Le sujet concerne l’étude de capteurs d’alimentation utilisés dans les disjoncteurs de Schneider Electric qui doivent fonctionner de plus en plus à fréquences variables. On s’intéresse notamment aux « pertes fer », en s’appuyant sur leur caractérisation et leur modélisation. L’étude s’appuie sur l’amélioration du modèle LS dans le but de son intégration dans le dimensionnement du capteur. Le modèle est intégré en post traitement sur Flux®, une application en temps réel a donc été développée afin d’intégrer les pertes dans la simulation du capteur et de son environnement. Une analyse expérimentale du comportement du circuit magnétique du capteur a aussi été entreprise d’une part en intégrant de nouveaux matériaux et d’autre part en tenant compte des procédés de fabrications et des conditions de fonctionnement du capteur. Aussi une étude calorimétrique a été menée afin de mesurer les pertes fer du capteur expérimentalement et de mettre en place des mesures références à comparer avec les résultats de simulations. Enfin, deux missions principales ont été entreprises et restent à finaliser : une nouvelle méthode du modèle LS statique et un dispositif expérimental, un calorimètre, a été conçu et testé mais des améliorations restent à réaliser. / The topic of this study involves power sensors used in Schneider Electrics circuit breakers that should operate increasingly at variable frequencies. We are particularly focusing on "iron losses” through their characterization and modelling. The study is based on the improvement of the LS model in order to use it in the dimensioning of the sensor. The model is integrated in Flux® as post-processing; therefore an application has been developed that includes Ls model iron losses at each time step in the simulation of the sensor and its environment. An experimental analysis of the behaviour of the sensors magnetic circuit was also conducted by integrating new materials on the one hand and by considering the manufacturing processes and operating conditions of the sensor on the other hand. Furthermore, a calorimetric study was conducted to measure the iron losses of the sensor experimentally and to state reference measurements to compare with the results of simulations. Finally, two main missions have been engaged and remain to be finalized: a new method of the static LS model and an experimental bench, a calorimeter, has been designed and tested, but still to be improved.

Orientador: Rouverson Pereira da Silva / Banca: David Luciano Rosalen / Banca: Alberto Carvalho Filho / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização fenológica do algodão, a obtenção do rendimento potencial máximo (RPM), a quantificação das perdas na colheita de algodão em caroço e a análise da qualidade de sementes salvas de algodão após dois métodos de beneficiamento no município de Ipameri-GO. Para isso o experimento foi conduzido em três propriedades (fazendas) produtoras de algodão, sendo utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 10 repetições. A caracterização da lavoura foi realizada por meio de análises fenológicas obtendo-se dados que possibilitaram determinar o número e massa média de sementes ha-1 e pluma ha-1 (RPM). Esse material passou por testes que avaliaram sua qualidade após o beneficiamento, além da quantificação das perdas que foi realizada durante a colheita, possibilitando um diagnóstico da colheita de algodão na região Sul de Goiás. Os valores para o RPM de pluma variaram entre 1461 kg ha-1 e 1646,34 kg ha-1 por hectare. Os valores de RPM de sementes variaram entre 1694,72 kg ha-1 e 1922,9 kg ha-1 por hectare. As perdas totais encontradas neste trabalho situaram-se em torno de 5,1%, 3,5% e 7,5% respectivamente para as três propriedades, permanecendo dentro do limite considerado como aceitável. Em nenhum dos testes de germinação ou vigor houve diferenças significativas na qualidade de sementes beneficiadas manualmente ou mecanicamente. / Abstract: This study aimed to characterize the phenological cotton, obtaining the maximum potential yield (RPM), the quantification of losses in the harvesting of cotton in stone and analysis of the quality of cotton seed saved after two methods