This thesis consists of four papers on the following topics in analysis and probability: analysis on Wiener space, asymptotic properties of orthogonal polynomials, and convergence rates in the central limit theorem. The first paper gives lower bounds on the constants in the Meyer inequality from the Malliavin calculus. It is shown that both constants grow at least like (p-1)-1 or like p when p approaches 1 or ∞ respectively. This agrees with known upper bounds. In the second paper, an extremal problem on Wiener chaos motivates an investigation of the Lp-norms of Hermite polynomials. This is followed up by similar computations for Charlier polynomials in the third paper. In both cases, the Lp-norms present a peculiar behaviour with certain threshold values of p, where the growth rate and the dominating intervals undergo a rapid change. The fourth paper analyzes a connection between probability and numerical analysis. More precisely, known estimates on the convergence rate of finite difference equations are "translated" into results on convergence rates of certain functionals in the central limit theorem. These are also extended, using interpolation of Banach spaces as a main tool. Besov spaces play a central role in the emerging results.

Cette thèse présente quelques résultats de la théorie des probabilités quantiques et de l'analyse harmonique à valeurs operateurs. La thèse est composée des trois parties.Dans la première partie, on démontre la décomposition atomique des espaces de Hardy de martingales non commutatives. On identifie aussi les interpolés complexes et réels entre les versions conditionnelles des espaces de Hardy et BMO de martingales non commutatives.La seconde partie est consacrée à l'étude des espaces de Hardy à valeurs opérateursvia la méthode d'ondellettes. Cette approche est similaire à celle du cas des martingales non commutatives. On démontre que ces espaces de Hardy sont équivalents à ceux étudiés par Tao Mei. Par conséquent, on donne une base explicite complètement inconditionnelle pour l'espace de Hardy H1(R), muni d'une structure d'espace d'opérateurs naturelle. La troisième partie porte sur l'analyse harmonique sur le tore quantique. On établit les inégalités maximales pour diverses moyennes de sommation des séries de Fourier définies sur le tore quantique et obtient les théorèmes de convergence ponctuelle correspondant. En particulier, on obtient un analogue non commutative du théorème classique de Stein sur les moyennes de Bochner-Riesz. Ensuite, on démontre que les multiplicateurs de Fourier complètement bornés sur le tore quantique coïncident à ceux définis sur le tore classique. Finalement, on présente la théorie des espaces de Hardy et montre que ces espaces possèdent les propriétés des espaces de Hardy usuels. En particulier, on établit la dualité entre H1 et BMO.

L'inégalité de Hausdorff-Young a été généralisée aux groupes localement compacts par R. Kunze dans le cas unimodulaire puis par M. Terp dans le cas général. Une version de cette inégalité a été donnée par B. Russo pour les opérateurs intégraux. Dans cette thèse, on établit une inégalité de Hausdorff-Young pour les groupoïdes mesurés qui recouvre ces résultats. Comme dans les cas des groupes non commutatifs, on utilise la théorie non commutative de l'intégration. La majeure partie de ce travail est l'identification des espaces Lp de l'algèbre de von Neumann du groupoïde dans les cas p=1, 2 comme espaces de fonctions et aussi comme espaces d'opérateurs aléatoires.

