Flutter suppression is a problem of considerable interest in modern avionics. Flutter is a vibration caused by energy in the airstream being absorbed by a non-rigid wing. Active control is one possible method of suppressing flutter. However, due to unmeasurable aerodynamic-lag states, developing an active control using full-state feedback is not viable. The use of a state-estimator is a more practical way of developing active controllers. In this paper we investigate two control methods using state-estimators. We also use simple models of disturbances to test attenuation and robustness of each control method. Finally, a method of quantitative robust analysis is reviewed and then applied to each of the controlled systems. / Master of Science

Submitted by RENAN FERNANDES KOZAN null (renankozan@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-19T12:10:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese.pdf: 3928779 bytes, checksum: 7c22c3b0fb005559432b588354eddf3f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-22T19:03:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kozan_rf_dr_ilha.pdf: 3928779 bytes, checksum: 7c22c3b0fb005559432b588354eddf3f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-22T19:03:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kozan_rf_dr_ilha.pdf: 3928779 bytes, checksum: 7c22c3b0fb005559432b588354eddf3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A lesão da medula espinhal é um dos mais graves acometimentos que pode afetar o ser humano. A Estimulação Elétrica Funcional (FES - Functional Electrical Stimulation) tem sido utilizada para auxiliar no restabelecimento de funções motoras em paraplégicos. Este projeto faz parte de um estudo multidisciplinar que tem por objetivo implementar um sistema de estimulação elétrica funcional para controlar a posição da perna de paraplégicos utilizando controlador Linear Quadrático Gaussiano (LQG) com o princípio de recuperação da malha objetivo (Loop Transfer Recovery – LTR), conhecido como LQG/LTR. A plataforma de testes utilizada é composta por um estimulador elétrico neuromuscular de 8 canais, uma cadeira instrumentada com sensores de posição, velocidade e aceleração angulares, um dispositivo NI myRIO e uma interface desenvolvida no software LabVIEW. Um modelo de segunda ordem, chamado de modelo nominal e um modelo de terceira ordem com um zero e atraso, chamado de modelo real, foram utilizados para representar o movimento de extensão da perna resultante da aplicação da FES. O controlador LQG/LTR foi utilizado para recuperar as propriedades do Filtro de Kalman como comportamento global do sistema, que além de prover boas características de robustez e sensibilidade, simplifica o projeto do controlador e requer a medição de uma única variável de estado. As identificações dos parâmetros dos modelos apresentaram boa correlação, indicando que os modelos representam suficientemente bem a dinâmica do movimento estudado. Foi possível projetar os controladores para os voluntários de maneira que os critérios de desempenho nominal e estabilidade robusta fossem atendidos para todas as frequências, e o critério de desempenho robusto fosse atendido apenas para baixas frequências. Os testes em malha fechada atingiram as posições especificadas, indicando que o uso do controlador LQG/LTR é adequado em sistemas de estimulação elétrica funcional. / A spinal cord injury is one of the most serious events that can affect humans. The Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) has been used to help restore motor function in paraplegics. This work is part of a multidisciplinary study that aims to implement a FES system to control the paraplegics leg position using a Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller, combined with the principle of Loop Transfer Recovery (LTR), or LQG/LTR controller. The platform test used is composed of an 8 channels neuromuscular electrical stimulator, an instrumented chair with angular position, velocity and acceleration sensors, an NI myRIO device and an interface developed in LabVIEW software. A second-order model, called nominal model, and a thirdorder model with a zero and delay, called real model, were used to represent the leg extension movement resulting from the application of FES. The LQG/LTR controller was used to recovery the Kalman Filter properties as global behavior of the controller, which in addition to providing good characteristics of robustness and sensitivity, simplifies the LQG design procedure, and requires measurement of only one state variable. The identification of the model parameters showed good correlation, indicating that the models represent well enough the dynamics of studied movement. It was possible to design the controllers in a way that the criteria for nominal performance and robust stability were met for all frequencies, and the criteria for robust performance was attended only to low frequencies. The closed-loop testes reached the specified position, indicating that using the LQG / LTR controller is appropriate for functional electrical stimulation systems.