of treatment in the municipality of Ipameri -GO. For this reason the experiment was conducted on three properties (farms) the cotton, using the completely randomized design with 10 replications. The characterization of the farming was done using analysis of phenological data was obtained which enabled the number and average weight of seed ha-1 ha-1 and featherweight (RPM). This material went through tests that assessed their quality after the treatment, in addition to the quantification of losses that took place during the harvest, allowing a diagnosis of the harvest of cotton in the South of Goiás The values for the RPM of plume ranged from 1461 kg ha -1 and 1646.34 kg ha-1 per hectare. The values of RPM seed ranged from 1694.72 kg ha-1 and 1922.9 kg ha-1 per hectare. The total losses found in this study stood at around 5.1%, 3.5% and 7.5% respectively for the three properties, remaining within the limits considered acceptable. In none of the tests of germination or force were significant differences in quality of seed recipients manually or mechanically. / Mestre

The aim of the theses was to evaluate the characteristics of reproduction of sows with focus on birth weight of piglets and losses of piglets. Forty-two litters were studied. The average number of piglets born alive was 12.38. The average percentage of stillborn piglets per one litter was 5.43, the percentage of mortality until the weaning was 27.8. The average birth weight of piglets born alive was 1.29 kg. Most of the piglets (51%) fell into 1.051.5 kg category with an average weight of 1.30 kg. The relationship between number of piglets born alive and their birth weight was r = -0,121. The average weight of stillborn piglets was 1.08 kg. The gestation period of gilts was 0.28 day shorter than the sow gestation period and they gave birth to 4.03 fewer piglets born alive than sows. The gilts showed a higher proportion of piglets' mortality until the weaning (the difference was 3.46%). The sows showed higher average weight of piglets born alive (the difference was 0.19 kg). The sows with longer gestation period (114 days) gave birth to 0.15 piglet born alive more than the sows with shorter gestation period (less than 113 days). The sows with shorter gestation period showed smaller proportion of stillborn piglets from all born piglets, the sows with longer gestation period showed smaller proportion of piglets' mortality until weaning. In deliveries longer than 8 hours 10.37 piglets were averagely born alive, which was 2.52 piglets less than for sows with deliveries shorter than 6 hours, or 2.6 piglets less than for the sows with deliveries from 6 to 8 hours. In deliveries shorter than 6 hours was the highest number of stillborn piglets. The highest mortality of piglets was until 24 hours after a birth (33%), 28% of piglets died the second day, 12% died the third day and 9% the fourth day. The mortality decreased noticeably from the fifth day after the birth.

The diploma thesis is based on long-term monitoring of small watersheds in the Šumava region, differences and trends in the water chemistry in the years 1998 - 2015 and the differences in water balance and erosion of solutes in the years 2008 2015 are evaluated. Comparing average rainfall-runoff relationship on the catchments revealed little difference between the basins of the Horský (wetland) stream (runs off 37 %) and Bukový (forest) stream (32 %), while the basin of Mlýnský (drained pasture) creek runs off 60 % of incident precipitation. Basin of drained pastures Mlýnský - showed worsening of the parameters, which are expressed in lower proportion of water retained in the basin and also a higher proportion of dissolved solids in the effluent water. This corresponds to the overall erosion of substances from the basin, which is evident from the results, both forest and wetland basin matters detained while the drained basin is losing them for a long time. Only in the case of nitrate, ammonia, Ca2+ and Mg2+ loads from the forest and wetland basin are three times lower than the load from the drained pastures. For PO43- it is about one third less and in the case of SO42-, Cl-, K+ and Na+ it is about one half less.

