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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Mzansi rekening, as Eerste Orde Nasionale rekening, is gesamentlik deur die “Groot 4” banke geloods, spesifiek met die oog daarop om toegang tot groter finansiële dienste te bewerkstellig in lyn met die Finansiële Dienste Handves. Hierdie navorsingsverslag ondersoek die sukses van die Mzansi rekening in terme van die verbetering van toegang tot finansiële dienste en die verwesinliking van Prahalad se visie van die Fortuin aan die onderkant van die piramide of die sogenaamde Base of the Pyramid (BoP). Die studie is gedoen deur onderhoude te voer met industrie-kenners wat nou betrokke was met die loods van die Mzansi rekening, asook deur ’n oorsig te doen van ’n verslag van die onlangse kommisie van ondersoek oor kompetisie in die bankwese in Suid Afrika. Die Mzansi rekening is inderdaad suksesvol daarin om toegang tot finansiële dienste vir alle Suid Afrikaners beskikbaar te maak, maar dit is steeds nie winsgewend vir die banke nie. Die Mzansi rekening is dus nie in lyn met Prahalad se visie van die BoP nie. Die winsgewendheid van die rekening in die toekoms hang af van die graad van aanvaarding van armes van meer doeltreffende elektroniese transaksies. Tot op datum wil dit voorkom asof Prahalad se gevoel dat die armes gevorderde tegnologie maklik aanvaar nie in die bank sektor in Suid Afrika geld nie. ’n Toenemende fokus op gebruik eerder as toegang en ’n beter belyning met Prahalad se twaalf beginsels van innovasie by die BoP mag egter wel beter wins vir die banke inhou. Selfs al sou winste nie materialiseer nie, is dit steeds voordelig vir banke wat bereid is om te eksperimenteer en te leer van die Mzansi ervaring. Die Mzansi rekening mag dalk die katalis wees vir nuwe en verbeterde produkte wat suksesvol sal wees in die BOP mark. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Mzansi account, as a First Order National Bank Account, was jointly launched by the Big 4 Banks (ABSA, FNB, Nedbank and Standard Bank) specifically to increase access to financial services in line with the requirements of the Financial Sector Charter (FSC). This study explores the success of the Mzansi account with regard to improving access to financial services and achieving Prahalad’s vision of a Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP). The study was conducted by interviewing industry experts who were intimately involved in the launch of the Mzansi account and reviewing the transcripts of the recent commission of enquiry into the competition of banking in South Africa. The Mzansi account has been successful in increasing financial access for all South Africans but has not proved to be profitable for the banks. The Mzansi bank account therefore does not support Prahalad’s vision that there is a fortune at the base of the pyramid. The future profitability of the account is dependent on the acceptance of the poor of more efficient electronic transacting. To date it would seem that Prahalad’s notion that the poor accept advanced technology readily does not apply within the banking sector of South Africa. An increased focus on usage as apposed to access and a better alignment to Prahalad’s twelve principles of innovation at the BoP may well bring increased profits for the banks. Even if profits don’t materialise, for those banks willing to experiment and learn from the Mzansi experience. The Mzansi account may well be a catalyst for new and/or improved products that will be successful in the BoP market.

