This degree project is about sustainable low-cost housing in Ethiopia with a focus on CSSB-technology, which is one method of constructing houses. The project allowed me to visit Ethiopia during seven weeks in 2010, to observe, gather information and to perform tests regarding the specific subject. It is a sub-project to a larger research project initiated in 2002 at Halmstad University in an attempt to introduce low-cost housing technologies for the Kambaata Region in Ethiopia. The aim of the research project has been to develop and test new, sustainable, low-cost building technologies intended for the population, with regard to local traditions, needs and affordability. / Sustainable Low-Cost Housing for the Kambaata region in Ethiopia

South Africa is plagued with a staggering housing backlog (estimated at approximately 2.1 million units at present) due, in part, to the poor planning principles advocated by the Apartheid regime. Concerted efforts were made by the newly elected government since 1994 to provide houses for the urban poor who were previously disadvantaged. As such, a subsidised housing scheme in South Africa was introduced as a method to provide adequate housing to citizens who could not afford to do so themselves. However, despite the construction of approximately 3 million dwellings over the past 19 years, the backlog today is larger than the initial backlog experienced in 1994. Two questions were therefore raised in this research: 1) Whether the current approach to subsidised housing provision is sustainable, given the socio-economic conditions present in South African cities and 2) Which planning principles could be applied with regards to subsidised housing in order to ensure the development of sustainable human settlements. In order to address these issues, research regarding sustainable human settlements, and the South African context in terms of housing provision, was done in the form of a literature review and empirical study. The literature reviewed shed light on (a) urban models, (b) the elements of sustainable human settlements, (c) policies and legislation relating to subsidised housing provision in South Africa and (d) the criticisms against the South African policies and the current method of subsidised housing provision in South Africa. Information gained during the literature review phase was used to compile a set of criteria by which housing provision for the urban poor could be evaluated. This evaluation took the form of an empirical study which consisted of structured questionnaires and interviews, and a comparative analysis of international and local pilot studies. The following subsidised housing projects were scrutinised to establish best practices that may be applied to the South African context: * Bairro Carioca and Taroni Condiminiums in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, * Haram City in October 6 City, Egypt, * Cosmo City, South Africa, * Community Residential Units in Potchefstroom, South Africa, and * Reconstruction and Development Program Units in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Through the critical evaluation of the above mentioned projects, it became clear that the typical South African method of subsidised housing provision, in which beneficiaries receive a loose standing dwelling house on a single erf, is in fact unsustainable, and that this approach is not facilitating the formation of sustainable human settlements. Alternative methods of housing delivery that can be implemented in the South African context were identified and led to the formulation of planning related recommendations in terms of sustainable subsidised housing provision, focussing on (1) increased densities, (2) improved location and (3) providing a range of household types. Mention was also made of non-planning related recommendations such as (4) alternative services delivery, (5) including different forms of tenure and (6) increasing financial responsibility. / MArt et Scien (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

South Africa is plagued with a staggering housing backlog (estimated at approximately 2.1 million units at present) due, in part, to the poor planning principles advocated by the Apartheid regime. Concerted efforts were made by the newly elected government since 1994 to provide houses for the urban poor who were previously disadvantaged. As such, a subsidised housing scheme in South Africa was introduced as a method to provide adequate housing to citizens who could not afford to do so themselves. However, despite the construction of approximately 3 million dwellings over the past 19 years, the backlog today is larger than the initial backlog experienced in 1994. Two questions were therefore raised in this research: 1) Whether the current approach to subsidised housing provision is sustainable, given the socio-economic conditions present in South African cities and 2) Which planning principles could be applied with regards to subsidised housing in order to ensure the development of sustainable human settlements. In order to address these issues, research regarding sustainable human settlements, and the South African context in terms of housing provision, was done in the form of a literature review and empirical study. The literature reviewed shed light on (a) urban models, (b) the elements of sustainable human settlements, (c) policies and legislation relating to subsidised housing provision in South Africa and (d) the criticisms against the South African policies and the current method of subsidised housing provision in South Africa. Information gained during the literature review phase was used to compile a set of criteria by which housing provision for the urban poor could be evaluated. This evaluation took the form of an empirical study which consisted of structured questionnaires and interviews, and a comparative analysis of international and local pilot studies. The following subsidised housing projects were scrutinised to establish best practices that may be applied to the South African context: * Bairro Carioca and Taroni Condiminiums in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, * Haram City in October 6 City, Egypt, * Cosmo City, South Africa, * Community Residential Units in Potchefstroom, South Africa, and * Reconstruction and Development Program Units in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Through the critical evaluation of the above mentioned projects, it became clear that the typical South African method of subsidised housing provision, in which beneficiaries receive a loose standing dwelling house on a single erf, is in fact unsustainable, and that this approach is not facilitating the formation of sustainable human settlements. Alternative methods of housing delivery that can be implemented in the South African context were identified and led to the formulation of planning related recommendations in terms of sustainable subsidised housing provision, focussing on (1) increased densities, (2) improved location and (3) providing a range of household types. Mention was also made of non-planning related recommendations such as (4) alternative services delivery, (5) including different forms of tenure and (6) increasing financial responsibility. / MArt et Scien (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