Esse trabalho tem por objetivo aprimorar a principal atividade das empresas de distribuição no que diz respeito ao combate às perdas comerciais: as inspeções em campo às unidades consumidoras (UCs). Para tanto, é feita a proposição de um método para identificar quedas de consumo atípicas dentro do universo de faturamento de UCs de uma concessionária de energia elétrica. A proposta está fundamentada na análise dos registros históricos de consumo, de modo que os dados considerados atípicos possam ser indicados e as UCs ranqueadas de acordo com a prioridade para as inspeções em campo. Para tanto, propõe-se a utilização combinada de técnicas de previsão de demanda e de estatísticas robustas. A validade do método foi verificada através de um estudo de caso em uma empresa de distribuição de energia elétrica do sul do Brasil. Através do estudo de caso, concluiu-se que o método é capaz de identificar quedas de consumo atípicas, tendo identificado satisfatoriamente 89,38% dos casos avaliados. Ao final do trabalho, são apresentadas sugestões de estudos complementares, de modo a aperfeiçoar o desempenho do método. / This study aims to enhance the main business of distribution companies regarding to the efforts to avoid non-technical losses, that means, field inspections at the consumer units (CUs). For that, the proposition of an algorithm to identify atypical consumption falls within the universe of PAs billing of an electric facility is made. The proposal is based on the analysis of historical records of consumption, so that the data which are considered atypical can be indicated and the CUs ranked according to their priority for inspections in the field. Combined techniques of demand forecasting and statistics robust are proposed. The validity of the algorithm was verified through a case study in an electric power distribution facility in southern Brazil. Through the case study, it was concluded that the algorithm is able to identify atypical consumption falls, and satisfactorily 89.38% of the cases was identified. At the end of this paper, suggestions for further studies in order to improve the performance of the algorithm are presented.

As características de desempenho dos motores trifásicos de indução são fundamentais para estudos de viabilidade econômica, tanto para a manutenção como para a substituição por motores que apresentem melhor rendimento, visando à economia de energia. Existem diversos procedimentos para determinar o desempenho das máquinas de indução, no entanto, são procedimentos baseados em ensaios que exigem o desacoplamento mecânico, comprometendo assim a praticidade, sem contar no custo da instrumentação envolvida. Este trabalho apresenta o estudo e implementação de dois métodos distintos para estimar o rendimento de forma pouco intrusiva, método do torque no entreferro e método do circuito equivalente. Nesse último são estudadas duas técnicas, a primeira estima os parâmetros do circuito equivalente por meio de um conjunto de equações definidas pela resolução do modelo da máquina, e a segunda, estima os parâmetros do circuito equivalente por meio de um algoritmo de identificação por mínimos quadrados. Por fim são mostrados os resultados da aplicação das metodologias propostas no Laboratório de Eficiência Energética e Hidráulica em Saneamento – LENHS da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, onde então é apresentada uma análise dessas técnicas, considerando os aspectos de precisão e incerteza. / The performance characteristics of three-phase motors are essential for economic feasibility studies, for both maintenance and for replacement by motors that have better efficiency, to save energy. There are several procedures based on tests that require mechanical uncoupling, thereby committing practicality, without counting the cost of the instrumentation involved. This work presents the study and implementation of two different methods to estimate the efficiency in low intrusive order, method of air gap torque and method of equivalent circuit. In the latter, two techniques are studied, the first estimates the equivalent circuit parameters though a set of equations defined by the resolution of the machine model, and second, estimates the equivalent circuit parameters by means of an identification algorithm for least squares. Finally shows the results of applying the proposed methodologies in the Laboratory of Energy Efficiency and Water Sanitation – LENHS in Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, where it is then presented an analysis of these techniques, considering aspects of precision an uncertainty.

O beneficiamento de pedras preciosas representa um importante potencial empresarial e de negócios para o Brasil, em especial para regiões como a do Vale do Taquari, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. No entanto, as empresas deste setor, em sua maioria pequenas, carecem de uma abordagem capaz de melhorar seus processos produtivos, diminuindo suas perdas. Este estudo buscou levantar dados do setor na região, diagnosticar questões relativas aos processos produtivos, em especial sobre perdas nos processos, e propor um modelo para análise dos processos e redução das perdas nestes. O modelo foi gerado considerando dados gerais e históricos do setor, as análises dos questionários aplicados e os mapeamentos realizados. Este modelo está dividido em duas etapas: a de análise e a do conjunto de ações para a redução das perdas. Assim, o modelo propõe uma série de técnicas e ferramentas, geralmente ligadas ao Sistema Toyota de Produção, as quais têm colaborado com diferentes setores. A implementação do modelo proposto deve possibilitar um aumento no potencial de desenvolvimento, tanto no setor de beneficiamento como em toda a cadeia produtiva das pedras preciosas. / The processing of precious stones represents an important potential business in Brazil, especially for regions such as the Taquari Valley, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. However, the companies in this sector, mostly small, lack an approach aimed at improving their production processes, reducing their losses. This study aimed at surveying data about the sector in that region, examining issues relating to production processes, in particular on losses in processes, as well as proposing a model for analysing these processes and reducing losses. The model was developed considering general and historical data in the precious stones sector, the analysis of the interviews and the mappings carried out. The model is divided into two steps: the first one is the analysis and the second one is the set of actions for reducing losses. Thus, the model proposes a series of techniques and tools, usually related to the Toyota Production System, which have cooperated with different sectors. The implementation of the proposed model shall enable an increase in the potential for development, both in the processing sector, as well as throughout the whole production chain of precious stones.

