Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка литературы и приложения. В работе рассматривается концепция современных каркасных домов по финской технологии, которая пришла к нам с северных широт американского континента, где они являются самым распространенным вариантом частного жилья. В качестве ключевого доказательства выделяются конструкционные особенности «зеленых домов», которые характеризуются высокими теплоизоляционными качествами с доступной стоимостью и оптимальным сроком возведения. Описываются характерные особенности этапов строительства каркасных домов и уделяется внимание материалу, из которого собираются данные конструкции. Проведен макроэкономический анализ показателей Свердловской области и города Кушва, приведена характеристика города и анализ внешнеэкономического окружения. Предложен проект реализации инвестиционно-строительного проекта каркасного коттеджного поселка, позволяющий удовлетворить потребность жителей города в индивидуальном жилье. В заключении сформулированы основные выводы и результаты диссертационного исследования. / The master's thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and an Appendix. The paper discusses the concept of modern frame houses on the Finnish technology, which came to us from the Northern latitudes of the American continent, where they are the most common option of private housing. The key evidence is the structural features of "green houses", which are characterized by high thermal insulation qualities with affordable cost and optimal construction time. The characteristic features of the stages of construction of frame houses are described and attention is paid to the material from which these structures are collected. The macroeconomic analysis of indicators of the Sverdlovsk region and the city of Kushva is carried out, the characteristic of the city and the analysis of the external economic environment is given. The project of realization of investment and construction project of the frame cottage settlement allowing to satisfy need of inhabitants of the city in individual housing is offered. In conclusion, the main conclusions and results of the dissertation research are formulated.

Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка литературы. В работе рассмотрены теоретические аспекты малоэтажного жилищного строительства с применением энергосберегающих материалов. Произведен анализ внешнего экономического окружения девелоперского проекта. Определены источники финансирования, сформирован бюджет проекта, рассчитаны показатели экономической эффективности проекта. В заключении сформулированы основные выводы и обобщены результаты исследования. / Master's thesis consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusion, list of references. The paper considers the theoretical aspects of low-rise housing using energy-saving materials. The analysis of the external economic environment of the development project is made. Sources of financing have been identified, a project budget has been formed, and indicators of the project's economic efficiency have been calculated. In conclusion, the main conclusions are formulated and the results of the study are summarized.

In this study, the seismic fragility assessment of low-rise and mid-rise reinforced concrete frame buildings which constitute approximately 75 % of the total building stock in Turkey is investigated to quantify the earthquake risk. The inventory used in this study is selected from D&uuml / zce damage database which was compiled after the devastating 1999 earthquakes in the Marmara region. These buildings are not designed according to the current code regulations and the supervision in the construction phase is not adequate. The building database is divided into sub-classes according to the height and absence of infilled walls. Each building in the database is represented by an equivalent single degree of freedom system with three structural parameters: period, strength, and post-elastic stiffness ratio. The ground motion records are selected from different parts of the world covering a wide range of characteristics. The capacity of the structure is represented for each sub-class by the limit states. Hence, a set of fragility curves for low- and mid-rise reinforced concrete structures are developed by making use of the building characteristics in the database. The generated fragility curve set is referred as &ldquo / reference&rdquo / since it forms the basis of a parametric study. A parametric study is conducted to examine the influence of post-elastic stiffness ratio, simulation and sampling techniques, sample size, limit state definition and degrading behavior on the final fragility curves. Estimated damage distribution after two consecutive major earthquakes is compared with the actual field data in order to investigate the validity of the generated fragility curves.