低成本航空公司近年來在航空市場掀起一股風潮，某些低成本航空公司的營運績效甚至威脅到同一競爭市場中的傳統航空公司，例如美國的西南航空公司(Southwest Airlines)、馬來西亞的亞洲航空公司(Air Asia)；另一方面，亦有新興的航空公司採行低成本航空之營運模式，卻於營運不到幾年後就因經營不善而必須宣告破產或倒閉，例如加拿大的祖恩(ZOOM)航空、香港的甘泉航空。到底航空公司的營運模式該採行低成本航空公司之模式較佳？維持傳統航空公司之操作方式較優？還是另有其他模式尚待開發？本文中亦將介紹現行航空公司操作方式中一塊較少為學術界及商業界討論的模式－包機航空公司，並將以上述三種經營模式進行比較。 針對傳統航空公司、低成本航空公司以及專業包機航空公司營運模式之研究方法，文中將先以鑽石理論模型之競爭因素，配合SWOT策略分析，對應航空公司之競爭條件作介紹；並針對成本領導策略、差異化策略、集中化策略對航空業不同之營運模式加以討論，希望歸納出在航空公司本身所能具備的條件之下，所應採行之較佳營運模式。 最後，將以本國航空公司現有之條件，針對其可採取的經營策略加以建議，以期台灣的航空產業，除了在兩岸定期航班即將開展所帶來的商機之外，亦能因採行正確的營運模式，在未來的航空產業發展中持續蓬勃興盛。 / Low-cost carrier in recent years in the aviation market set off a wave. Some low-cost airlines even threat the conventional airlines in the market, such as Southwest Airlines in the United States, Air Asia in Malaysia. On the other hand, some low-cost carriers went bankruptcy due to poor management, such as Zoom Airlines in Canada, and Oasis Hong Kong Airlines. A natural question arises: which type of business model, low-cost carrier, conventional carrier or chartered carrier, should airline operations adopt, low-cost carrier? This study applies Porter's (1990) ``Diamond`` analysis, together with SWOT analysis, to the aforementioned question. The research identifies the corresponding competitive conditions and strategies for each business model. This gives important implications for the aviation business in Taiwan.

O trabalho realizado nesta tese esteve apoiado em dois objetivos principais. O primeiro centrado na otimização das etapas e processos de fabricação de células solares de silício de alto rendimento envolvendo redução de custos. O segundo objetivo foi direcionado na implementação de células solares eficientes e não dependentes do armadilhamento de impurezas através da difusão de alumínio. Para levar a cabo estes objetivos de forma planejada, o trabalho dividiu-se em otimizações teóricas e implementações experimentais. As otimizações teóricas foram realizadas utilizando dois programas: um programa desenvolvido (simulacell.pas) e implementado no próprio LME (versão 2), e o outro adquirido comercialmente, PC1D. De acordo com os resultados obtidos em estruturas completas n+p e n++n+p foi possível concluir que tanto as estruturas formadas através de emissores homogêneos como as obtidas utilizando emissores duplamente difundidos permitem alcançar eficiências elevadas, 25,5% a 26,0%, respectivamente, em um amplo intervalo de espessuras e concentrações superficiais de dopantes. No que tange aos desenvolvimentos experimentais, este trabalho se inicia com o desenvolvimento de um processo simplificado de baixo custo, em células solares de silício Cz de baixa resistividade com estrutura n+pp+, tipo \"mesa\". Este processo simplificado também está baseado na difusão de fósforo e alumínio (P/Al), utilizando gases industriais e reagentes químicos de grau \"para análise\", como uma transposição do processo de fabricação anteriormente desenvolvido no LME-EPUSP em substratos de silício FZ utilizando tecnologia planar. A célula solar mais representativa do processo implementado, A-16-1, permitiu atingir eficiências no entorno de 17%. As implementações experimentais visaram inicialmente o desenvolvimento de um procedimento visando à qualificação de materiais de partida (silício), utilizando a técnica de decaimento fotocondutivo (PCD) através de dois procedimentos de passivação de superfícies; oxidações térmicas e difusões suaves de fósforo. Posteriormente, utilizando o sistema PCD, novas otimizações dos emissores de tipo n+ homogêneos e regiões de tipo p foram realizadas, seguidos por oxidações térmicas passivadoras hidrogenadas, preservando-se o tempo de vida do volume em valores elevados (aproximadamente 1ms, após a realização de todas as etapas térmicas). Estes resultados qualificam o silício e os materiais de consumo utilizados, assim como, o novo processo de fabricação desenvolvido. Esta técnica também permitiu qualificar os emissores com perfil Gaussianos processados, atingindo valores da ordem de 45fA/cm2 para densidades de recombinação em estruturas n+pn+. Desenvolveram-se também estruturas n+p em materiais Cz de baixa resistividade 2-3W.cm de dois diferentes fabricantes, e silício