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a very consumed leguminous in Brazil it have essentials nutrients for the human health. The disease occurrence and inadequate management make difficult its Cultivation and affected the quality of that culture. Among the diseases most important, are the viruses caused by Begomovirus, show off Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV). The high severity of disease caused by geminivirus, is mainly due to the absence of varieties resistant to the pathogen and also to the increased population of the insect vector, commonly called "whitefly" (Bemisia tabaci). This project had as main objective to evaluate the influence of three different irrigation systems in the incidence and the losses occasioned by Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) in the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The experiment consisted of three irrigation systems (drip, sprinkler and micro sprinkler) on bean plants grown in an area in the centro de ciências agrárias and was assessed for two consecutive years (October 2006 to January 2007 and October 2007 to January , 2008). The viruses incidence was determined based on number of symptomatic plants in relation to the total of plants present in parcel of 1 m2 randomly distributed in the experimental area. The golden mosaic effect in production was studied in two ways: relating production (grains weight) with the plot to incidence of the disease in this plot and comparing healthy and infected plants production. It was found that irrigation system influenced the viruses incidence, drip result in highest incidence (62.13%), and sprinkling shortest (16.74%), but did not differ statistically from the micro sprinkling. There was no correlation between incidence to golden mosaic and production in the plots, but when it was compared to production of healthy plants and disease plants found a higher three times production in healthy plants about plants disease. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) é uma leguminosa bastante consumida no Brasil por possuir nutrientes essenciais a saúde humana. A ocorrência de doenças e o manejo inadequado tem dificultado seu cultivo e afetado a qualidade desta cultura. Entre as doenças mais importantes, estão as viroses, ocasionadas por Begomovirus, destancando-se o Bean golden masaic virus (BGMV). A alta severidade das doenças causadas por Begomovirus, deve-se principalmente à ausência de variedades resistentes ao patógeno e também ao aumento populacional do inseto vetor, vulgarmente denominado, mosca-branca (Bemisia tabaci). O presente projeto teve como objetivo principal avaliar a influência de diferentes sistemas de irrigação na incidência e nas perdas ocasionadas pelo Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) em feijoeiro. O experimento consistiu de três sistemas de irrigação (gotejamento, micro aspersão e aspersão) sobre plantas de feijão cultivadas em uma área no centro de ciências agrárias e foi avaliado durante dois anos consecutivos (outubro de 2006 a janeiro de 2007 e outubro de 2007 a janeiro de 2008). A incidência da virose foi determinada com base no número de plantas sintomáticas em relação ao total de plantas presentes em parcelas de 1 m2 distribuídas aleatoriamente na área experimental. O efeito do mosaico dourado na produção foi estudado de duas maneiras: relacionando-se a produção (peso de grãos) da parcela com o a incidência da doença na respectiva parcela e comparando-se a produção de plantas sadias e infectadas. Verificou-se que o sistema de irrigação influenciou a incidência da virose, sendo o gotejamento aquele que resultou na maior incidência (62,13 %), e a aspersão na menor (16,74 %), porém não diferindo estatisticamente da microaspersão. Não houve correlação entre o a incidência do mosaico dourado e a produção nas parcelas, contudo quando foi comparada a produção de plantas sadias com a de plantas doentes constatou-se que as plantas sadias produziram cerca de três vezes mais que plantas doentes.