A good product does not guarantee its successful adoption. This can be seen in a project in rural Ethiopia, in which a new type of house provides great advantages over current housing alternatives. This thesis, which focuses on the Sustainable Rural Dwelling Unit project in Ethiopia, aims to contribute knowledge about how to implement rural-housing innovations successfully. Interviews with the project’s stakeholders show that although a construction concept is a genuine breakthrough, its diffusion process may stumble. Successful diffusion of a housing innovation appears to depend on wider factors. Two success factors identified here are: (1) to analyse the innovation’s attributes, and (2) to analyse the interests of stakeholders. Furthermore, these successful practices are possible with analysis tools that are exemplified in the thesis. The needs for clear communication among stakeholders, and for identifying contradictory implementation strategies, were identified to be important elements for successful innovation diffusion. Another conclusion of this thesis is that the studied project both has great potential for future rural housing in Ethiopia and is relevant for other developing countries where there is a need for durable, higher-standard, low-cost housing.

Human vulnerability can be characterized as people living with uncertain livelihood options, precariously settled in structurally unsafe buildings. A striking aspect of this vulnerability is the large number of people living in earthen structures within seismically active zones. This reality is exemplified by the earthquake which occurred this past summer around Pisco, Peru. The earthquake caused enormous damage to more than 80% of the adobe buildings. Although confined masonry is the preferred construction technique for families who can afford it, adobe is still the only economically viable alternative for most. Presently reconstruction efforts are focused on encouraging residents to build with reinforced masonry, but the reality is that once these volunteers leave, or their funding runs out, people living in these areas will not be able to afford to continue with these enhanced types of construction. The goal then, is to come up with a hybrid of earthen construction found in the area that incorporates what is known of structural reinforcement with found or recycled objects that can contribute to improved tensile strength. This hybrid will allow for the rebuilding of Pisco at an affordable, yet highly stable level. This thesis will begin by visiting Pisco to conduct forensic studies of structural failures with documentation of physical observations and discussions with local institutions that have researched the crisis. Interviews with residents will also give insight into the events and building failures due to earthquakes as well as local construction methods. Readily available resources will be incorporated into the project in a way that should improve seismic resistance. Throughout this process research will be done on current seismic engineering discoveries in conjunction with indigenous approaches to earthen construction in comparable areas around the world. The possible construction approaches will be tested in collaboration with local Universities’ Seismic testing facilities. Once established, this hybrid earthen construction technique will be applied to one of several different building typologies (housing, schools, churches, etc). The end result will be the creation of a building design that establishes an appropriate reconstruction method at an economic level that will reduce the inhabitants’ susceptibility to future seismic disasters.

Thesis (M.A. (Dev. Studies)) --University of Limpopo, 2007 / This study analyzes challenges facing housing programmes, predominantly low cost housing projects. An assessment of the Nobody Mothapo low cost housing project in the Polokwane Municipality was done. The officials of the Department of Local Government and Housing, Polokwane Municipality, and beneficiaries of the Nobody Mothapo project participated in the study. The sample consisted of 43 participants with different characteristics. Group discussions were conducted during the data collection process. The findings of this study are that government is attempting to fulfill its obligations by providing shelter to the needy people although there are negative effects hampering the implementation process. The slow housing delivery process and poor quality houses are negatively affecting homeless people. Human settlements are still established without the necessary infrastructure such as electricity, roads and other social amenities. In this study the challenges facing this housing delivery process are discussed. Recommendations are made regarding the role of government. Consumer education is emphasized to enhance community participation in their development and adherence to project management principles in the planning and implementation of low cost housing projects. / Not listed