To address the scale mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreak in British Columbia, salvage has become fully integrated with timber supply strategies. The objective of this thesis is to assess the economic impact of different salvage strategies depending on different attack levels, decay rates, and stakeholder discount rates. The study area is located in N.E. British Columbia where the MPB has not yet reached its peak and where susceptible to attack stands account for 40% of the area. Salvage strategies were modelled with a timber supply model (Woodstock) which uses a linear programming type II optimization approach. Performance of the model was assessed over a range of indicators such as NPV, profit, salvage proportion, species composition, inventory levels, and non-recoverable volume. Sensitivity analyses were conducted on harvest flow, discount rate, and ending inventory. The model was very sensitive to the intensity of attack and less sensitive to the decay level. The high level of attack resulted in large volume losses, mostly as un-salvaged inventory. Although allowable annual cut (AAC) uplifts have an economic benefit, they do not necessarily maximize the salvage of pine. Non-pine species are an important component of the salvage and these species are also essential for the future timber supply. If the objective is to ensure quality and quantity of the future forest, policies have to complement AAC uplifts by strongly encouraging the salvage of mainly pine-leading stands and management options that minimize the “by-catch” of non-pine species and minimize destruction of advanced regeneration during salvage. However, this has an opportunity cost for the private industry where the objective is to maximize profit. If the salvage strategy focuses on decreasing the impact on cash flows, achieving desirable ending inventory levels, avoiding salvage of stands after shelf-life, and reducing impact on non-attack species, then the current harvest level will likely lead to a mid-term timber supply fall-down. Using the fibre for bioenergy production is an alternative if managing for bioenergy can be integrated into harvest operations. However, unlike mill residues, the bioenergy supply has to fully account for harvest and transportation costs of dead wood to the mill.

To address the scale mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreak in British Columbia, salvage has become fully integrated with timber supply strategies. The objective of this thesis is to assess the economic impact of different salvage strategies depending on different attack levels, decay rates, and stakeholder discount rates. The study area is located in N.E. British Columbia where the MPB has not yet reached its peak and where susceptible to attack stands account for 40% of the area. Salvage strategies were modelled with a timber supply model (Woodstock) which uses a linear programming type II optimization approach. Performance of the model was assessed over a range of indicators such as NPV, profit, salvage proportion, species composition, inventory levels, and non-recoverable volume. Sensitivity analyses were conducted on harvest flow, discount rate, and ending inventory. The model was very sensitive to the intensity of attack and less sensitive to the decay level. The high level of attack resulted in large volume losses, mostly as un-salvaged inventory. Although allowable annual cut (AAC) uplifts have an economic benefit, they do not necessarily maximize the salvage of pine. Non-pine species are an important component of the salvage and these species are also essential for the future timber supply. If the objective is to ensure quality and quantity of the future forest, policies have to complement AAC uplifts by strongly encouraging the salvage of mainly pine-leading stands and management options that minimize the “by-catch” of non-pine species and minimize destruction of advanced regeneration during salvage. However, this has an opportunity cost for the private industry where the objective is to maximize profit. If the salvage strategy focuses on decreasing the impact on cash flows, achieving desirable ending inventory levels, avoiding salvage of stands after shelf-life, and reducing impact on non-attack species, then the current harvest level will likely lead to a mid-term timber supply fall-down. Using the fibre for bioenergy production is an alternative if managing for bioenergy can be integrated into harvest operations. However, unlike mill residues, the bioenergy supply has to fully account for harvest and transportation costs of dead wood to the mill.