During the late 19th and into the 20th Century, the Tisza River’s vast floodplain-wetland systems were largely disconnected by levees, facilitating "reclamation" for agriculture and resulting in an estimated loss of over 90% of historical wetlands. While levees have been successful in preventing catastrophic flooding for a century, Lower Tisza flood stages continue to rise partially due to aggradation and increased roughness on the confined floodplain. The decrease in the Tisza's current floodway carrying capacity has reduced the flood-protection level of the Tisza's aging levee system. Recently in Hungary, "Room for the River" policies have gained more prominence. For the first of three papers for this dissertation, I assessed eight potential floodplain-reconnection scenarios that would provide more room for the river between Csongrád, Hungary and the Hungary-Serbia border. A novel framework using hydrodynamic and geospatial modeling was used to perform planning-level evaluations of the tradeoffs between floodplain-reconnection scenarios and enhancement of the existing levee system. The scenarios evaluated include levee removal and levee setbacks to strategically reconnect historical wetlands while reducing flood levels. Scenario costs and human population impacts were also assessed. Impacts of reconnecting the Lower Tisza floodplain were compared to heightening levees, the prevailing strategy over the previous century. From a purely construction-cost perspective, heightening Lower Tisza levees is potentially the most cost-effective and politically expedient solution (i.e., impacts the least number of people). However, levee heightening does not solve the long-term problem of reduced flood conveyance, nor does it result in wetland reconnection or enhancement of other floodplain ecosystem services. The suite of reconnection options evaluated provides engineers, planners, and decision makers a framework from which they can further evaluate potential flood-risk reduction options. At least three of the eight reconnection scenarios (setting the western levee back, 1500-meter, and 2000-meter setbacks) along the Lower Tisza demonstrated that floodplain-wetland reconnection is possible while achieving the objectives of minimizing impacts on human populations and reducing flood heights. The Illinois River has a similar history to the Tisza. Levees were constructed, and wetlands were drained during the late 19th and early 20th Centuries. By the mid-1920’s, Illinois River levee systems became increasingly difficult for private landowners and the state to maintain as commodity prices fell and flood levels increased. However, the 1928 U.S. Flood Control act shifted a substantial portion of the burden of flood mitigation from local landowners to the federal government, preventing the dissolution of levee districts. While these levee systems have facilitated floodplain agricultural production and development for the last century, disconnecting the river from its floodplain has led to concerns about the negative impacts of levees on the physical and biological systems of the Illinois River Valley. Recent studies have emphasized approaches that would result in setting back or removing levees in order to naturalize portions of large river-floodplain systems, including the Illinois. The costs and benefits of such projects have shown potential restoration benefits may outweigh potential costs, but these studies have not demonstrated the specific levee districts which have the highest reconnection potential from an economic standpoint. The second paper for this dissertation used geospatial methods to fill this gap by assessing the National Commodity Crops Productivity Index (NCCPI) soil values and agricultural production and profit values for corn and soybeans in 32 individual levee districts along a 235-km segment of the Lower Illinois River. In general, soil productivity index values were lower for Illinois River levee districts compared to the county averages in which the districts are located. Over the five-year study period from 2010-2014, the total agricultural profits in the levee districts ranged from $18-61 million. Several levee districts have relatively low per hectare agricultural values when compared to wetland benefit studies, indicating these protected floodplain areas may be suitable for reconnection. For the third and final dissertation paper I used a novel hydrodynamic, geospatial, economic, and habitat suitability framework to assess the tradeoffs of strategically reconnecting the 125-km La Grange Segment (LGS) of the Lower Illinois River to its floodplain in order to decrease flood risk, improve floodplain habitats, and limit the costs of reconnection. Costs included building-associated losses, lost agricultural profits, and total levee removal and construction costs. Modeled scenarios demonstrated that while flood heights and environmental benefits are maximized through the most aggressive levee setbacks and removals, these scenarios also have the highest economic costs. However, the tradeoff of implementing lower-cost scenarios is that there would be less flood-height reduction and less floodplain habitat available. Several levee districts had high potential for reconnection based on limiting potential damages as well as providing suitable floodplain habitat. To implement large-scale strategic floodplain reconnection along the LGS, opportunity costs ranged from $1.1-$4.3 billion. As such, payments for ecosystem services will likely be necessary to compensate landowners for building losses and decreased long-term agricultural production that result in an overall flood-reduction benefit, increased floodplain wetlands, and most-soil plant habitat.

