QC 20110616

Syfte: Gävle kommun har som mål att kraftigt minska sitt verksamhetsutsläpp av koldioxid fram till år 2050. Därför satsar kommunen på att använda sig av så miljövänliga material som möjligt med låga koldioxidutsläpp. Ett av de områden där kommunen fokuserar på är val av material till byggnaderna. Inom detta examarbete är det fokus på takmaterial. Nuvarande takmaterialet på Skräddargårdens förskola är betongpannor. En jämförelse mellan betong och tegelpannor kommer att genomföras. Målet är att besvara frågan: Vilken av dessa takpannor bör Gavlefastigheter AB välja på Skräddargårdens förskola Metod: Examarbetet är baserad på varierande metoder. Som metoder användes tex. intervjuer med olika företag, litteraturstudie, datainsamling, beräkningar av takarea och koldioxidutsläpp. Samt granskning av gamla examensarbeten för att samla inspiration och få en djupare förståelse. En livscykelanalys (LCA) inkluderades, eftersom de flesta av artiklar som studerat är baserade på den. För att få fram en ungefärlig area för taket har Autodesk Revit Educational Version använts och för att få en ännu mer exakt beräkning av arean på taket användes programmet Geo Math - GeoGebra. Resultat: Beroende på vad Gavlefastigheter har för budget så kan tegelpannor rekommenderas som det nya byggnadsmaterialet för Skräddargårdens förskola. Kostnaden vid inköp kan variera eftersom både materialen kan vara nyproducerade eller att de återbrukas. Koldioxidutsläppen för tegeltakpannor är betydligt mindre än betongtakpannor, dock är underhållskostnaden mer eftersom tegelpannor behöver mer skötsel.  Slutsatser: Tegelpannor kostar mer än betongpannor men medför mindre utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter. Nackdelarna är att företaget måste lägga ner mer pengar. Samt resurser i jämförelse om de ska använda sig av tegelpannor. Alternativet är att använda sig av återbrukande betong- eller tegelpannor. Avgränsning: Studien är begränsad till endast två olika takpannor, betongpannor samt tegelpannor. Studien tar inte hänsyn till en fördjupning på livscykelanalys. Detta projekt kommer även att behandla en-, tvåkupiga plattor, fokus kommer att ligga på val av plattor beroende på Skräddarens förskolas takvinkel. / Purpose: Gavle municipality has the goal of significantly reducing its carbon dioxide emissions by 2050. Therefore, the municipality is focusing on using materials that are as environmentally friendly as possible, with low carbon dioxide emissions. One area where the municipality is focusing is the choice of materials for buildings, and in this thesis, investigated whether the current roof material at Skräddargårdens preschool can be replaced with more sustainable alternatives. Comparation of concrete tiles and clay tiles, and the goal is to answer the question: 'Which of these roof tiles should Gavlefastigheter AB choose at Skräddargårdens preschool? Method: Methods used are interviews with different companies and roofers, literature studies and to read on old degree projects for a better understanding to achieve the goal. A small part of LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) will be included as most articles are based on it. An approximate roof area has been developed through the Autodesk Revit Educational Version. The program Geo Math - GeoGebra used to clarify the roof area that corresponded to good clear numbers. Findings: Depending on what Gavlefastigheter have for budget, clay tiles can be highly recommended as the new building materials for Skräddargårdens preschool. The cost of purchase can variate because both materials can be new or reused in different ways. The carbon dioxide emissions from clay tiles are significantly less than concrete roof tiles, however, the maintenance cost is more because brick tiles need more maintenance. Clay is more sensitive than concrete and may require more frequent maintenance than concrete, therefore it costs more for maintenance intervals with clay. Conclusions: Clay tiles cost is higher than concrete tiles. The disadvantages may be that the company must invest more economically in comparison if they are to use the material concrete. Thus, in the end, it is not large sums. From an environmental perspective, clay tiles are better compared to concrete tiles if properly cared for, because concrete contains cement and cement is bad for the environment and toxic. An alternative is to use reusable concrete and clay tiles.  Demarcation: The study is limited to only two different roof types, concrete tiles and clay tiles. This study does not consider in life cycle analysis. This project will also treat one-, two-cup tiles, the focus will be on the choice of tiles depending on the preschool roof angle.