The forecasted proportions of urban population to total population in Malaysia are steadily increasing from 26% in 1965 to 70% in 2020. Therefore, there is a need to fully appreciate the legacy of the urbanization of Malaysia by providing affordable housing. The main aim of this study is to focus on developing a model to forecast the demand of low cost housing in urban areas. The study is focused on eight states in Peninsular Malaysia, as most of these states are among the areas predicted to have achieved the highest urbanization level in the country. The states are Kedah, Penang, Perlis, Kelantan, Terengganu, Perak, Pahang and Johor. Monthly time-series data for six to eight years of nine indicators including: population growth; birth rate; child mortality rate; unemployment rate; household income rate; inflation rate; GDP; poverty rate and housing stocks have been used to forecast the demand on low cost housing using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach. The data is collected from the Department of Malaysian Statistics, the Ministry of Housing and the Housing Department of the State Secretary. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method has been adopted to analyze the data using SPSS 18.0 package. The performance of the Neural Network is evaluated using R squared (R2) and the accuracy of the model is measured using the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Lastly, a user friendly interface is developed using Visual Basic. From the results, it was found that the best Neural Network to forecast the demand on low cost housing in Kedah is 2-16-1, Pahang 2-15-1, Kelantan 2-25-1, Terengganu 2-30-1, Perlis 3-5-1, Pulau Pinang 3-7-1, Johor 3-38-1 and Perak 3-24-1. In conclusion, the evaluation performance of the model through the MAPE value shows that the NN model can forecast the low-cost housing demand very good in Pulau Pinang, Johor, Pahang and Kelantan, where else good in Kedah and Terengganu while in Perlis and Perak it is not accurate due to the lack of data. The study has successfully developed a user friendly interface to retrieve and view all the data easily.

Recentemente foram aprovadas normas para requisitos e critérios de desempenho térmico de habitações de interesse social. Estas normas são importantes para a melhoria do desempenho térmico dessas habitações no Brasil. No entanto, a abordagem adotada é geral no que diz respeito às regiões bioclimáticas brasileiras e a análise é feita para sistemas da edificação (aberturas, paredes, cobertura) isoladamente, o que pode não expressar o comportamento térmico para determinadas condições climáticas. O presente estudo apresenta uma proposta de método de avaliação de desempenho higrotérmico de habitações térreas unifamiliares de interesse social para condições climáticas de Porto Alegre, RS, que visa à avaliação global da edificação através de requisitos e critérios que complementam aqueles propostos pelas normas e que sejam de fácil aplicação pelos envolvidos no processo de produção de habitações de interesse social. Considera-se a possibilidade de condensação sobre superfícies internas da edificação, coeficientes volumétricos globais de perda e ganho de calor através de sua envolvente, inércia térmica, entre outros, obtidos da literatura e da análise de quatro habitações construídas em Porto Alegre, duas submetidas a medições in loco e duas consideradas como referência para habitação de interesse social para as condições econômicas e culturais do público-alvo, segundo agentes ligados ao setor em Porto Alegre. O método foi submetido à opinião de agentes, envolvidos com o financiamento, projeto, execução, fiscalização e avaliação de habitações de interesse social em Porto Alegre, e a especialistas da área de conforto térmico atuando em instituições de ensino e pesquisa nacionais. São indicados três graus de qualidade que podem ser atingidos pelas habitações, de acordo com a disponibilidade de recursos para a construção da habitação. O método pode ser uma ferramenta auxiliar na tomada de decisão no processo de projeto, aprovação e avaliação de habitações de interesse social pelos agentes públicos ligados ao setor. / Recently, low cost housing thermal performance standards were developed and approved in Brazil. These standards establish requirements and criteria that low cost housing must satisfy. However, the approach used generally deals with climatic conditions and the evaluation is based on analysis of individual components. This approach cannot express the real thermal behaviour of housing. This study presents a thermal performance evaluation method for low cost single-family one-floor housing considering the climatic conditions of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The method aims toward a global evaluation of housing through requirements and criteria that complement the standards approved recently and it considers mathematical procedures that can be easily applied by government agents involved in this task. Inner surface condensation, global flow heat coefficients, thermal inertia, among others, obtained from literature, are proposed. Four low cost houses built in Porto Alegre, considered to be references according to social and economic local reality, were evaluated through the method. Government agents involved in the project, design, financing, building, overseeing and evaluation of low cost housing in Porto Alegre and experts from research institutes in Brazil also gave their opinions of the method. Three degrees of performance for housing, in accordance with availability of government resources, are defined. The method can be used as an evaluation of possible solutions, thereby aiding decision makers.