Com a competição atual nas indústrias de confecção e o confronto com uma crise da indústria nacional, as pequenas e médias empresas do ramo vêm buscando meios para manterem-se no mercado. Em 2014, o setor têxtil reunia mais de 33 mil empresas das quais mais de 80% eram confecções de pequeno e médio porte. Em todo o território nacional, no referido ano o setor faturou US$ 55,4 bilhões, contra US$ 58,2 bilhões em 2013, refletindo a desvalorização do Real e a queda da produção da indústria pelo quarto ano consecutivo (ABIT, 2015). Após dois anos de recessão, 2017 aponta sinais de início da recuperação do setor. Os dados sinalizam aumento na produção de vestuário de 1%, e o faturamento do setor deverá aumentar 4,6% (ABIT, 2017). Diante disso, conhecer e mensurar as perdas operacionais das indústrias de confecção auxilia na sobrevivência dessas pequenas e médias empresas. Conforme Beber et al. (2004), as perdas são obstáculos na busca da plena eficiência industrial, pois repassam ao consumidor os custos da ineficiência dos processos das empresas, e isso o mercado já não está mais absorvendo. Nesse contexto, a filosofia Lean, com sua sistemática de detecção e análise de perdas, apresenta-se como ferramenta que pode, junto com as informações geradas pelo sistema de custos, formalizar e permitir a mensuração do desempenho dos processos industriais. Diante do exposto, o presente estudo objetiva propor um conjunto de indicadores e escalas de desempenho operacional de pequenas e médias empresas de confecção, utilizando as informações geradas pelo sistema de custos, e as ferramentas de mensuração de perdas do sistema Lean na criação de indicadores de desempenho. Para o alcance do objetivo, além de um estudo bibliográfico, o método foi desenvolvido de acordo com os preceitos do DSR - Design Science Research, sendo aplicado em um cenário real. A aplicação se dá em uma média empresa de confecção de Santa Catarina, onde, durante o processo de aplicação, o método foi analisado e adaptado à organização, de acordo com suas necessidades e limitações. O resultado alcançado foi a proposição e validação, em uma empresa, do conjunto de indicadores e escalas para a avaliação do desempenho operacional, objetivo principal desse estudo. / With the current competition in the clothing industry sector and the confrontation with a crisis of the national industry, the small and medium companies of the branch have been looking for ways to remain in the market. In 2014, the textile sector had more than 33 thousand enterprises of which more than 80 % were small and medium-sized companies. Across the national territory, in that year the sector earned US$ 55.4 billions, against US$ 58.2 billions in 2013, reflecting the devaluation of the Brazilian currency Real and the fall in industrial production for the fourth consecutive year (ABIT, 2015). After two years of recession, 2017 points to be the beginning of the recuperation in the sector. Data indicate an increase in clothing production of 1 %, and the turnover is expected to increase by 4.6% (ABIT, 2017). Given this, knowing and measuring the operational losses of the garment industry helps the survival of these small and medium-sized companies. According to Beber et al. (2004), the losses are obstacles in the search of the full industrial efficiency, as they pass on to the consumer the costs of the inefficiency of the processes of the companies, and that the market is not already absorbing any more. In this context, the Lean philosophy, with its systematic loss detection and analysis, presents itself as a tool that can, together with the information produced by the cost system, formalize and allow the measurement of the performance of the industrial processes. In view of the above, the present study aims to develop a set of indicators and performance scales of small and medium-sized clothing industries, using the information produced by the system of costs, and the tools of mensuration of losses of the system Lean in the creation of indicators of performance. In order to the reach the objective, besides a bibliographical study, the method was developed according to the DSR - Design Science Research precepts, being applied in a real scenario. The application took place in a medium-sized garment company in the Santa Catarina State, Brazil, where the method was analyzed and adapted to the organization according to its needs and limitations. The result was the proposition and validation in a company of the set of indicators and performance scales for the evaluation of operational performance, the main objective of this study.