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:20:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 68060200611.pdf: 3035067 bytes, checksum: 838a323483eb79feab506a0547dc9b7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-25T00:00:00Z / The present dissertation is a case study that aims to map the contribution margin, expenses and profits on the distribution chain of domestic LP Gas in Brazil. The study focus on the mapping ofthe value chain starting at one ofthe 21 distributors ofLP Gas and their retails in a specific sales area. For the fixed costs and expenses mapping ofthe distributor and their retails the Activiy Based Costs -ABC were used. For the profit map the earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization -Ebitda were used. After the mapping the maio variables that explain the Ebitda ofthe distributor and their retails were identified. Furthermore, to identify the variables two regressions were made to explain the unitary profit (R$/cylinders) ofthe distributor and their more than 500 retails in a specific sales area. The results show an estimate of how the contribution margin, expenses and profits in the distribution chain of the domestic LP Gas in Brazil were divided between the distributors and retail in the year of 2007. Moreover, the variables that impact in the Ebitda formation were explained for the distributor and the retails in the case study. Furthermore, the dissertation discusses the potential of the profit pool map in the value chain during the text and conclusion. / A dissertação é um estudo de caso que tem como objetivo mapear a margem de contribuição, gastos e lucros na cadeia de distribuição do gás de cozinhas no Brasil. O trabalho focaliza o mapeamento da cadeia de valor a partir de uma das 21 distribuidoras de Gás LP e suas revendas em uma de suas áreas de atuação. Para o mapeamento dos custos e despesas fixos da distribuidora e de seus revendores foi utilizado o custeio baseado em atividade - ABC. Para o mapeamento do lucro foi utilizado o lucro antes dos juros, impostos, depreciação e amortização - Ebitda. Após o mapeamento buscou-se identificar as principais variáveis que explicam a atual configuração Ebitda da distribuidora e de suas revendas. Para isso foram geradas regressões de dados para entender o lucro unitário (reais por botijão de gás) da distribuidora e de suas mais de 500 revendas em uma das áreas de atuação. O resultado mostra uma estimativa de como a margem de contribuição, gastos e lucros na cadeia de distribuição do gás de cozinha no Brasil para o ano de 2007 se dividem entre as distribuidoras e revendedores de Gás LP domiciliar em termos percentual e unitário. Também foram explicadas quais as variáveis que mais impactam no Ebitda da distribuidora e revendas do estudo de caso. Por fim, o trabalho discute o potencial da metodologia de análise de mapeamento através do profit pool na cadeia de valor da indústria ao longo do texto e na conclusão do trabalho.

Depuis au moins 540 Ma deux grands systèmes de subduction coexistent sur Terre : d'une part, les systèmes de subduction-collision (chaînes Hercynienne, Himalayenne ou Alpine) et d'autre part, les systèmes de subduction de type péri-pacifique. Pour ces derniers, l'avant-arc constitue une zone clef pour retracer l'évolution de la subduction au cours du temps. En effet ces zones au contact avec le slab peuvent enregistrer des événements tectoniques et/ou des conditions métamorphiques variées (e.g. formation de « paired metamorphic belts »), qui sont autant d'indicateurs du contexte géodynamique. Le massif métamorphique de El Oro en Equateur est un exemple exeptionnel où une section complète et basculée de l'avant-arc Triasique est préservée. L'ensemble est constitué d'une série métasédimentaire de bas à haut grade métamorphique intrudée par des granitoïdes de type S, juxtaposé avec un laccolithe gabbroïque et des schistes bleus. Ce travail de thèse s'est concentré sur l'étude du métamorphisme de haute-température basse-pression et ses relations les schistes bleu. Afin de contraindre l'événement tectono-métamorphique affectant l'avant-arc Equatorien au Trias et la formation d'une "paired metamorphic belt", nous avons utilisé des outils structuraux, métamorphiques, géochimiques, géochronologiques et de modélisation thermique. Nos résultats montrent que durant cette période l'avant-arc Equatorien connait un intense épisode de fusion partielle en régime extensif. La base de la croûte est