Title: The influence of the strengthening of the lower extremities performance in 100 m breaststroke. Goals: The thesis aims to determine the effect of specific and non-specific exercises on the performance of the lower extremities in the 100 m breaststroke. Methods: To assess and verify the beginning, during and end of our investigation we have used these methods. Anthropometric indicators - age, height, weight, BMI (body mass index), foot length and length of lower extremities. Determining the maximal performance and number of strokes in the 100 m breaststroke. The level of explosive force of lower limbs by performing a vertical jump. And power endurance level of the lower extremities with the flexibility of the hip and knee joints by making deep squats to maximum. Results: The results of the work provide information on the impact of the strengthening of the lower extremities performance in the 100 m breaststroke. Based on the results was observed significance of these measurements using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test. For probands in the final measurements marked improvement. Key Words: breaststroke technique, strength, lower extremity, specific and non- specific exercises

The Reserve concept, introduced in the National Water Act, has led to an increasing use of biomonitoring techniques to assess the current ecological status of rivers in South Africa. The ecological status of a river provides vital information necessary to establish the amount and quality of water needed by the aquatic ecosystem. If the amount and quality of water is inadequate, then the water resource will not be able to provide the necessary goods and services to their respective water users. The biomonitoring of rivers gained impetus with the establishment of the River Health Programme (RHP) and its various objectives. The RHP led to the development and refinement of a range of biomonitoring indices to assess various components of the aquatic ecosystem. The components used to assess the current ecological status of a river include the physical habitat, riparian vegetation, water quality, as well as the macro-invertebrate and fish communities. The Mvoti River, in the vicinity of Stanger, is subjected to extensive water abstraction, which is then utilised for irrigation, industrial use, urban water requirements and various domestic uses by informal settlements. Previous studies on the river indicated that it is in a severely degraded state, especially below the confluences of the Nchaweni and Mbozambo rivers. Thus, this assessment of the current ecological status of the Mvoti River was undertaken to possibly identify the main causes of the degraded state. The study was undertaken during the high (February) and low flow (August) periods in 2005. Selected monitoring sites included sites used in previous studies on the Mvoti River as well as sites on the Nchaweni and Mbozambo tributaries. The methodology for this study was to implement the various indices used in the RHP for the different ecosystem components. The habitat indices implemented in this study were the Habitat Quality Index (HQI) and Integrated Habitat Assessment System (IHAS). Physicochemical water analyses were done during each sampling period to assess the water quality against the South African Water Quality Guidelines. The biotic indices used included the South African Scoring System 5 (SASS5) index to assess the macro-invertebrate community and the Fish Assemblage Integrity Index (FAII) to assess the fish community. Additionally, the newly developed EcoStatus indices for the fish and macro-invertebrate communities were implemented on the available fish and macro-invertebrate data. These indices were developed mainly to be used in Reserve determination assessments, where the assessments are built around the integration of all ecosystem components into a single value for the ecological status. The fish index is termed the Fish Response Assessment Index (FRAI) and the macro-invertebrate index the Macro-invertebrate Assessment Index (MIRAI)…. Multivariate statistical analyses were performed on the water quality as well as the macroinvertebrate and fish communities to establish any temporal and spatial trends together with any dominating water quality variables responsible for species composition at the different sites. PRIMER and CANOCO computer software were used to construct hierarchical clusters and NMDS plots for the biotic communities, while RDA and PCA bi-plots were used to represent the water quality variables and their effects on the biotic community structure. The Mvoti River is in a seriously degraded state and this degradation was particularly evident during the low flow period below the Sappi Stanger mill and the Stanger Sewage works effluent discharge points. The degraded state of the river is caused by the multitude of impacts on the river, which includes the local land-use, upstream land-use and effluent discharges in the vicinity of Stanger. The water quality in the vicinity of Stanger was in a poor state during the low flow, while the high flow was only slightly better. The upstream site is in a fair condition but, after the Nchaweni and Mbozambo rivers enter the Mvoti River, the water quality decreases. The variables found to be problematic included microbiological variables, chlorides and electrical conductivity in the Mvoti River. High nutrient values were found together with very high electrical conductivity in especially the Nchaweni River tributary. The lower Mvoti River contains very little habitat of good quality to support the biotic communities. The habitat is generally degraded due to the destruction of the riparian zone and the dominance of alien vegetation in the form of reeds. This, together with land-use and water abstraction activities, has caused high sediment loads in the lower Mvoti River which are continually moving. The IHAS and HQI results indicated the habitat in the lower Mvoti River is in a modified condition. The statistical analysis of the macro-invertebrate data showed that a definite spatial variation existed while no significant temporal variation was identified. There is a difference in the community structure between the Mvoti River and its tributaries, with the tributaries containing a very poor diversity. This lowered species diversity was attributed to the effects of, specifically, chlorides on the community structure but the origin of the chlorides could not be linked specifically to the Sappi Stanger mill’s activities. The SASS5 was similar with the Mvoti River sites having slightly higher scores, placing it in either a B or C class while most of the tributaries had a Class D. The community structure in the tributaries responded to nutrients and chlorides and these variables reduced the numbers of sensitive species and allowed hardy taxa to flourish. The results of the MIRAI index provided the same categories as identified by the SASS5 index. The fish community structure showed the same spatial differences identified in the macroinvertebrate communities, with the tributary sites containing different community structures than those found in the Mvoti River. The Mvoti River fish community is in a modified state with the majority of fish sampled being tolerant with very few sensitive species present. The FAII scores for the Mvoti River was a Category C, while the tributary sites scored a Category D or lower. The fish community is affected by the poor water quality, habitat and flow modifications in the lower Mvoti River. The FRAI index provided the lower Mvoti River and its tributaries with the same categories as identified with FAII. Overall, the Mvoti River is in a seriously degraded state with even the reference site being subjected to impacts that could potentially be harmful to the ecosystem. The ecological state of the river decreases as it moves past Stanger and is subjected to the impacts from the Nchaweni and Mbozambo rivers in the form of nutrients and salinity concentrations. The impacts on the Mvoti River have a multitude of different sources and if the aquatic ecosystem is to improve, only a collective effort will be of any value. / Prof. V. Wepener