Widespread damage to roofing materials (such as tiles and shingles) for low-rise buildings, even for weaker hurricanes, has raised concerns regarding design load provisions and construction practices. Currently the building codes used for designing low-rise building roofs are mainly based on testing results from building models which generally do not simulate the architectural features of roofing materials that may significantly influence the wind-induced pressures. Full-scale experimentation was conducted under high winds to investigate the effects of architectural details of high profile roof tiles and asphalt shingles on net pressures that are often responsible for damage to these roofing materials. Effects on the vulnerability of roofing materials were also studied. Different roof models with bare, tiled, and shingled roof decks were tested. Pressures acting on both top and bottom surfaces of the roofing materials were measured to understand their effects on the net uplift loading. The area-averaged peak pressure coefficients obtained from bare, tiled, and shingled roof decks were compared. In addition, a set of wind tunnel tests on a tiled roof deck model were conducted to verify the effects of tiles’ cavity internal pressure. Both the full-scale and the wind tunnel test results showed that underside pressure of a roof tile could either aggravate or alleviate wind uplift on the tile based on its orientation on the roof with respect to the wind angle of attack. For shingles, the underside pressure could aggravate wind uplift if the shingle is located near the center of the roof deck. Bare deck modeling to estimate design wind uplift on shingled decks may be acceptable for most locations but not for field locations; it could underestimate the uplift on shingles by 30-60%. In addition, some initial quantification of the effects of roofing materials on wind uplift was performed by studying the wind uplift load ratio for tiled versus bare deck and shingled versus bare deck. Vulnerability curves, with and without considering the effects of tiles’ cavity internal pressure, showed significant differences. Aerodynamic load provisions for low-rise buildings’ roofs and their vulnerability can thus be more accurately evaluated by considering the effects of the roofing materials.

Hurricane is one of the most destructive and costly natural hazard to the built environment and its impact on low-rise buildings, particularity, is beyond acceptable. The major objective of this research was to perform a parametric evaluation of internal pressure (IP) for wind-resistant design of low-rise buildings and wind-driven natural ventilation applications. For this purpose, a multi-scale experimental, i.e. full-scale at Wall of Wind (WoW) and small-scale at Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel (BLWT), and a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach was adopted. This provided new capability to assess wind pressures realistically on internal volumes ranging from small spaces formed between roof tiles and its deck to attic to room partitions. Effects of sudden breaching, existing dominant openings on building envelopes as well as compartmentalization of building interior on the IP were systematically investigated. Results of this research indicated: (i) for sudden breaching of dominant openings, the transient overshooting response was lower than the subsequent steady state peak IP and internal volume correction for low-wind-speed testing facilities was necessary. For example a building without volume correction experienced a response four times faster and exhibited 30-40% lower mean and peak IP; (ii) for existing openings, vent openings uniformly distributed along the roof alleviated, whereas one sided openings aggravated the IP; (iii) larger dominant openings exhibited a higher IP on the building envelope, and an off-center opening on the wall exhibited (30-40%) higher IP than center located openings; (iv) compartmentalization amplified the intensity of IP and; (v) significant underneath pressure was measured for field tiles, warranting its consideration during net pressure evaluations. The study aimed at wind driven natural ventilation indicated: (i) the IP due to cross ventilation was 1.5 to 2.5 times higher for Ainlet/Aoutlet>1 compared to cases where Ainlet/AoutletCFD based IP responses. Comparisons with ASCE 7-10 consistently demonstrated that the code underestimated peak positive and suction IP.