Orientador: Aparecido Augusto de Carvalho / Resumo: A lesão da medula espinhal é um dos mais graves acometimentos que pode afetar o ser humano. A Estimulação Elétrica Funcional (FES - Functional Electrical Stimulation) tem sido utilizada para auxiliar no restabelecimento de funções motoras em paraplégicos. Este projeto faz parte de um estudo multidisciplinar que tem por objetivo implementar um sistema de estimulação elétrica funcional para controlar a posição da perna de paraplégicos utilizando controlador Linear Quadrático Gaussiano (LQG) com o princípio de recuperação da malha objetivo (Loop Transfer Recovery – LTR), conhecido como LQG/LTR. A plataforma de testes utilizada é composta por um estimulador elétrico neuromuscular de 8 canais, uma cadeira instrumentada com sensores de posição, velocidade e aceleração angulares, um dispositivo NI myRIO e uma interface desenvolvida no software LabVIEW. Um modelo de segunda ordem, chamado de modelo nominal e um modelo de terceira ordem com um zero e atraso, chamado de modelo real, foram utilizados para representar o movimento de extensão da perna resultante da aplicação da FES. O controlador LQG/LTR foi utilizado para recuperar as propriedades do Filtro de Kalman como comportamento global do sistema, que além de prover boas características de robustez e sensibilidade, simplifica o projeto do controlador e requer a medição de uma única variável de estado. As identificações dos parâmetros dos modelos apresentaram boa correlação, indicando que os modelos representam suficientemente bem ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: A spinal cord injury is one of the most serious events that can affect humans. The Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) has been used to help restore motor function in paraplegics. This work is part of a multidisciplinary study that aims to implement a FES system to control the paraplegics leg position using a Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller, combined with the principle of Loop Transfer Recovery (LTR), or LQG/LTR controller. The platform test used is composed of an 8 channels neuromuscular electrical stimulator, an instrumented chair with angular position, velocity and acceleration sensors, an NI myRIO device and an interface developed in LabVIEW software. A second-order model, called nominal model, and a thirdorder model with a zero and delay, called real model, were used to represent the leg extension movement resulting from the application of FES. The LQG/LTR controller was used to recovery the Kalman Filter properties as global behavior of the controller, which in addition to providing good characteristics of robustness and sensitivity, simplifies the LQG design procedure, and requires measurement of only one state variable. The identification of the model parameters showed good correlation, indicating that the models represent well enough the dynamics of studied movement. It was possible to design the controllers in a way that the criteria for nominal performance and robust stability were met for all frequencies, and the criteria for robust performance was ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The Subaru Coronagraphic Extreme Adaptive Optics (SCExAO) instrument, under development for the Subaru Telescope, has currently the fastest on-sky wavefront control loop, with a pyramid wavefront sensor running at 3.5 kHz. But even at that speed, we are still limited by low-frequency vibrations. The current main limitation was found to be vibrations attributed mainly to the rotation of the telescope. Using the fast wavefront sensors, cameras and accelerometers, we managed to identify the origin of most of the vibrations degrading our performance. Low-frequency vibrations are coming from the telescope drive in azimuth and elevation, as well as the elevation encoders when the target is at transit. Other vibrations were found at higher frequency coming from the image rotator inside Subaru's adaptive optics facility AO188. Different approaches are being implemented to take care of these issues. The PID control of the image rotator has been tuned to reduce their high-frequency contribution. We are working with the telescope team to tune the motor drives and reduce the impact of the elevation encoder. A Linear Quadratic Gaussian controller (LQG, or Kalman filter) is also being implemented inside SCExAO to control these vibrations. These solutions will not only improve significantly SCExAOs performance, but will also help all the other instruments on the Subaru Telescope, especially the ones behind A0188. Ultimately, this study will also help the development of the TMT, as these two telescopes share very similar drives.