This thesis, which comprises of a theoretical and a practical part, deals with possible means of increasing ceramic body frost resistance. The current state of research in the field of ceramic body frost resistance is summarized in the theoretical part. The practical part is divided into two sections. In the first section, the influence of firing temperature (820 °C and 1020 °C) and duration (2, 4 and 6 hours) on frost resistance and several other parameters is assessed by means of experiment, using a specimen of brick body made of mixes currently used in roof tile production by TONDACH Šlapanice and TONDACH Dolní Jirčany factories. In the second section of the practical part, two modifications are introduced of the mixture currently used in roof tile production in the TONDACH Šlapanice factory – GE clay and zeolite supplements were added, the effects of which are verified by means of experiment using specimens fired in a kiln designated for ceramic masonry blocks and alternatively in a kiln used for firing TONDACH Šlapanice roof tiles.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndressaDL.pdf: 2033503 bytes, checksum: bb95c834e7758cc771aaa11779a97e45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTPs) disposal is a problem for any municipality, for this reason the amount of sludge production is now a key issue in selecting treatment methods. It is necessary to investigate new applications for this waste type, due to the restrictions imposed by the environmental organs. The raw materials used in the Red Ceramic, are generally very heterogeneous, for this reason, such materials can tolerate the presence of different types of wastes. In Rio Grande do Norte, the roof tiles production corresponds to 60,61% from the total of ceramic units produced. Due to the importance of the ceramic industry of roof tiles for the state, allied to the environmental problem of the sludge disposal, this work had for objective to verify the possibility of the incorporation of sewage sludge in ceramic body used for production of roof tiles. In the research, sludge originating from drying beds of WTP of the Central Campus from UFRN and clays originating from a ceramic industry from Goianinha/RN were used. The raw materials were characterized by techniques of: analysis of particles distribution by diffraction to laser; real density; consistence limits; chemical analysis by X-ray fluorescence; mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction; organic matter; and solids content. Five batches of roof tiles were manufactured in the approximate dosages of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. To evaluate the properties of each final product, tests of water absorption, impermeability, bending strength, leachability and solubility were accomplished. The roof tiles manufactured with sludge presented characteristics similar to the roof tiles without sludge in relation to the environmental risk. The results showed that it is possible to use approximately up to 4% of sludge in ceramic bodies for production of roof tiles. However, it is observed that the high amount of organic matter (71%) present in the sludge is shown as factor that limits the sludge incorporation in ceramic bodies, worsening the quality of the roof tiles. It is necessary the use of mixtures of different raw materials under point of view of the granulometry and of the other chemical and mineralogical properties for the obtaining of a satisfactory mass to the production of ceramic roof tiles / A disposi??o de lodo de Esta??es de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETEs) ? um problema para qualquer municipalidade, por isso a quantidade de lodo produzido ? hoje um assunto fundamental na sele??o de m?todos de tratamento. Faz-se necess?rio investigar novas aplica??es para esse tipo de res?duo, face ?s restri??es impostas pelos ?rg?os ambientais. As mat?rias-primas utilizadas na Cer?mica Vermelha, em geral, s?o muito heterog?neas, por isso podem tolerar a presen?a de tipos diferentes de res?duos. No Rio Grande do Norte, a produ??o de telhas corresponde a 60,61% do total de pe?as cer?micas produzidas. Dada a import?ncia da ind?stria cer?mica de telhas para o estado, aliada ? problem?tica ambiental da disposi??o de lodo, este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a possibilidade da incorpora??o de lodo de esgotos em massa cer?mica utilizada para fabrica??o de telhas. Foram utilizados na pesquisa lodo proveniente dos leitos de secagem da ETE do Campus Central da UFRN e argilas provenientes de uma ind?stria cer?mica de Goianinha/RN. As