L'objet de la thèse est d'étudier les processus de densification des tissus à dominante pavillonnaire des espaces suburbains et périurbains encore peu étudiés sous l'angle de leurs transformations morphologiques. Nous adoptons pour cela une approche qui relève d'une économie politique de la production urbaine, qui s'attache à étudier de manière conjointe les aspects politiques, économiques, sociaux mais aussi réglementaires et techniques qui peuvent expliquer la matérialité des transformations urbaines observées. A ce titre, nous articulons deux courants de travaux : des travaux d'économie politique territoriale et des travaux d'économie de l'aménagement. Plus précisément, la notion de post-suburbanisation, entendue comme un processus généralisé de développement intensif affectant de manière différenciée les espaces de banlieue et conduisant à une autonomisation progressive de ces banlieues par rapport à la ville centre de l'agglomération, est au centre de notre approche. La post-suburbanisation se distingue de la suburbanisation qui reposait plutôt sur un développement urbain extensif. Elle pose donc la question de la densification des espaces pavillonnaires peu denses hérités de l'ère suburbaine. Mais dans ce processus, toutes les communes ne cherchent pas à se densifier, certaines empêchent délibérément la densification, d'autres cherchent au contraire à la favoriser. Ceci nous amène alors à formuler l'hypothèse centrale de notre travail, à savoir qu'il existe un lien entre la stratégie post-suburbaine d'une commune et la forme de densification privilégiée. Nous avons étudié des processus de densification de tissus à dominante pavillonnaire, dans des contextes entre autres caractérisés par l'existence de politiques locales explicites de densification, dans deux municipalités de la région urbaine de Toronto au Canada(Guelph et Markham) et dans deux municipalités de la région parisienne en France(Magny-les-Hameaux et Noisy-le-Grand). La mise en regard des quatre études de cas fait apparaître deux grands types de processus de densification : les processus de densification douce (Guelph et Magny-les-Hameaux) qui se caractérisent par une densification sans changement de forme urbaine et les processus de densification forte (Markham et Noisy-le-Grand) qui se caractérisent par une modification importante de la forme urbaine pouvant conduire au remplacement de tout ou partie du tissu pavillonnaire préexistant par des immeubles. C'est notre premier résultat. L'analyse fine des processus en contexte et des différentes politiques visant spécifiquement la densification, fait apparaître un second résultat : dans les quatre municipalités, les politiques de densification affichées sont explicitement articulées à une recherche de centralité relative. La forme de la densification observée au sein des tissus à dominante pavillonnaire apparaît alors à la fois comme un moyen et comme un résultat du degré de centralité visé d'une municipalité donnée dans la hiérarchie post-suburbaine. Plus précisément, dans les cas étudiés, des politiques incitatives de densification douce sont mises en œuvre dans les municipalités qui adoptent une stratégie de centralité de portée plutôt locale, ce qui se traduit par une politique de croissance modérée, principalement résidentielle. Tandis que les politiques (incitative ou interventionniste) de densification forte sont l'apanage des municipalités adoptant une stratégie de centralité sub-régionale, ce qui se traduit par des politiques de type entrepreneurial visant à attirer des ménages et des emplois sur leur territoire. Cette recherche montre également que si les processus de densification résultent majoritairement de mécanismes de marché qui s'expriment de façon différente en fonction du contexte urbain et culturel national, les politiques mises en place jouent un rôle important dans la création de ces marchés fonciers et immobiliers (...) / The purpose of this thesis is to analyze densification processes at work in low rise residential spaces of suburban and periurban areas that have rarely been studied in terms of their morphological changes. I adopt an urban political economy approach which is sensitive to the political, economic, social, regulatory and technical aspects of the materiality of the urban transformations observed.The thesis articulates two strands of existing work on territorial political economy and land use planning. The concept of post-suburbanisation, understood as a generalized process of intensive development affecting suburban areas in a differentiated manner and leading to a gradual autonomy of these suburbs in relation to the center of the agglomeration, is at the heart of the approach. As such, it raises the question of the densification of the sparse low rise areas inherited from the suburban era. But in this process, some municipalities are not looking to densify and deliberately obstruct densification, while others are, on the contrary, promoting it. This leads us to come up with our main hypothesis, namely that there is a link between the post-suburban strategy adopted and the privileged way to regulate densification. I study the densification processes in low rise areas in different contexts characterized by the existence of an explicit local policy of densification in two municipalities of the Toronto Region in Canada (Guelph and Markham) and in two municipalities of the Paris-City Region in France (Magny-les-Hameaux and Noisy-le-Grand). The analysis of the four case studies reveals two main types of densification processes: soft densification processes (Guelph and Magny-les-Hameaux) characterized by a densification that does not change the urban form, and hard densification processes (Markham and Noisy-le-Grand), which are characterized by a significant change in the urban form that can lead to the replacement of all or a part of the existing low rise areas by multistory buildings. The in-depth analysis of the densification processes and of the different measures that regulate them shows that, in the four municipalities, the densification policies are explicitly articulated with a search for a relative centrality in the urban region. The nature of the densification observed in the low rise areas appears both as a means and as an outcome of the degree of centrality aimed for by a given municipality within the post-suburban hierarchy. The cases illustrate that incentive-based policies of soft densification are implemented in municipalities that adopt a strategy aiming for local centrality, which leads to a moderate, mainly residential, growth policy. Hard densification policies (that can be incentive-based or interventionist) are the prerogative of municipalities adopting a strategy of sub-regional centrality, which is reflected in entrepreneurial policies aiming at attracting households and jobs to their territory. The research also shows that if the densification processes mainly result from market mechanisms that are expressed differently depending on the national urban and cultural contexts, the implemented public policies play an important role in the creation of these local land and property markets. Finally, we identified four types of local densification policies in the low rise areas. These different types of policies determine in a differentiated manner the nature (the urban forms produced) and the configuration (actors involved, actors affected, distribution of capital gains) of the densification processes

Major portion of hurricane-induced economic loss originates from damages to building structures. The damages on building structures are typically grouped into three main categories: exterior, interior, and contents damage. Although the latter two types of damages, in most cases, cause more than 50% of the total loss, little has been done to investigate the physical damage process and unveil the interdependence of interior damage parameters. Building interior and contents damages are mainly due to wind-driven rain (WDR) intrusion through building envelope defects, breaches, and other functional openings. The limitation of research works and subsequent knowledge gaps, are in most part due to the complexity of damage phenomena during hurricanes and lack of established measurement methodologies to quantify rainwater intrusion. This dissertation focuses on devising methodologies for large-scale experimental simulation of tropical cyclone WDR and measurements of rainwater intrusion to acquire benchmark test-based data for the development of hurricane-induced building interior and contents damage model. Target WDR parameters derived from tropical cyclone rainfall data were used to simulate the WDR characteristics at the Wall of Wind (WOW) facility. The proposed WDR simulation methodology presents detailed procedures for selection of type and number of nozzles formulated based on tropical cyclone WDR study. The simulated WDR was later used to experimentally investigate the mechanisms of rainwater deposition/intrusion in buildings. Test-based dataset of two rainwater intrusion parameters that quantify the distribution of direct impinging raindrops and surface runoff rainwater over building surface — rain admittance factor (RAF) and surface runoff coefficient (SRC), respectively — were developed using common shapes of low-rise buildings. The dataset was applied to a newly formulated WDR estimation model to predict the volume of rainwater ingress through envelope openings such as wall and roof deck breaches and window sill cracks. The validation of the new model using experimental data indicated reasonable estimation of rainwater ingress through envelope defects and breaches during tropical cyclones. The WDR estimation model and experimental dataset of WDR parameters developed in this dissertation work can be used to enhance the prediction capabilities of existing interior damage models such as the Florida Public Hurricane Loss Model (FPHLM).

The appearance of new high-tech houses in the construction market with the functions of a “smart home” is currently gaining great popularity in Russia, which leads to a great demand among the population. The attractiveness of this project is achieved both by new houses, made in a modern style, and by new “smart home” systems, and by the convenient location of the village itself. The purpose of the master's thesis is the calculation of the project with the economic justification. The object of research in this work is the analysis and evaluation of the project for the construction of a cottage settlement in Sysert district of Olkhovka. Such a project may be of the greatest interest to the investor both in terms of attractiveness and timing of implementation, and in terms of guaranteed reimbursement of invested funds. The last factor is very important for the investor, because in the unstable economic situation in the Russian Federation, an increase in the length of the payback period of a newly constructed object may lead to the fact that, due to reasons beyond the control of the developer or investor, the project will not be able to return the invested funds. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study are: the work of foreign and Russian scientists on smart home systems in low-rise construction and on the development of these technologies in the Russian market. As a result of the study, the analysis of the location of the object in a particular area, its economic justification and all financial calculations and implementation dates were made. Also given are all the technical characteristics of the object, its concept and attractiveness. Next, the calculation is carried out according to three financing schemes - 100% of equity, 50% of 50% of equity and banking. Both options showed positive NPV. / Появление на строительном рынке новых современных домов в стиле «Хай-тек» с функциями «умного дома» в настоящее время набирают большую популярность в России, что ведет к большому спросу у населения. Привлекательность данного проекта достигается как новыми домами, сделанные в современном стиле, и новыми системами «умный дом», так и удобным месторасположение самого поселка Целью магистерской диссертации является расчет проекта с экономическим обоснованием. Проведение анализ и оценка проекта строительства коттеджного поселка в Сысертском районе д.Ольховка, который является объектом исследования в данной работе. Подобный проект в настоящее время может представлять наибольший интерес для инвестора как с точки зрения привлекательности и сроков реализации, так и с точки зрения гарантированного возмещения вложенных средств. Последний фактор является весьма важным для инвестора, так как в условиях нестабильной экономической ситуации в Российской Федерации увеличение длительности периода окупаемости вновь возведенного объекта может привести к тому, что в силу причин, не зависящих от девелопера либо инвестора, проект так и не сможет возвратить вложенные средства. Теоретической и методологической основой исследования служат: работы зарубежных и российских ученых, посвященные системам «умный дом» вмалоэтажном строительстве и, проблемам развития данных технологий в условиях российского рынка. В результате исследования произведен анализ локации объекта в определенном районе, его экономическое обоснование и все финансовые расчеты, а также сроки реализации. Также приведены все технические характеристики объекта, его концепция и привлекательность. Далее проводится расчет по трем схемам финансирования – 100% собственного капитала, 50% на 50% собственного капитала и банковского. Оба варианта показали положительные показатели ЧДД.

"The compact forms of housing" is a term with which the Czech interior design yet do not often occur. This concept densely built low-rise residential files yet carries a strong potential not only in matters of mere living, but also offers one of the progressive alternative ways of living environment in general. Examined form of residential buildings is becoming increasingly important especially in specific situations where conventional housing is failing and instead generates other social problems. This thesis is primarily seeking the maximum extent available to document the issue of a compact housing, describe its basic form and point out the historical roots of this typology. The acquired knowledge was then subjected to an in-depth analysis, the output of which is to be the most comprehensive characterization researched the topic and its inclusion in the context of the standard forms of housing. The result is a set of research information, assumptions and typological bases that determine the primary urban, architectural, or social limits of the residential category. This work attempts to take into account the specified topic in the broader context of housing as a basic human need. As a result of findings would be its contribution to the culture scene in our home and create a theoretical material that would become an essential information base for creating compact residential files. The conclusions of this research can be further developed, tested and refined in the educational process at the faculties of architecture or in the practice. The results of research could stimulate interest in this type of housing and contribute to the enrichment of Czech housing scene of a synthetic form, which will form the connecting link between the typological family house and an apartment building. Low-rise housing complexes with a high population density can also create an effective counterbalance to the typical suburban development of part-time family home and offer method, respectively one of the alternative ways to be with this dilapidated urban housing estate deal.

Large-scale testing of low-rise buildings or components of tall buildings is essential as it provides more representative information about the realistic wind effects than the typical small scale studies, but as the model size increases, relatively less large-scale turbulence in the upcoming flow can be generated. This results in a turbulence power spectrum lacking low-frequency turbulence content. This deficiency is known to have significant effects on the estimated peak wind loads. To overcome these limitations, the method of Partial Turbulence Simulation (PTS) has been developed recently in the FIU Wall of Wind lab to analytically compensate for the effects of the missing low-frequency content of the spectrum. This method requires post-test analysis procedures and is based on the quasi-steady assumptions. The current study was an effort to enhance that technique by investigating the effect of scaling and the range of applicability of the method by considering the limitations risen from the underlying theory, and to simplify the 2DPTS (includes both in-plane components of the turbulence) by proposing a weighted average method. Investigating the effect of Reynolds number on peak aerodynamic pressures was another objective of the study. The results from five tested building models show as the model size was increased, PTS results showed a better agreement with the available field data from TTU building. Although for the smaller models (i.e., 1:100,1:50) almost a full range of turbulence spectrum was present, the highest peaks observed at full-scale were not reproduced, which apparently was because of the Reynolds number effect. The most accurate results were obtained when the PTS was used in the case with highest Reynolds number, which was the1:6 scale model with a less than 5% blockage and a xLum/bm ratio of 0.78. Besides that, the results showed that the weighted average PTS method can be used in lieu of the 2DPTS approach. So to achieve the most accurate results, a large-scale test followed by a PTS peak estimation method deemed to be the desirable approach which also allows the xLum/bm values much smaller than the ASCE recommended numbers.