Boucle gravité quantique (LQG) est une tentative pour résoudre le problème de la gravité quantique. Boucle cosmologie quantique (LQC) est une tentative d'appliquer LQG à la cosmologie précoce. Le but de LQC est de se connecter LQG avec des observations. Il est très difficile d'observer les effets de la gravité quantique parce que la densité d'énergie énorme est très probablement nécessaire. Ceci est exactement pourquoi l'Univers est choisi comme une étape pour rechercher des phénomènes de gravité quantique.Le résultat central de LQC est que la grande singularité bang est remplacé par un gros rebond. Toutefois, ce ne sont pas quelque chose qui est possible d'observer aujourd'hui. Pour cette raison, nous avons étudié la façon dont les perturbations cosmiques sont affectées par LQC. Nous avons utilisé l'approche dite d'algèbre déformée, et nous avons calculé les spectres obtenus pour les deux perturbations scalaires et tenseurs. Les spectres que nous avons trouvé ne sont pas compatibles avec l'observation. Cependant cela ne peut abeille considérée comme très forte preuve contre LQG car il y a trop d'hypothèses sur le chemin. Plutôt cela est le résultat de cette interprétation spécifique de LQC.Nous avons également étudié la dynamique de fond (la partie homogène des équations) de LQC. Depuis lent-roll inflation est essentielle pour expliquer de nombreuses caractéristiques de l'univers, y compris le CMB, nous voulons savoir si lent-roll inflation est compatible avec LQC. Nous avons constaté que, en effet, il est. Si un champ d'inflation potentiel carré est ajouté à la théorie, le rebond va lever l'énergie potentielle suffisante pour fournir environ 145 e-plis de lent-roll inflation. Toutefois, lorsque anisotropies sont pris en compte, le montant de l'inflation diminue, et peut même disparaître complètement s'il y a trop de cisaillement au moment du rebond.Nous avons dérivé l'équation Friedman modifié pour anisotrope LQC. Cela nous a permis d'étudier anisotrope LQC pas seulement numériquement, mais aussi analytiquement, qui nous a donné une compréhension beaucoup plus complète de la situation que ce qui était connu auparavant.Enfin, nous avons étudié certains aspects géométriques de l'espace de Sitter, qui a donné lieu à deux considérations très différentes. Tout d'abord nous avons constaté que nous pouvons, pour une théorie générale de la cosmologie modifiée et sous certaines hypothèses assez conservatrices, tirer la dynamique d'un univers spatialement incurvée, étant donné la dynamique d'un un espace plat. Cela est pertinent dans les théories telles que LQC, où il est plus facile de trouver la solution plate que celle incurvée. Deuxièmement, nous proposons un mécanisme possible pour l'origine et la renaissance de l'Univers. / Loop quantum gravity (LQG) is an attempt to solve the problem of quantum gravity. Loop quantum cosmology (LQC) is an attempt to apply LQG to early cosmology. The purpose of LQC is to connect LQG with observations. It is very hard to observe any quantum gravity effects because enormous energy density is most likely required. This is exactly why the early Universe is chosen as a stage to search for quantum gravity phenomena.The central result of LQC is that the big bang singularity is replaced by a big bounce. However this is not something that is possible to observe today. For this reason, we have investigated how cosmic perturbations are affected by LQC. We have used the so called deformed algebra approach, and have calculated the resulting spectrums for both scalar and tensor perturbations.The spectrums that we have found are not compatible with observation. However this can not bee taken as very strong evidence against LQG since there are too many assumptions on the way. Rather this is a result for this specific interpretation of LQC.We have also studied the background dynamics (the homogenous part of the equations) of LQC. Since slow-roll inflation is essential in explaining many features of the universe, including the CMB, we want to know if slow-roll inflation is compatible with LQC. We have found that, indeed, it is. If a square potential inflation field is added to the theory, the bounce will lift the potential energy enough to provide around 145 e-folds of slow-roll inflation. However, when anisotropies are taken into account, the amount of inflation decreases, and can even disappear completely if there is too much shear at the time of the bounce.We have derived the modified Friedman equation for anisotropic LQC. This has allowed us to study anisotropic LQC not just numerically, but also analytically, which has given us a much more comprehensive understanding of the situation than what was known before.Finally, we have studied some geometric aspects of de Sitter space, which has resulted in two very different considerations. Firstly we found that we can, for a general theory of modified cosmology and under some quite conservative assumptions, derive the dynamics for a spatially curved universe, given the dynamics of a spatially flat one. This is relevant in theories such as LQC, where it is easier to find the flat solution than the curved one. Secondly, we propose a possible mechanism for the origin and rebirth of the Universe.