Alterations along the Mississippi River, such as dams and levees, have greatly reduced the amount of freshwater and sediment that reaches the Louisiana coastal area. Several freshwater and sediment diversions have been proposed to combat the associated land loss problem. To aid in this restoration effort a 1-D numerical model was calibrated, validated, and used to predict the response of the river to certain stimuli, such as proposed diversions, channel closures, channel modifications, and relative sea level rise. This study utilized HEC-RAS 4.0, a 1-D mobile-bed numerical model, which was calibrated using a discharge hydrograph at Tarbert Landing and a stage hydrograph at the Gulf of Mexico, to calculate the hydrodynamics of the river. The model showed that RSLR will decrease the capacity of the Lower Mississippi River to carry bed material. The stage at Carrollton Gage is not significantly impacted by large scale diversions

Beneath Keathley Canyon (KC) off the Southern Coast of Louisiana and Texas, allochthonous salt bodies have attained thicknesses of over 7620 m (25000 feet), providing excellent seals and migration pathways for hydrocarbons produced by post-rift sedimentary deposition. This study analyzes a small portion of the KC area, utilizing Petrel Seismic software and well information from the KC102 (Tiber) well. An intra-Miocene wedge, expressed beneath salt, may provide information about movement of allochthonous salt over Wilcox sands, sediment compaction, and hydrocarbon pathways. Progradational sedimentation is the driving force which leads to faulting in the early Miocene, allowing Jurassic salt to rise, spreading laterally and upwards towards the surface, scarring the sediments beneath it in glacier-like form. This intrusion helped to create the proper conditions for formation of a petroleum play system, maintain reservoir quality sands and temperatures, and create a four way closure in the Eocene for prospective well location.

The majority of previous research investigating the role of vision in controlling adaptive gait has predominantly focused on over-ground walking or obstacle negotiation. Thus there is a paucity of literature investigating visuomotor control of step descent. This thesis addressed the importance of the lower visual field (lvf) in regulating step descent landing control, and determined when visual feedback is typically used in regulating landing control prior to/during step descent. When step descents were completed from a stationary starting position, with the lvf occluded or degraded, participants adapted their stepping strategy in a manner consistent with being uncertain regarding the precise location of the foot/lower leg relative to the floor. However, these changes in landing control under conditions of lvf occlusion were made without fundamentally altering stepping strategy. This suggests that participants were able to plan the general stepping strategy when only upper visual field cues were available. When lvf was occluded from either 2 or 1 step(s) prior to descending a step during on-going gait, stepping strategy was only affected when the lvf was occluded in the penultimate step. Findings suggest that lvf cues are acquired in the penultimate step/few seconds prior to descent and provide exproprioceptive information of the foot/lower leg relative to the floor which ensures landing is regulated with increased certainty. Findings also highlight the subtle role of online vision used in the latter portion of step descent to 'fine tune' landing control.

The number of patients with diabetes mellitus has been increasing recently. The so-called diabetic leg and related amputation treatment belong to the complications of the disease. Amputation or removal of the end part of a limb obviously affects not only the physical aspect of a patient, but also the psychical, social and spiritual aspects. It is therefore vital that each nurse is able to choose from suitable techniques of communication with such patients and to provide them with sufficient support in the adaptation to a new life role. Callista Roy also dealt with this issue and developed a model named after her, which can be applied to patients adapting to a newly arisen situation, which amputation of a lower limb definitely is. Three goals were set in the thesis. The first one was to find out what kind of problems patients after amputation of a lower limb see in the individual adaptation modes according to C. Roy. Then we focused on the interventions applied by nurses to the support for the adaptation in the individual adaptation modes and to what extent nurses work with stimuli in Roy's conception. The research was based on the data collection by means of a qualitative method, the techniques of semi-structured interviews, and involved observation of patients after amputation of a lower limb and of nurses working at a standard surgery department. After the saturation of the research sample set the data was analysed and processed by means of the "pencil & paper" method. The research has shown that nurses devote particular attention to the physiologic adaptation mode and to the interdependence mode in their practice. In terms of the satisfaction of the basic physiologic needs they mostly mentioned the assistance in self-service activities, in the sphere of excretion and very often also interventions contributing to pain relief. In the self-concept group identity adaptation mode nurses mostly apply suitable communication and provision of sufficient information. In terms of the role function adaptation mode we can say that nurses search for this kind of information, but no activity supporting this mode was found among the nurses. Unlike nurses, who pay the highest attention to the satisfaction of the physiologic adaptation mode and thereto related interdependence mode, patients see shortcomings in all four adaptation modes. In the physiologic adaptation mode patients mostly pointed out problems with movement manifested themselves in the deficit of self-care. In the sphere of self-concept group identity, they mentioned the feeling of helplessness and inferiority. Nearly all patients see a problem in the dependence on the nursing staff and the disability to play the roles once played. Among the most frequent stimuli affecting a patient after lower limb amputation are pains that nurses relieve by means of analgesics prescribed by physicians, patients also often mention the approach of the staff and social interaction owing to the absence of family members. The research has shown that nurses approach patients with dignity and also respect the incoming visitors. The information obtained by this research can be used as a basis for seminars focused on this issue and lead to the improvement of the nursing care about patients with amputation of a lower limb.

Introduction: Lower limbs are ones of the most strained body parts to which people do not pay much attention. Conscientious care is absolutely vital for their right functioning. Main aims of the thesis: This thesis is focused on gathering the knowledge and skills in care of lower limbs with people at their adult and old age; and on describing how the care is being performed with the target group of people. The next aim is to describe the health care from the podiatry nurse´s point of view. Methodology: A qualitative research by means of half-structured interviews was chosen as the main method of the survey. People at their adult and old age from České Budějovice were interviewed, as well as a nurse working in the centre of podiatry. Results of the thesis: The research proves some level of knowledge in the field of care of lower limbs both with the adult and elderly citizens. Both these groups of people take care of their lower limbs. The results show conscientiousness with washing their feet and drying them especially in the spaces between their toes. On the one hand, the interviewed people take care of their feet by means of using lotions and by means of pedicure. However, they do not go to see specialists in pedicure. On the other hand, the results show that this kind of skin care is not very regular. The care devoted to nails seems to be problematic, it is necessary to add some information about a more appropriate way of cutting them. The results of choosing shoes; when the choice is based mainly on a fashionable look of shoes; show a bigger need of repeated and more accurate education in this field. The impacts of improperly chosen shoes, irregular care of the lower limbs and also underestimating of prophylactic medical checks were all evident on our informants´ feet. The outputs gained in practice: The intermediate results of this thesis were presented at the Students Scientific Conference. The results of the research were used as the basis for a workshop intended for people at the adult and old age. A suggested educational mental map can be used as a practical tool.