migmatisée sur une épaisseur de 10km. Les estimations Pression-Température indiquent que les conditions de fusion partielle varient de 4.5 kbar et 650°C pour la partie supérieure métaxitique et jusqu'à 7.5 kbar et 720°C pour la partie inférieure diatexitique. La gradient géothermique inféré est divisé en deux segments : un segment supérieur caractérisé par un gradient de 40°C/km et un segment inférieur caractérisé par un gradient quasi-isothermique. L'absence de paragénèse de ultra-haute température est attribuée à la grande fertilité du protolithe métasédimentaire. Les résultats géochimiques montrent que les plutons granodioritiques sont issus d'un mélange entre : (1) les liquides de fusion partielle produit par la réaction de deshydration de la muscovite des métasédiments et (2) un magma basique. Les âges U-Pb sur zircons et monazites révèlent que l'événement anatectique fût bref entre 229 et 225 Ma. La source de chaleur à l'origine de l'événement thermique est attribuée à la mise en place d'un pluton gabbroïque à ~ 230 Ma en base de croûte. Successivement, se sous-plaque les schistes-bleu refroidissant rapidement l'avant-arc. L'événement anatectique observé dans le massif de El Oro au Trias s'insrit à plus grande échelle au sein d'une large anomalie thermique affectant l'ensemble du continent sud Américain entre 260 et 220 Ma. Durant cette période la marge est un soumise à un régime extensif accompagné d'un important magmatisme d'origine crustal, principalement en position d'arc et d'avant-arc. Nous attribuons cette anomalie thermique d'ampleur continental à une "avalanche mantellique". A la lumière du contexte géodynamique globale nous inteprétons la formation de la paired metamorphic belt de El Oro à la rupture du slab. / Since about 540 Ma, two subductions systems co-exist on Earth: the subduction-collision systems (Hercynian, Himalayan or Alpin belts) and the circum-pacific subduction system. For the last the forearc region constitutes a key zone to understand the dynamic of the subduction. Indeed the forearc region in contact with the slab may records various tectonics events and/or metamorphic conditions (e.g. formation of paired metamorphic belt). Theses geological records are direct evidences of the linked geodynamical context. The El Oro metamorphic complex in Ecuador is a unique example where a whole Triassic forearc section is tilted and well preserved. The complex is made of low to high grade metasedimentary rocks intruded by S-type granitoids, juxtaposed with gabbroic rocks and blueschists. This study is focused on the high-temperature metamorphism and its retionaships with the high-pressure metamorphism. In order to constrain the tectono-metamorphic affecting the forearc region and the formation of a paired metamorphic belt we used strutural, metamorphic, geochemical, geochronological and themal modeling studies. Our results show that during Triassic times the Ecuadorian forearc underwent a strong episode of partial melting in extentional context. The migmatized part of crust is 10 km thick. Pressure-Temperature estimates indicate that partial melting started at 4.5 kbar and 650°C for the upper metatexitic part until 7.5 kbar and 720 °C for the lower diatexitic part. The resulting geothermal gradient exhibits two parts: an upper part caracteristed by a thermal gradient of 40°C/km and a lower part caractérized by a near-adiabatic gradient. The absence of ultra-high tempetature paragenesis is attributed to the high fertility of the metasedimentary protolith. Geochemical results show that granodiorite made of a miwing between: (1) the melt extacted under muscovite dehydration melting and (2) a basic magma. U-Pb ages on zircon and monazite reveal that the anatectic event was short, between 229 and 225 Ma. The origin of the thermal anomaly is attributed to the emplacement of the gabbroic plutonic unit at ~230 at root level. Successively, the blueschites are underplating triggering a strong coolng of the forearc region. The anatectic recorded in the El Oro metamorphic complex at Triassic times is part of a larger thermal anomaly affecting the whole south american margin between 260 and 220 Ma. During this period the margin is under extentional conditions and exhibit a strong S-type magmatic activity. This magmatism is mainly located in arc and forearc position. We attribute this large-scale thermal anomaly to slab fall in the lower mantle. In the light of the geodynamical context, we suggest that the formation of the El Oro paired metamorphic belt is related to slab breakoff.