<p>Inom processindustrin finns en etablerad reglerhierarki där basreglering sker med PID-regulatorer och där avancerad, multivariabel styrning sköts av MPC-programvara. Steget mellan dessa två nivåer kan upplevas som stort. För mindre och snabba multivariabla processer undvikes helst en multivariabel ansats, med försämrad reglering som följd. På Preem AB har detta upplevts som ett problem. Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att utveckla en alternativ, multivariabel styrstrategi för en process med ett mindre antal reglerstorheter som interagerar. Detta har gjorts genom en utveckling av en LQG-regulator i styrsystemet DeltaV.</p><p>För att implementera en regulator i ett styrsystem måste hänsyn tas till en rad faktorer, såsom hantering av olika körlägen, bortfall av signaler, integratoruppvridning, kommunikation med slavregulatorer och inte minst operatörernas gränssnitt för hantering av regulatorn. Att sedan utveckla en regulator för en process kräver bland annat stegförsök, analys och anpassning av stegtestdata, modellidentifiering, framtagning av trimningskonstanter, testning av styrstrategi i simulerad miljö och idrifttagning. Den typen av frågeställningar addresseras i rapporten.</p><p>Examensarbetet visar att det finns en plats för LQG-regulatorn i processindustrin för en viss typ av problem. Den utvecklade regulatorn har implementerats på en avsvavlingsprocess på Preems oljeraffenaderi i Lysekil med lyckat resultat. Oscillationer i processen, som tidvis påverkat produktionen av propen, har kunnat reduceras.</p> / <p>Process control in process industry is done in a hierarchy in which PID controllers are used for basic control and MPC software is used for advanced, multivariable process control. The implementation of multivariable control using MPC software is a major undertaking and development of such controllers for small and fast multivariable processes is therefore avoided. To achieve better control for such processes, a simpler approach to multivariable control is often sought. The purpose of this masters thesis is to develop an alternative, multivariable control strategy for processes with a smaller number of interacting control variables. This is achieved by developing an LQG-controller in the DCS DeltaV at Preem AB.</p><p>Implementation of such a controller in a DCS requires that consideration is given to a number of factors, including handling of different modes, loss of signals, reset windup, communication with slave controllers and construction of operator interface. To develop a controller for a specific process also requires step testing, model identification, tuning of the controller parameters, simulation of the control strategy and commissioning. Solutions to such issues are addressed in this report.</p><p>The thesis shows that  LQG-controllers can be useful in process industry for some niche applications. The LQG-controller has successfully been applied to a desulphurisation process at Preem's oil refinery in Lysekil, where oscillations affecting the production of propylene have been reduced.</p>

Inom processindustrin finns en etablerad reglerhierarki där basreglering sker med PID-regulatorer och där avancerad, multivariabel styrning sköts av MPC-programvara. Steget mellan dessa två nivåer kan upplevas som stort. För mindre och snabba multivariabla processer undvikes helst en multivariabel ansats, med försämrad reglering som följd. På Preem AB har detta upplevts som ett problem. Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att utveckla en alternativ, multivariabel styrstrategi för en process med ett mindre antal reglerstorheter som interagerar. Detta har gjorts genom en utveckling av en LQG-regulator i styrsystemet DeltaV. För att implementera en regulator i ett styrsystem måste hänsyn tas till en rad faktorer, såsom hantering av olika körlägen, bortfall av signaler, integratoruppvridning, kommunikation med slavregulatorer och inte minst operatörernas gränssnitt för hantering av regulatorn. Att sedan utveckla en regulator för en process kräver bland annat stegförsök, analys och anpassning av stegtestdata, modellidentifiering, framtagning av trimningskonstanter, testning av styrstrategi i simulerad miljö och idrifttagning. Den typen av frågeställningar addresseras i rapporten. Examensarbetet visar att det finns en plats för LQG-regulatorn i processindustrin för en viss typ av problem. Den utvecklade regulatorn har implementerats på en avsvavlingsprocess på Preems oljeraffenaderi i Lysekil med lyckat resultat. Oscillationer i processen, som tidvis påverkat produktionen av propen, har kunnat reduceras. / Process control in process industry is done in a hierarchy in which PID controllers are used for basic control and MPC software is used for advanced, multivariable process control. The implementation of multivariable control using MPC software is a major undertaking and development of such controllers for small and fast multivariable processes is therefore avoided. To achieve better control for such processes, a simpler approach to multivariable control is often sought. The purpose of this masters thesis is to develop an alternative, multivariable control strategy for processes with a smaller number of interacting control variables. This is achieved by developing an LQG-controller in the DCS DeltaV at Preem AB. Implementation of such a controller in a DCS requires that consideration is given to a number of factors, including handling of different modes, loss of signals, reset windup, communication with slave controllers and construction of operator interface. To develop a controller for a specific process also requires step testing, model identification, tuning of the controller parameters, simulation of the control strategy and commissioning. Solutions to such issues are addressed in this report. The thesis shows that  LQG-controllers can be useful in process industry for some niche applications. The LQG-controller has successfully been applied to a desulphurisation process at Preem's oil refinery in Lysekil, where oscillations affecting the production of propylene have been reduced.