Orientador: Alvaro Martim Guedes / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de estudar o papel atribuído na execução de políticas sociais das Organizações Sociais (OS) e das Organizações da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público (OSCIP) localizadas nos nove municípios da Região Metropolitana da Costa da Mata Atlântica, denominação turística da Baixada Santista no estado de São Paulo. Essa região é formada pelos municípios de Bertioga, Cubatão, Guarujá, Santos, São Vicente, Praia Grande, Mongaguá, Itanhaém e Peruíbe. As OS e OSCIP estudadas foram as que receberam recursos por meio de contratos de parcerias com o poder público municipal no ano de 2016. O estudo visou identificar a finalidade das OS e OSCIPS, dos editais para contratação dessas organizações e quais os modelos de Contratos de Gestão utilizados. A metodologia da pesquisa adotada valeu-se de amostragem estratificada proporcional, com vistas à representação adequada das OS e OSCIP da região. Também foi realizado levantamento de dados e de documentos disponíveis nos sites das prefeituras municipais da região indicada, da Receita Federal e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Esses procedimentos visaram uma abordagem qualitativa, para a identificação de um padrão nas características destas entidades que foram determinantes para a celebração dos contratos. Quanto à abordagem quantitativa, foi mensurada a participação das entidades em relação às despesas executadas nos orçamentos municipais. A bibliografia adotada teve como autores de maior re... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this work was to study the role assigned to the social policies of Social Organizations (OS) and Civil Society Organizations of Public Interest (OSCIP) located in the nine municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of the Atlantic Forest Coast, Baixada Santista in the state of São Paulo. This region is formed by the municipalities of Bertioga, Cubatão, Guarujá, Santos, São Vicente, Praia Grande, Mongaguá, Itanhaém and Peruíbe. The OS and OSCIP studied were be those that received resources through contracts of partnerships with the municipal public power in the year 2016. The study identified the purpose of the OS and OSCIP, the bidding documents for these organizations and which models of Contracts used. The research methodology adopted the stratified proportional sampling, with a view to the adequate representation of the OS and OSCIP of the region. A survey will also out of data and documents available on the websites of the municipalities of the indicated region, the Federal Revenue Service and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) were also be carried out. These procedures aimed qualitative approach, to identified a pattern in the characteristics of these entities that was decisive for the conclusion of contracts. Regarding the quantitative approach, the participation of the entities in relation to the expenses executed in the municipal budgets had measured. The bibliography adopted had as reference authors the works of Nuria Cunill Gr... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

[pt] Os grupos de baixa renda no Brasil não eram considerados como mercado para produtos e serviços (ROCHA, SILVA, 2009). Essa visão é modificada, a partir da década de 1980, quando começam a surgir estudos que abordam outras questões que não apenas a escassez material dessas famílias (BARROS, ROCHA, 2007). Ainda se sabe muito pouco sobre esses consumidores, que representam mais da metade da população brasileira, com cerca de 100 milhões de pessoas (CHAUVEL, MATTOS, 2008). Pesquisas recentes envolvendo seus hábitos de consumo podem ser observadas, principalmente devido ao aumento do poder aquisitivo, no entanto, poucos foram analisadas as particularidades desse grupo em relação ao conceito de luxo. Apesar desse conceito ter sido amplamente explorado na literatura (SOUZA et al., 2013), seu foco sempre foi orientado para as camadas superiores da sociedade (D ANGELO, 2004). A tentativa de entender o significado do luxo para o consumidor de baixa renda é ainda um assunto pouco discutido na literatura, sendo esta a motivação principal da escolha deste estudo, que se baseia na abordagem hermenêutica para entenderesse significado. Para isso, foi escolhida uma comunidade de baixa renda na zona sul da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, onde foram realizadas 13 entrevistas em profundidade com homens e mulheres. Os achados do estudo revelam que o significado de luxo varia de acordo com a história de vida e as dificuldades vivenciadas pelas pessoas em suas trajetórias. Assim, para aqueles que tiveram um passado marcado pelas dificuldades e carências materiais, luxo significa poder ter conforto, sendo atribuído a todos os produtos conquistados com dinheiro e esforço próprios. Por outro lado, para aqueles que nunca viveram na fartura, e nem tiveram as mesmas restrições, o luxo é visto como diferenciação, sendo atribuído a produtos mais caros e, muitas vezes, de difícil acesso. / [en] The low-income groups in Brazil were not considered as a market for products and services (ROCHA, 2009). This view is modified after 1980, when studies addressing other issues than just material scarcity of these families arise (BARROS, ROCHA, 2007). Very little about these customers, which represent more than half of the Brazilian population, with about 100 million people is known until now (CHAUVEL, MATTOS, 2008). Recent marketing surveys about the low-income group s consumption habits can be found, mainly due to the increased purchasing power this segment has experienced in recent years, but the peculiarities of this group in relation to luxury have been little explored, despite the fact that the concept of luxury having been widely explored in literature (SOUZA et al., 2013). Its focus has always been placed on the upper strata of society (D ANGELO, 2004). The attempt to understand the meaning of luxury to low-income consumers is still little discussed in literature. This was the main motivation for choice of this theme for this study, which is based on the hermeneuticalapproach to understanding this meaning. To accomplish this, a small low-income community in the Southern part of the city of Rio de Janeiro was chosen to be the sample, where 13 in-depth interviews were conducted with both genders. The study findings reveal that the meaning of luxury varies according to the life history and the difficulties experienced by the person in his life. So, for those who have had a past marked by difficulties and by material shortages, luxury means power get comfort, as a general value assigned to all products obtained through their money and efforts. On the other hand, for those who never lived in plenty, but have never experienced the same restrictions, luxury is valued as differentiation, being assigned to products more expensive and often more difficult to have access to.

[pt] O crescente potencial de consumo na baixa renda é um fenômeno que vem ganhando destaque crescente tanto no meio empresarial quanto no acadêmico. À medida que o consumo neste segmento ganha dimensões cada vez mais relevantes, faz-se necessário entender o comportamento desse consumidor, que durante muito tempo foi negligenciado pelo marketing. Em especial, os aspectos relacionados à escolha de marcas e influência da variável preço nas escolhas desses consumidores são de particular interesse às empresas no que tange ao posicionamento de suas ofertas na tentativa de capturar uma fatia desse mercado. A noção de que os consumidores de baixa renda são conscientes de marca ganhou impulso com as ideias lançadas por Prahalad (2005), mas é preciso cautela para se evitar generalizações. Esta dissertação procurou entender como os consumidores de baixa renda formam os seus conjuntos de consideração (grupo seleto de marcas que os consumidores criam para reduzir o universo de opções a um número cognitivamente gerenciável), e que mecanismos utilizam para realizar suas escolhas finais. Baseado em entrevistas em profundidade, investigaram-se aspectos ligados à formação de conjuntos de consideração para categorias de produtos típicos de compras de supermercados e de tomada de decisão habitual. Os resultados apontam para seis fatores que parecem influenciar a consideração e escolha de marcas na baixa renda, que podem atuar de forma distinta para cada categoria e para cada consumidor. O estudo revela que os processos decisórios na baixa renda assumem contornos complexos e específicos, permeados por dois vetores de sentidos opostos: o desejo por qualidade, por um lado, e a restrição orçamentária, por outro. A noção de que os consumidores de baixa renda são conscientes de marca não pode ser generalizada, já que motivações diferentes para tomada de decisão parecem existir para cada categoria e/ou grupamentos de consumidores. / [en] The increasing consumption potential within the low income population is a phenomenon that has been gaining increasing prominence in both the business world and in academia. As consumption in this segment increases steadily, it is necessary to understand the behavior of these consumers, who have long been neglected by marketing. In particular, the aspects related to brand selection and the influence of price in the choice process are of particular interest to companies regarding the positioning of their offerings in an attempt to capture a share of this market. The notion that low-income consumers are brand-conscious gained momentum after the ideas launched by Prahalad (2005), but caution is needed to avoid generalizations. This dissertation sought to understand how low-income consumers form their consideration sets (select group of brands that consumers form to reduce the universe of options to a cognitively manageable number), and the mechanisms they engender to accomplish their final choices. Based on indepth interviews, the study investigated the factors affecting consideration set formation within typical FMCG categories. Findings show that six factors appear to influence the consideration and choice of brands within low-income consumers, and that each may act differently for each category and for each consumer. The study reveals that decision-making within low-income consumers assumes complex and specific contours, permeated by two vectors of opposite directions: the desire for quality, on one hand, and budget constraint, on the other. The notion that low-income consumers are brand-conscious cannot be generalized, since different motivations for decision making seem to exist for each category and / or groups of consumers.