治計畫草案的規劃經驗為鑑，要避免陷落於「獨立自主決策」類型，建議除了持續健全社會條件之外，在參與機制的安排上，應妥善顧及公共性、課責及公共參與等治理原則，以社會中心治理途徑平衡過渡傾向政府主導、市場取向的規劃觀點。

Les historiens de l’environnement s’attachent à déchiffrer les modes de relation entre l’homme et la nature aux Etats-Unis. La manière dont elle est définie conditionne les politiques environnementales, et donc contribue à la transformation matérielle du continent. Cinq traditions de la pensée environnementale américaine sont décrites : la nature comme ressource transformée par le travail ; le préservationnisme ; le conservationnisme ; l’écologie ; et la justice environnementale. Ces idées perdurent au XXIème siècle dans les discours construits au sujet de la nature : elles se juxtaposent ou se confrontent. L’objectif de ce travail est de savoir si elles se transforment, en évoluant vers une définition de la relation homme/nature comme hybride socionaturel. À cette fin, trois cas sont étudiés, tous situés dans la région de Los Angeles au début des années 2000. Le premier concerne le ranch Tejon, dont l’accord passé en 2008 entre associations de protection de la nature et propriétaires pose la question du sens donné à une préservation qui veut prendre en compte les aspects à la fois écologiques, mythiques et économiques de ce territoire, vestige du passé de l’Ouest. Le second se rapporte à la décision prise en 2007 par la ville de Los Angeles de revitaliser son fleuve et fournit un exemple de l’élargissement de la définition de la nature : celle-ci peut être urbaine. Enfin, troisième cas, la justice environnementale appliquée à la ferme communautaire de South Central Los Angeles, entretenue de 1994 à 2006, est signe de la transition de la pensée de la nature américaine d’un objet délimité dans l’espace vers une problématique mondiale. / Environmental historians have worked at redefining the modes of relationship between man and nature in the United States. The way this relation is defined conditions environmental politics, and therefore contributes to the material transformation of the continent. Five major trends of thought about nature are described: nature as a resource transformed by work ; preservationism ; conservationism ; ecology ; and environmental justice. Those ideas endure to this very day in the discourses constructed about nature: they either juxtapose or confront each other. The goal of this thesis is to understand whether they undergo a transformation, evolving towards a definition of the man/nature relationship as a socionatural hybrid. To this end, three cases are examined here, all of which are connected with the Los Angeles area in the early 2000s. The first concerns Tejon Ranch and the agreement passed in 2008 about Tejon Ranch between environmental associations and the owners : it poses the question of the meaning given to a preservation that would incorporate ecological, mythical and economic aspects of that territory, a remain of the Western past. The second deals with the decision that was made in 2007 by the City of Los Angeles to revitalize its river and offers a good example of the broadening of the definition of nature: it can also be urban. The ecological and cultural preoccupations about the river complicate the conservation problematic in Southern California. Finally, South Central Farm’s environmental justice case (1994-2006) is the sign of a transition in American environmental ideas from a clearly spatially limited object to a world issue.