Recentemente foram aprovadas normas para requisitos e critérios de desempenho térmico de habitações de interesse social. Estas normas são importantes para a melhoria do desempenho térmico dessas habitações no Brasil. No entanto, a abordagem adotada é geral no que diz respeito às regiões bioclimáticas brasileiras e a análise é feita para sistemas da edificação (aberturas, paredes, cobertura) isoladamente, o que pode não expressar o comportamento térmico para determinadas condições climáticas. O presente estudo apresenta uma proposta de método de avaliação de desempenho higrotérmico de habitações térreas unifamiliares de interesse social para condições climáticas de Porto Alegre, RS, que visa à avaliação global da edificação através de requisitos e critérios que complementam aqueles propostos pelas normas e que sejam de fácil aplicação pelos envolvidos no processo de produção de habitações de interesse social. Considera-se a possibilidade de condensação sobre superfícies internas da edificação, coeficientes volumétricos globais de perda e ganho de calor através de sua envolvente, inércia térmica, entre outros, obtidos da literatura e da análise de quatro habitações construídas em Porto Alegre, duas submetidas a medições in loco e duas consideradas como referência para habitação de interesse social para as condições econômicas e culturais do público-alvo, segundo agentes ligados ao setor em Porto Alegre. O método foi submetido à opinião de agentes, envolvidos com o financiamento, projeto, execução, fiscalização e avaliação de habitações de interesse social em Porto Alegre, e a especialistas da área de conforto térmico atuando em instituições de ensino e pesquisa nacionais. São indicados três graus de qualidade que podem ser atingidos pelas habitações, de acordo com a disponibilidade de recursos para a construção da habitação. O método pode ser uma ferramenta auxiliar na tomada de decisão no processo de projeto, aprovação e avaliação de habitações de interesse social pelos agentes públicos ligados ao setor. / Recently, low cost housing thermal performance standards were developed and approved in Brazil. These standards establish requirements and criteria that low cost housing must satisfy. However, the approach used generally deals with climatic conditions and the evaluation is based on analysis of individual components. This approach cannot express the real thermal behaviour of housing. This study presents a thermal performance evaluation method for low cost single-family one-floor housing considering the climatic conditions of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The method aims toward a global evaluation of housing through requirements and criteria that complement the standards approved recently and it considers mathematical procedures that can be easily applied by government agents involved in this task. Inner surface condensation, global flow heat coefficients, thermal inertia, among others, obtained from literature, are proposed. Four low cost houses built in Porto Alegre, considered to be references according to social and economic local reality, were evaluated through the method. Government agents involved in the project, design, financing, building, overseeing and evaluation of low cost housing in Porto Alegre and experts from research institutes in Brazil also gave their opinions of the method. Three degrees of performance for housing, in accordance with availability of government resources, are defined. The method can be used as an evaluation of possible solutions, thereby aiding decision makers.

Recentemente foram aprovadas normas para requisitos e critérios de desempenho térmico de habitações de interesse social. Estas normas são importantes para a melhoria do desempenho térmico dessas habitações no Brasil. No entanto, a abordagem adotada é geral no que diz respeito às regiões bioclimáticas brasileiras e a análise é feita para sistemas da edificação (aberturas, paredes, cobertura) isoladamente, o que pode não expressar o comportamento térmico para determinadas condições climáticas. O presente estudo apresenta uma proposta de método de avaliação de desempenho higrotérmico de habitações térreas unifamiliares de interesse social para condições climáticas de Porto Alegre, RS, que visa à avaliação global da edificação através de requisitos e critérios que complementam aqueles propostos pelas normas e que sejam de fácil aplicação pelos envolvidos no processo de produção de habitações de interesse social. Considera-se a possibilidade de condensação sobre superfícies internas da edificação, coeficientes volumétricos globais de perda e ganho de calor através de sua envolvente, inércia térmica, entre outros, obtidos da literatura e da análise de quatro habitações construídas em Porto Alegre, duas submetidas a medições in loco e duas consideradas como referência para habitação de interesse social para as condições econômicas e culturais do público-alvo, segundo agentes ligados ao setor em Porto Alegre. O método foi submetido à opinião de agentes, envolvidos com o financiamento, projeto, execução, fiscalização e avaliação de habitações de interesse social em Porto Alegre, e a especialistas da área de conforto térmico atuando em instituições de ensino e pesquisa nacionais. São indicados três graus de qualidade que podem ser atingidos pelas habitações, de acordo com a disponibilidade de recursos para a construção da habitação. O método pode ser uma ferramenta auxiliar na tomada de decisão no processo de projeto, aprovação e avaliação de habitações de interesse social pelos agentes públicos ligados ao setor. / Recently, low cost housing thermal performance standards were developed and approved in Brazil. These standards establish requirements and criteria that low cost housing must satisfy. However, the approach used generally deals with climatic conditions and the evaluation is based on analysis of individual components. This approach cannot express the real thermal behaviour of housing. This study presents a thermal performance evaluation method for low cost single-family one-floor housing considering the climatic conditions of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The method aims toward a global evaluation of housing through requirements and criteria that complement the standards approved recently and it considers mathematical procedures that can be easily applied by government agents involved in this task. Inner surface condensation, global flow heat coefficients, thermal inertia, among others, obtained from literature, are proposed. Four low cost houses built in Porto Alegre, considered to be references according to social and economic local reality, were evaluated through the method. Government agents involved in the project, design, financing, building, overseeing and evaluation of low cost housing in Porto Alegre and experts from research institutes in Brazil also gave their opinions of the method. Three degrees of performance for housing, in accordance with availability of government resources, are defined. The method can be used as an evaluation of possible solutions, thereby aiding decision makers.