In this thesis it has been investigated if LQG control could be used to mitigate torsional oscillations in a variable speed, fixed pitch wind turbine. The wind turbine is a vertical axis wind turbine with a 40 m tall axis that is connected to a generator. The power extracted by the turbine is delivered to the grid via a passive rectifier and an inverter. By controlling the grid side inverter the current is controlled and hence the rotational speed can be controlled. A state space model was developed for the LQG controller. The model includes both the dynamics of the electrical system as swell as the two mass system, consisting of the turbine and the generator connected with a flexible shaft. The controller was designed to minimize a quadratic criterion that punishes both torsional oscillations, command following and input signal magnitude. Integral action was added to the controller to handle the nonlinear aerodynamic torque. The controller was compared to the existing control system that uses a PI controller to control the speed, and tested usingMATLAB Simulink. Simulations show that the LQG controller is just as good as the PI controller in controlling the speed of the turbine, and has the advantage that it can be tuned such that the occurrence of torsional oscillations is mitigated. The study also concluded that some external method of dampening torsional oscillations should be implemented to mitigate torsional oscillations in case of a grid fault or loss of PWM signal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Cesar Teixeira Ferreira.pdf: 819618 bytes, checksum: d77aa555d25af8f110fac9381a4b6c4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-25 / This work presents a proposal for Eigenstructure Assignment in dynamic stochastic multivariable systems, using LQG/LTR Robust Controllers and Evolutionary Computation. It shows the importance and influence of the Eigenstructure Assignment on the systems dynamic response. It solves the Eigenstructure Assignment problem of the control problem through Linear Quadratic Regulator Design and Genetic Algorithm, developed to perform the search of the state and control weighting matrices in order to assign the Eigenstructure. The Eigenstructure Assignment problem of stochastic state estimation is formulated and solved by using Kalman Filter Design and Genetic Algorithm, now developed to search the state disturbance and measurement noise covariances matrices in order to find an adequate estimator. The Eigenstructure Assignment problem for the stochastic multivariable control with observer is formulated as LQG/LTR Robust Control problem with Loop Transfer Recovery at the Input. This proposal for Eigenstructure Assignment using LQG/LTR Controllers is examined on dynamical system model that representing an aircraft. / Apresenta-se neste trabalho um método para Alocação de Auto-estrutura em sistemas dinâmicos estocásticos multivariáveis, utilizando-se o Projeto de Controladores Robustos LQG/LTR e Computação Evolutiva. Mostra-se a importância e influência da Alocação de Auto-estrutura na resposta de sistemas dinâmicos. Resolve-se o problema da Alocação de Auto-estrutura do problema de controle através do Projeto do Regulador Linear Quadrático e Algoritmo Genético, desenvolvido para realizar a busca das matrizes de ponderação do estado e do controle de forma a alocar a Auto-estrutura. Formula-se e resolve-se o problema de Alocação de Auto-estrutura do estimador de estado estocástico, utilizando-se Filtro de Kalman e Algoritmo Genético, agora desenvolvido para buscar as matrizes de covariâncias da perturbação no estado e do ruído de medida, de forma a encontrar um estimador adequado. Propõe-se e implementa-se a solução do problema de Alocação de Auto-estrutura para o projeto de controle multivariável com observador estocástico, formulado como um problema de Controle Robusto LQG/LTR com Recuperação da Malha de Transferência na Entrada. Verifica-se esta proposta de Alocação de Auto-estrutura via Controladores LQG/LTR em um modelo de um sistema dinâmico que representa uma aeronave.

In this master thesis the gyroscopic stabilization of a two-wheeled amphibious concept vehicle is investigated. The key idea is to neutralize external torques applied on the vehicle by the counter torque produced from the two gyroscopes attached on the vehicle. Here the gyroscopes are used as actuators, not as sensors. When a torque is applied in order to rotate a gyroscope whose flywheel is spinning, then the gyroscope precesses and it generates a moment, orthogonal to both the torque and the spinning axis. This phenomenon is known as gyroscopic precession. As the vehicle leans from its upright position we expect to generate sufficient gyroscopic reaction moment to bring the vehicle back and get it stabilized.   We first derive the equations of motion based on Lagrangian mechanics. It is worth mentioning that we only consider the control dynamics of a static vehicle. This is the so called regulator problem where we try to counteract the effects of disturbances. The trajectory tracking (servo problem) and the water-travelling can be considered as an extension of the current project. We linearize the dynamics around an equilibrium and we study the stability of the linearized model. We then design an LQG controller, a Glover-McFarlane controller and a cascade PID controller. Regarding the implementation part, we only focus on the cascade PID controller. The results from both simulations and experiments with a small-scale prototype are presented and discussed. / <p>MARINTEKNIKDAGAR PÅ KTH 2015</p>