Cette thèse donne une étude systématique des espaces de Sobolev, Besov et Triebel-Lizorkin sur le tore quantique. Ces espaces partagent beaucoup de propènes avec leurs analogues classiques. Nous prouvons le théorème de réduction pour tous ces espaces et une inégalité de Poincaré pour les espaces de Sobolev. Nous démontrons les inégalités de plongement pour eux, incluant le plongement d'espaces de Besov et d'espaces de Sobolev. Nous obtenons une caractérisation générale à la Littlewood-Paley pour les espaces de l3esov et Triebel-Lizorkin, qui implique des caractérisations concrètes par les semigroupes de Poisson et de chaleur ainsi par des différences. Certains d'entre elles sont nouvelles, même dans le cas commutatif; par exemple, celle d'espaces de Besov et Triebel-Lizorkin par le semigroupe de Poisson améliore le résultat classique. En conséquence de la caractérisation d'espaces de Besov par des différences, nous étendons les récents résultats de Bourgain-Brézis -Mironescu et Maz'ya-Shaposhnikova sur les limites de normes de Besov au cadre quantique. Nous étudions aussi l'interpolation de ces espaces, et en particulier, déterminons explicitement le K-fonctionnel du couple de l'espace Lp et l'espace de Sobolev, ce qui est l'analogue quantique du résultat classique de Johnen et Scherer. Enfin, nous montrons que les multiplicateurs de Fourier complètement bornés sur tous ces espaces coïncident avec ceux sur les espaces correspondants sur le tore usuel. Nous prouvons également que les multiplicateurs de Fourier sur les espaces de Besov sont complètement déterminés par ceux sur les sous-espaces Lp associés à leurs composantes dans la décomposition de Littlewood-Paley. / This thesis gives a systematic study of Sobolev, Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces on a noncommutative d-torus. We prove, arnong other basic properties, the lifting theorem for all these spaces and a Poincaré type inequality for Sobolev spaces. We establish the embedding inequalities of all these spaces, including the l3esov and Sobolev embedding theorems. We obtain Littlewood-Paley type characterizations for Besov and 'friebel-Lizorki spaces in a general way, as well as the concrete ones internas of the Poisson, heat semigroups and differences. Some of them are new even in the commutative case, for instance, oui Poisson semigroup characterization of Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces improves the classical ones. As a consequence of the characterization of the Besov spaces by differences, we extend to the quantum setting the recent results of Bourgain-Brézis -Mironescu and Maz'ya-Shaposhnikova on the limits of l3esov florins. We investigate the interpolation of all these spaces, in particular, deterrnine explicitly the K-functional of the couple of Lp space and Sobolev space, winch is the quantum analogue of a classical result due to Johnen and Scherer Finally, we show that the completely bounded Fourier multipliers on all these spaces coincide with those on the corresponding spaces on the usuel d-torus. We also give a quite simple description of (completely) bounded Fourier multipliers on the Besov spaces in ternis of their behavior on the Lp-components in the Littlevvood-Paley decomposition.

Les mécanismes extensifs, matérialisés physiquement sous la forme de rifts ou de marges passives, impliquent des interactions entre les processus tectoniques, sédimentaires et métamorphiques, particulièrement quand ils sont associés à un métamorphisme de haute température. L'étude de ces mécanismes ne peut donc se faire correctement que par une approche triple afin de cerner ces différents aspects et de contraindre les interactions qui les relient. Une telle étude est difficile du fait de la profondeur à laquelle ont lieu ces mécanismes et donc de l'absence d'observation directe des objets géologiques qu'ils produisent. L'alternative consiste à étudier une paléo marge passive portée à l'affleurement. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, notre choix s'est porté sur la Zone Nord Pyrénéenne qui correspond à une paléo-marge passive mésozoïque qui a été mise à l'affleurement lors de la compression pyrénéenne à l'Éocène/Oligocène (40-20 Ma). Cette marge a subi une métamorphise HT/BP et constitue donc un bon analogue pour notre étude. Nous nous sommes concentrés en particulier sur la partie Est de la ZNP, dans la région du massif de l'Agly qui rassemble les bassins de Saint Paul-de-Fenouillet, du Bas-Agly et de Boucheville qui ont enregistré différentes intensités du métamorphisme. Le bassin de Boucheville étant le moins bien documenté mais ayant enregistré le métamorphisme le plus important, nous nous sommes attachés à le caractériser en détail. Nous avons effectué une étude structurale, stratigraphique et sédimentaire de ces trois bassins afin de bien contraindre leur géométrie et leur histoire. Nous avons couplé cette étude avec des analyses du métamorphisme, principalement par des mesures par spectrométrie Raman des températures maximum enregistrées lors de l'extension crétacée. Enfin, nous avons combiné ces résultats afin de produire des coupes restaurées de l'ensemble de notre zone d'étude. Ces coupes restaurées nous ont permis de proposer un modèle de la mise en place des bassins sédimentaires mésozoïques