mat?rias-primas foram caracterizadas por t?cnicas de: an?lise de distribui??o de part?culas por difra??o ? laser; densidade real; limites de consist?ncia; an?lise qu?mica por fluoresc?ncia de raios X; an?lise mineral?gica por difra??o de raios X; mat?ria org?nica; e teor de s?lidos. Foram fabricados cinco lotes de telhas nas dosagens aproximadas de 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% e 10%. Para avaliar as propriedades de cada produto final, foram realizados ensaios de absor??o de ?gua, impermeabilidade, carga de ruptura ? flex?o, lixivia??o e solubiliza??o. As telhas fabricadas com lodo apresentaram caracter?sticas semelhantes ?s telhas sem lodo no que diz respeito ao risco ambiental. Os resultados mostraram que ? poss?vel utilizar aproximadamente at? 4% de lodo em massas cer?micas para fabrica??o de telhas. Contudo, observa-se que a elevada quantidade de mat?ria org?nica (71%) presente no lodo mostra-se como fator limitante na incorpora??o de lodo em massas cer?micas, comprometendo a qualidade das telhas. Destaca-se a necessidade de utiliza??o de misturas de diferentes mat?rias-primas do ponto de vista granulom?trico e das outras propriedades qu?micas e mineral?gicas para a obten??o de uma massa satisfat?ria ? produ??o de telhas cer?micas

Widespread damage to roofing materials (such as tiles and shingles) for low-rise buildings, even for weaker hurricanes, has raised concerns regarding design load provisions and construction practices. Currently the building codes used for designing low-rise building roofs are mainly based on testing results from building models which generally do not simulate the architectural features of roofing materials that may significantly influence the wind-induced pressures. Full-scale experimentation was conducted under high winds to investigate the effects of architectural details of high profile roof tiles and asphalt shingles on net pressures that are often responsible for damage to these roofing materials. Effects on the vulnerability of roofing materials were also studied. Different roof models with bare, tiled, and shingled roof decks were tested. Pressures acting on both top and bottom surfaces of the roofing materials were measured to understand their effects on the net uplift loading. The area-averaged peak pressure coefficients obtained from bare, tiled, and shingled roof decks were compared. In addition, a set of wind tunnel tests on a tiled roof deck model were conducted to verify the effects of tiles’ cavity internal pressure. Both the full-scale and the wind tunnel test results showed that underside pressure of a roof tile could either aggravate or alleviate wind uplift on the tile based on its orientation on the roof with respect to the wind angle of attack. For shingles, the underside pressure could aggravate wind uplift if the shingle is located near the center of the roof deck. Bare deck modeling to estimate design wind uplift on shingled decks may be acceptable for most locations but not for field locations; it could underestimate the uplift on shingles by 30-60%. In addition, some initial quantification of the effects of roofing materials on wind uplift was performed by studying the wind uplift load ratio for tiled versus bare deck and shingled versus bare deck. Vulnerability curves, with and without considering the effects of tiles’ cavity internal pressure, showed significant differences. Aerodynamic load provisions for low-rise buildings’ roofs and their vulnerability can thus be more accurately evaluated by considering the effects of the roofing materials.

The technology of production of ceramic roof tiles on the basis of low-melting red-burning clay, namely on the basis of clay from the Sadovoye deposit of the Sverdlovsk region, is proposed. Samples of ceramic roof tiles, molded by plastic and semi-dry way, were obtained with properties that meet the requirements of Russian standards and correspond to the quality of Röben ceramic roof tiles. The production technology involves the use of high-speed burning way in the temperature range of 1150–1200 °С. / Предложена технология производства керамической черепицы на основе легкоплавких красножгущихся глин, а именно на основе глины Садового месторождения Свердловской области. Получены образцы керамической черепицы со свойствами удовлетворяющими требования российских стандартов и соответствующих по качеству керамической черепице производства Roben. Водопоглощение таких изделий составляет 6,2–6,9 %, кажущаяся плотность – 2,19–2,31 г/см3, изделия водонепроницаемы более 4 ч и выдерживают морозостойкость более 150 циклов.