FZ com 0,5W.cm. Pôde ser comprovada a qualidade das etapas que compõem o processo completo otimizado tendo-se obtido tensões de circuito aberto-implícitas de 652,4mV (Si-Cz fabricante 1) e 662,6mV (Si-Cz fabricante 2), e 670,8mV (FZ). De acordo com simulações realizadas utilizando parâmetros habituais de dispositivos do próprio LME, estas tensões, quando associadas a um conjunto óptico frontal típico das células solares de alto rendimento do LME (texturização química aleatória e filme de SiO2), permitirão atingir valores entre 19% - 20%. Entretanto, utilizando texturização e camada dupla torna-se plausível atingir o marco de 21% de rendimento, ultrapassando assim a barreira dos 17% (recorde nacional), e comprovando a potencialidade da infra-estrutura deste laboratório para o desenvolvimento de células solares não dependentes do efeito do armadilhamento de impurezas através da difusão de alumínio. / The work developed at this thesis has been based on two main objectives. First, it was focused on the optimization of the steps and processes for the fabrication of high efficiency solar cells, reducing production costs. The latter objective was directed to develop solar cells that were efficient and non-dependent on impurities gettering performed through the aluminum diffusion. In order to attend the planned objectives the work was divided into the theoretical objectives and experimental developments. The theoretical optimizations were performed using two different program codes: one was developed at LME (simulacell.pas), being upgraded afterwards (version 2); and the other was acquired commercially, the PC1D. According to the obtained results in complete structures n+p and n++n+p, it was possible to conclude that the homogeneous and double diffused emitter structures can provide high efficiencies, from 25,5% to 26,0%, respectively, for a wide range of thicknesses and surface doping levels. Concerning the experimental developments, this work starts with a low cost simplified process, using Cz silicon solar cells with low base resistivity and the structure n+pp+, \"mesa\" type. This simplified process was also based on the phosphorus/ aluminum diffusion (P/Al), using industrial gases and for analysis grade chemical reagents, as a fabrication process transposition of the process previously developed at LME-EPUSP using silicon substrates with planar technology. The most representative solar cells of the implemented process, A-16-1, provided about a 17% efficiency. The experimental implementations aimed the development of procedure for starting material (silicon) qualification, by using the photoconductive decay technique (PCD) with two surface passivation procedures: thermal oxidation and light phosphorus diffusion. Later, using PCD system, new optimizations of n+ homogeneous emitters and p-type region were performed, followed by passivating thermal oxidations with hydrogenation, maintaining the volume lifetime at high values (approximately 1ms, after each thermal step). These results qualified the used silicon and the consumer materials, as well the new fabrication process developed. This technique has also allowed qualifying the processed Gaussian profile emitters, providing values about 45fA/cm2 for the recombination current density in n+pp+ structures. N+p structures were also developed using Cz silicon with low resistivity 2- 3W.cm of two different manufacturers and FZ with 0.5W.cm. It could be proved the quality of the steps of a complete optimized process resulting implicit open circuit voltages of 652.4mV (Cz silicon - manufacturer type 1), 662.6mV (Cz silicon - manufacturer type 2), and 670.8mV (FZ silicon). According to the theoretical simulations performed using the usual parameters of devices processed at LME (random chemical texturization and SiO2 film), efficiencies between 19%-20% can be reached. However, using a random texturization and a double layer anti-reflection system, a 21% efficiency becomes possible, surpassing the 17% barrier (national record), and proving the potentiality of this laboratory facility for the development of solar cells non-dependent on impurity gettering through the aluminum diffusion.

O trabalho realizado nesta tese esteve apoiado em dois objetivos principais. O primeiro centrado na otimização das etapas e processos de fabricação de células solares de silício de alto rendimento envolvendo redução de custos. O segundo objetivo foi direcionado na implementação de células solares eficientes e não dependentes do armadilhamento de impurezas através da difusão de alumínio. Para levar a cabo estes objetivos de forma planejada, o trabalho dividiu-se em otimizações teóricas e implementações experimentais. As otimizações teóricas foram realizadas utilizando dois programas: um programa desenvolvido (simulacell.pas) e implementado no próprio LME (versão 2), e o outro adquirido comercialmente, PC1D. De acordo com os resultados obtidos em estruturas completas n+p e n++n+p foi possível concluir que tanto as estruturas formadas através de emissores homogêneos como as obtidas utilizando emissores duplamente difundidos permitem alcançar eficiências elevadas, 25,5% a 26,0%, respectivamente, em um amplo intervalo de espessuras e concentrações superficiais de dopantes. No que tange aos desenvolvimentos experimentais, este trabalho se inicia com o desenvolvimento de um processo simplificado de baixo custo, em células solares de silício Cz de baixa resistividade com estrutura n+pp+, tipo \"mesa\". Este processo simplificado também está baseado na difusão de fósforo e alumínio (P/Al), utilizando gases industriais e reagentes químicos de grau \"para análise\", como uma transposição do processo de fabricação anteriormente desenvolvido no LME-EPUSP em substratos de silício FZ utilizando tecnologia planar. A célula solar mais representativa do processo implementado, A-16-1, permitiu atingir eficiências no entorno de 17%. As implementações experimentais visaram inicialmente o desenvolvimento de um procedimento visando à qualificação de materiais de partida (silício), utilizando a técnica de decaimento fotocondutivo (PCD) através de dois procedimentos de passivação de superfícies; oxidações térmicas e difusões suaves de fósforo. Posteriormente, utilizando o sistema PCD, novas otimizações dos emissores de tipo n+ homogêneos e regiões de tipo p foram realizadas, seguidos por oxidações térmicas passivadoras hidrogenadas, preservando-se o tempo de vida do volume em valores elevados (aproximadamente 1ms, após a realização de todas as etapas térmicas). Estes resultados qualificam o silício e os materiais de consumo utilizados, assim como, o novo processo de fabricação desenvolvido. Esta técnica também permitiu qualificar os emissores com perfil Gaussianos processados, atingindo valores da ordem de 45fA/cm2 para densidades de recombinação em estruturas n+pn+. Desenvolveram-se também estruturas n+p em materiais Cz de baixa resistividade 2-3W.cm de dois diferentes fabricantes, e silício FZ com 0,5W.cm. Pôde ser comprovada a qualidade das etapas que compõem o processo completo otimizado tendo-se obtido tensões de circuito aberto-implícitas de 652,4mV (Si-Cz fabricante 1) e 662,6mV (Si-Cz fabricante 2), e 670,8mV (FZ). De acordo com simulações realizadas utilizando parâmetros habituais de dispositivos do próprio LME, estas tensões, quando associadas a um conjunto óptico frontal típico das células solares de alto rendimento do LME (texturização química aleatória e filme de SiO2), permitirão atingir valores entre 19% - 20%. Entretanto, utilizando texturização e camada dupla torna-se plausível atingir o marco de 21% de rendimento, ultrapassando assim a barreira dos 17% (recorde nacional), e comprovando a potencialidade da infra-estrutura deste laboratório para o desenvolvimento de células solares não dependentes do efeito do armadilhamento de impurezas através da difusão de alumínio. / The work developed at this thesis has been based on two main objectives. First, it was focused on the optimization of the steps and processes for the fabrication of high efficiency solar cells, reducing production costs. The latter objective was directed to develop solar cells that were efficient and non-dependent on impurities gettering performed through the aluminum diffusion. In order to attend the planned objectives the work was divided into the theoretical objectives and experimental developments. The theoretical optimizations were performed using two different program codes: one was developed at LME (simulacell.pas), being upgraded afterwards (version 2); and the other was acquired commercially, the PC1D. According to the obtained results in complete structures n+p and n++n+p, it was possible to conclude that the homogeneous and double diffused emitter structures can provide high efficiencies, from 25,5% to 26,0%, respectively, for a wide range of thicknesses and surface doping levels. Concerning the experimental developments, this work starts with a low cost simplified process, using Cz silicon solar cells with low base resistivity and the structure n+pp+, \"mesa\" type. This simplified process was also based on the phosphorus/ aluminum diffusion (P/Al), using industrial gases and for analysis grade chemical reagents, as a fabrication process transposition of the process previously developed at LME-EPUSP using silicon substrates with planar technology. The most representative solar cells of the implemented process, A-16-1, provided about a 17% efficiency. The experimental implementations aimed the development of procedure for starting material (silicon) qualification, by using the photoconductive decay technique (PCD) with two surface passivation procedures: thermal oxidation and light phosphorus diffusion. Later, using PCD system, new optimizations of n+ homogeneous emitters and p-type region were performed, followed by passivating thermal oxidations with hydrogenation, maintaining the volume lifetime at high values (approximately 1ms, after each thermal step). These results qualified the used silicon and the consumer materials, as well the new fabrication process developed. This technique has also allowed qualifying the processed Gaussian profile emitters, providing values about 45fA/cm2 for the recombination current density in n+pp+ structures. N+p structures were also developed using Cz silicon with low resistivity 2- 3W.cm of two different manufacturers and FZ with 0.5W.cm. It could be proved the quality of the steps of a complete optimized process resulting implicit open circuit voltages of 652.4mV (Cz silicon - manufacturer type 1), 662.6mV (Cz silicon - manufacturer type 2), and 670.8mV (FZ silicon). According to the theoretical simulations performed using the usual parameters of devices processed at LME (random chemical texturization and SiO2 film), efficiencies between 19%-20% can be reached. However, using a random texturization and a double layer anti-reflection system, a 21% efficiency becomes possible, surpassing the 17% barrier (national record), and proving the potentiality of this laboratory facility for the development of solar cells non-dependent on impurity gettering through the aluminum diffusion.

L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi consisteix a estudiar la factibilitat d'implementar un sensor càmera CNN amb plena funcionalitat basat en FPGA de baix cost adequat per a aplicacions en robots mòbils. L'estudi dels fonaments de les xarxes cel•lulars no lineals (CNNs) i la seva aplicació eficaç en matrius de portes programables (FPGAs) s'ha complementat, d'una banda amb el paral•lelisme que s'estableix entre arquitectura multi-nucli de les CNNs i els eixams de robots mòbils, i per l'altre banda amb la correlació dinàmica de CNNs i arquitectures memristive. A més, els memristors es consideren els substituts dels futurs dispositius de memòria flash per la seva capacitat d'integració d'alta densitat i el seu consum d'energia prop de zero. En el nostre cas, hem estat interessats en el desenvolupament d’FPGAs que han deixat de ser simples dispositius per a la creació ràpida de prototips ASIC per esdevenir complets dispositius reconfigurables amb integració de la memòria i els elements de processament general. En particular, s'han explorat com les arquitectures implementades CNN en FPGAs poden ser optimitzades en termes d’àrea ocupada en el dispositiu i el seu consum de potència. El nostre objectiu final ens ah portat a implementar de manera eficient una CNN-UM amb complet funcionament a un baix cost i baix consum sobre una FPGA amb tecnología flash. Per tant, futurs estudis sobre l’arquitectura eficient de la CNN sobre la FPGA i la interconnexió amb els robots comercials disponibles és un dels objectius d'aquesta tesi que se seguiran en les línies de futur exposades en aquest treball. / El objetivo principal de esta tesis consiste en estudiar la factibilidad de implementar un sensor cámara CNN con plena funcionalidad basado en FPGA de bajo coste adecuado para aplicaciones en robots móviles. El estudio de los fundamentos de las redes celulares no lineales (CNNs) y su aplicación eficaz en matrices de puertas programables (FPGAs) se ha complementado, por un lado con el paralelismo que se establece entre arquitectura multi -núcleo de las CNNs y los enjambres de robots móviles, y por el otro lado con la correlación dinámica de CNNs y arquitecturas memristive. Además, los memristors se consideran los sustitutos de los futuros dispositivos de memoria flash por su capacidad de integración de alta densidad y su consumo de energía cerca de cero. En nuestro caso, hemos estado interesados en el desarrollo de FPGAs que han dejado de ser simples dispositivos para la creación rápida de prototipos ASIC para convertirse en completos dispositivos reconfigurables con integración de la memoria y los elementos de procesamiento general. En particular, se han explorado como las arquitecturas implementadas CNN en FPGAs pueden ser optimizadas en términos de área ocupada en el dispositivo y su consumo de potencia. Nuestro objetivo final nos ah llevado a implementar de manera eficiente una CNN-UM con completo funcionamiento a un bajo coste y bajo consumo sobre una FPGA con tecnología flash. Por lo tanto, futuros estudios sobre la arquitectura eficiente de la CNN sobre la FPGA y la interconexión con los robots comerciales disponibles es uno de los objetivos de esta tesis que se seguirán en las líneas de futuro expuestas en este trabajo. / The main goal of this thesis consists in studying the feasibility to implement a full-functionality CNN camera sensor based on low-cost FPGA device suitable for mobile robotic applications. The study of Cellular Nonlinear Networks (CNNs) fundamentals and its efficient implementation on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) has been complemented, on one side with the parallelism established between multi-core CNN architecture and swarm of mobile robots, and on the other side with the dynamics correlation of CNNs and memristive architectures. Furthermore, memristors are considered the future substitutes of flash memory devices because of its capability of high density integration and its close to zero power consumption. In our case, we have been interested in the development of FPGAs that have ceased to be simple devices for ASIC fast prototyping to become complete reconfigurable devices embedding memory and processing elements. In particular, we have explored how the CNN architectures implemented on FPGAs can be optimized in terms of area occupied on the device or power consumption. Our final accomplishment has been implementing efficiently a fully functional reconfigurable CNN-UM on a low-cost low-power FPGA based on flash technology. Therefore, further studies on an efficient CNN architecture on FPGA and interfacing it with commercially-available robots is one of the objectives of this thesis that will be followed in the future directions exposed in this work.

Organic semiconductor technology has gained attention in both the sensor and display markets due to its low cost and simple fabrication techniques. The ability to fabricate organic semiconductor devices such as photodetectors and transistors on a flexible, lightweight substrate makes them less fragile and ideal candidates for portable large-area imaging applications. The use of organic semiconductor technology in large-area medical imaging can bring about a new generation of flexible and lightweight indirect X-ray imagers. These imagers are immune to mechanical shock and should be ideal for portable intraoral X-ray radiology. In order to realize these organic flexible imagers and their use in large-area medical imaging, many challenges associated with the device performance and fabrication need to be overcome. Among these challenges, one of the greatest is to improve the dark current performance of the organic semiconductor photodetectors (key for imager performance) with a high-photo to-dark current ratio. Low dark current is needed to improve the sensitivity of the imager, whereas a large photo-to-dark current ratio reduces noise in the extracted image. Numerous techniques have been reported to improve the dark current performance in vertical organic photodetector design; however, lateral photodetectors still lack research attention. This thesis presents a lateral multilayer photodetector design and a simplified technique to improve the dark current performance of lateral organic semiconductor photodetectors. Our technique allows us to apply a large bias voltage while maintaining a low dark current, high photo-to-dark current ratio, and improves detector speed; thus, the overall sensitivity of the detector is improved. We further show the integration of an organic photodetector with an organic backplane readout circuit to form a flexible large-area imager. This imager can be used for large-area digital imaging applications such as in medical radiology.

[ES] El descubrimiento del cemento Portland ha cambiado nuestra forma de construir, pero también es el responsable de grandes emisiones de CO2 a la atmósfera durante su fabricación (~1450 ᴼC), agravando la crisis actual que está sufriendo nuestro planeta debido al cambio climático y sus consecuencias en todo el medio ambiente. Por lo tanto, una alternativa más sostenible en la construcción es la utilización de la cal que necesita menor temperatura para su fabricación (~900 ᴼC). Si bien la introducción de puzolanas naturales o artificiales en morteros de cal han mejorado sus propiedades mecánicas y de durabilidad, estas aún tienen el inconveniente de ganar resistencias a edades largas de curado. Es por esta razón que en la presente tesis se pretende eliminar este inconveniente técnico, buscando la asociación de la cal con nuevos conglomerantes más sostenibles a partir de residuos para obtener morteros mixtos denominados cal/puzolana-geopolímero. Los residuos estudiados fueron: el catalizador gastado de craqueo catalítico, la ceniza de cascara de arroz, la tierra diatomea de origen residual y la ceniza de lodo de depuradora. También se estudia una puzolana natural proveniente de la República de Guatemala. En los morteros cal/puzolana (cal/FCC, cal/CCA, cal/CLD) se ha realizado sustituciones en peso hasta un 50 % de la mezcla cal/puzolana por geopolímero. El geopolímero se obtiene por una combinación del FCC como precursor y diferentes activadores alcalinos siendo estos la mezcla de: NaOH/Na2SiO3, NaOH/CCA, NaOH/TDN y NaOH/TDR. Los últimos tres sustituyen al silicato comercial como fuente de sílice alternativa. Asimismo, se realizaron estudios a nivel mecánico y microestructural. Para los estudios microestructurales, tanto de muestras endurecidas como de materiales de partida, se emplearon como técnicas: FRX, ADL, TG, DRX y FESEM. Los resultados han demostrado con éxito que añadir pequeñas cantidades de geopolímero sobre el sistema cal/puzolana fue notable, debido a que este potenció la formación de los nuevos productos de reacción, lo que mejoró la resistencia mecánica de los morteros desde las primeras horas de curado, llegando a obtener 7 veces más de resistencia que un mortero control cal/puzolana en 1 día de curado. El reemplazo del silicato de sodio comercial por CCA, TDN, TDR, como fuente de sílice, condujo a mejores desempeños del mortero en términos de resistencia a la compresión. Además, redujo el coeficiente de absorción de agua por capilaridad y aumento el tiempo de exposición a los ciclos hielo-deshielo frente a los morteros activados con activadores comerciales. Finalmente, los conglomerantes desarrollados en este estudio podría beneficiar tanto a la gestión de residuos como al desarrollo de materiales de construcción más sostenibles, aportando a los objetivos propuestos en la agenda 2030. / [CA] El descobriment del ciment Portland ha canviat la nostra manera de construir, però també és el responsable de grans emissions de CO¿ a l'atmosfera durant la seva fabricació (~1450 ᴼC), agreujant la crisi actual que està patint el nostre planeta degut al canvi climàtic i les seves conseqüències en tot el medi ambient. Per tant, una alternativa més sostenible en la construcció és la utilització de la calç que necessita menor temperatura per a la seva fabricació (~900 ᴼC). Si bé la introducció de putzolanes naturals o artificials en morters de calç han millorat les seves propietats mecàniques i de durabilitat, aquestes encara tenen l'inconvenient de guanyar resistències a edats llargues de curat. És per aquesta raó que en la present tesi es pretén eliminar aquest inconvenient tècnic, buscant l'associació de la calç amb nous conglomerants més sostenibles a partir de residus per a obtenir morters mixtos denominats calç/putzolana-geopolímer. Els residus estudiats van ser: el catalitzador gastat del craqueig catalític, la cendra de closca d'arròs, la terra diatomea d'origen residual i la cendra de llot de depuradora. També es va estudiar una putzolana natural provinent de la República de Guatemala. En els morters calç/putzolana (calç/FCC, calç/CCA, calç/CLD) s'ha realitzat substitucions en pes fins a un 50 % de la barreja calç/putzolana per geopolímer. El geopolímer s'obté per una combinació del FCC com a precursor i diferents activadors alcalins, sent aquests la mescla de: NaOH/Na2SiO3, NaOH/CCA, NaOH/TDN i NaOH/TDR. Els últims tres substitueixen al silicat comercial com a font de sílice alternativa. Així mateix, es van realitzar estudis a nivell mecànic i microestructural. Per als estudis microestructurals, tant de mostres endurides com de materia primera, es van emprar tècniques com: FRX, ADL, TG, DRX i FESEM. Els resultats han demostrat amb èxit que afegir petites quantitats de geopolímer sobre el sistema calç/putzolana va ser notable, pel fet que aquest va potenciar la formació dels nous productes de reacció, la qual cosa va millorar la resistència mecànica dels morters des de les primeres hores de curat, arribant a obtenir 7 vegades més de resistència que un morter control calç/putzolana en 1 dia de curat. El reemplaçament del silicat de sodi comercial per CCA, TDN, TDR, com a font de sílice, va conduir a millors acompliments del morter en termes de resistència a la compressió. A més, va reduir el coeficient d'absorció d'aigua per capil·laritat i va augmentar el temps d'exposició als cicles gel-desgel enfront dels morters activats amb activadors comercials. Finalment, els conglomerants desenvolupats en aquest estudi podrien beneficiar tant a la gestió de residus com al desenvolupament de materials de construcció més sostenibles, aportant als objectius proposats en l'Agenda 2030. / [EN] The discovery of Portland cement has changed the way we build; however, it is also responsible for large CO2 emissions into the atmosphere during its manufacturing (~ 1450 ᴼC), thereby aggravating the current crisis that our planet is suffering due to climate change and its consequences in the environment. Thus, a more sustainable alternative in construction is the use of lime that requires a lower temperature for its manufacturing (~ 900 ᴼC). The introduction of natural or artificial pozzolans in lime mortars has improved their mechanical properties and durability. Nevertheless, they present some technical disadvantages, as the low compressive strength, especially at early curing time. This thesis aims to eliminate this technical disadvantage by mixing lime with new more sustainable binders derived from waste, obtaining mixed mortars called lime/pozzolan-geopolymer The waste materials studied included fluid catalytic cracking residue (FCC), rice husk ash (CCA), residual diatomite (TDR) and sewage sludge ash (CLD). A natural pozzolan from the Republic of Guatemala was also studied. In the experimental procedure, in lime/pozzolan mortar mixtures (lime/FCC, lime/CCA, lime/CLD), up to 50% of their weight was substituted by geopolymer. The geopolymer is obtained by combining FCC as a precursor, and different alkaline activator mixtures including NaOH/Na2SiO3 (commercial waterglass), NaOH/CCA, NaOH/TDN, and NaOH/TDR, with the last three being an alternative silica source to commercial waterglass. In the same way, both mechanical and microstructural studies were carried out. The following techniques were used: XRF, ADL, TG, XRD and FESEM to assess the microstructural properties of both the raw materials and the hardened samples. The results have demonstrated that adding small amounts of geopolymer to the lime/pozzolan system was remarkable; it enhanced the formation of new reaction products, which improved the mechanical strength of the mortar from the first hours of curing, obtaining 7 times more strength than the lime/pozzolan control mortar in 1 day of curing. The replacement of commercial waterglass by CCA, TDN, TDR, as a source of silica, led to better performance of the mortar in terms of compressive strength. In addition, the coefficient of water absorption by capillarity was reduced and the exposure time during freezing-thawing cycles was increased compared to mortars activated with commercial activators. Finally, the binders developed in this study could benefit both waste management and the development of more sustainable construction materials, contributing to the objectives proposed in the 2030 Agenda. / Gracias al programa ADSIDEO-COOPERACIÓN de la Universitat Politècnica de València, que me ha brindado financiación para la presente investigación. / Villca Pozo, AR. (2021). Utilización de geopolímero para la mejora de las propiedades en morteros cal-puzolana y su empleo en países en desarrollo [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172663 / TESIS