dans la partie orientale de la ZNP. Il apparaît au premier ordre que la zone est constituée, sur une coupe N-S, par un haut fond topographique constitué du futur massif de l'Agly, limité au nord par un détachement à vergence nord et au sud par un détachement à vergence sud. De part et d'autre de ce haut fond se mettent en place des bassins sédimentaires présentant une augmentation de l'épaisseur des dépôts au droit de ces détachements. Au seconde ordre, il faut considérer que le système n'est pas cylindrique et que le massif de l'Agly se comporte comme une zone de transfert entre une subsidence forte au nord-est dans le bassin du Bas-Agly et une subsidence forte au sud-ouest dans le bassin de Boucheville. / Extensive mechanisms induce interactions between tectonic, sedimentary and metamorphic processes, especially when they are associated with a high temperature metamorphism. Therefore, the study of these mechanisms requires a threefold approach in order to identify these processes and understand the interactions between them. Such study is hardened because of the depth of these mechanisms and the lack of direct observation. To overcome such difficulties we chose to study a paleo passive margin now visible thanks to many outcrops. For this thesis, we focused on the North Pyrenean Zone (NPZ) which happens to be a Mesozoic passive margin which outcroped during Eocene / Oligocene (40-20 Ma) Pyrenean compression. This margin recorded HT / LP metamorphism which makes it a good analogue for our study. We focused on the eastern part of the NPZ, in the Agly Massif area where are located the Saint Paul-de-Fenouillet basin, the bas-Agly basin and the Boucheville basin all of which recorded different intensity of metamorphism. The Boucheville basin is the worst documented but recorded the most metamorphism which is why we decided to study it in detail. We undergone a structural, stratigraphic and sedimentary analysis of these three basins in order to better understand their geometry and geological history. We combined this study with metamorphism analyzes mainly provided by Raman spectrometry on maximum temperatures recorded during Cretaceous extension. Finally, we synthetised these results to produce restored cross sections of our study area. Those cross sections allowed us to suggest a model for Mesozoic sedimentary basin formation in the eastern part of the NPZ. Considering first order analysis, on a N-S cross section, the area made of a shoal,the future Agly Massif. It is bordered on its northern side by a north verging detachment fault and on its southern by a south verging detachment fault. On both sides of this shoal are sedimentary basins much thicker towards these detachment faults. However, we must consider the system is not cylindrical. The Agly Massif acts as a transfer zone between two highly subsident basins, the Bas-Agly basin at its north-east and the Boucheville basin at its south-west.

To address the scale mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreak in British Columbia, salvage has become fully integrated with timber supply strategies. The objective of this thesis is to assess the economic impact of different salvage strategies depending on different attack levels, decay rates, and stakeholder discount rates. The study area is located in N.E. British Columbia where the MPB has not yet reached its peak and where susceptible to attack stands account for 40% of the area. Salvage strategies were modelled with a timber supply model (Woodstock) which uses a linear programming type II optimization approach. Performance of the model was assessed over a range of indicators such as NPV, profit, salvage proportion, species composition, inventory levels, and non-recoverable volume. Sensitivity analyses were conducted on harvest flow, discount rate, and ending inventory. The model was very sensitive to the intensity of attack and less sensitive to the decay level. The high level of attack resulted in large volume losses, mostly as un-salvaged inventory. Although allowable annual cut (AAC) uplifts have an economic benefit, they do not necessarily maximize the salvage of pine. Non-pine species are an important component of the salvage and these species are also essential for the future timber supply. If the objective is to ensure quality and quantity of the future forest, policies have to complement AAC uplifts by strongly encouraging the salvage of mainly pine-leading stands and management options that minimize the “by-catch” of non-pine species and minimize destruction of advanced regeneration during salvage. However, this has an opportunity cost for the private industry where the objective is to maximize profit. If the salvage strategy focuses on decreasing the impact on cash flows, achieving desirable ending inventory levels, avoiding salvage of stands after shelf-life, and reducing impact on non-attack species, then the current harvest level will likely lead to a mid-term timber supply fall-down. Using the fibre for bioenergy production is an alternative if managing for bioenergy can be integrated into harvest operations. However, unlike mill residues, the bioenergy supply has to fully account for harvest and transportation costs of dead wood to the mill. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate