Pre-ignition is a type of irregular combustion that occurs in boosted direct injection gasoline engines when one or more auto-ignition events occur before to spark ignition. Due to the direct injection of fuel into the cylinder, some liquid fuel may splash off the walls, dragging along lubricating oil. The self-ignition of liquid fuel/lubricant droplets is one of the pre-ignition sources studied. To test this stochastic behavior in a controlled manner, we examined the auto-ignition of a single droplet of a hexadecane-fuel mixture, with hexadecane serving as a surrogate for the lub oil. This experiment involved suspending a single hexadecane-fuel mixture droplet on a thermocouple bead in preheated air at temperatures ranging from 150 to 300 ° C over a wide range of pressures (4-30 bar). Various fuels with RON values ranging from 0 to 120 were blended with hexadecane at varying volume percentages of fuel in hexadecane from 0% to 100% to determine the droplet's time to ignition, denoted by TI. TI was determined by concurrently recording the history of the droplet temperature and imaging it at high speed. The ignition of the droplet is triggered by the self-ignition of the combustible mixture created by the vapor of the hexadecane-fuel mixture reacting with the heated ambient air surrounding the droplet. The increase in RON increased the TI as high RON fuels are difficult to ignite. However, the TI of the mixture depended on the fuel mixture properties even when the RON of the mixture was relatively high. Furthermore, the metal additives were added to the oil surrogate to investigate their effect on getting a pre-ignition event. The lubricant oil additives were phosphate, magnesium, and calcium. These additives were mixed with hexadecane at different concentrations. The experiments were conducted in a constant volume combustion chamber at 300 ⁰C temperature and the pressure was varied from 5 to 15 bar. The resulting TI were then compared with the TI of pure hexadecane. The results showed that addition of phosphate reduces the chances of getting a pre-ignition event, magnesium showed neutral effect while calcium enhanced the chances of getting a pre-ignition event.

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Yes / The presence of lubricant droplets in the gas that flows through the piston assembly and crankcase of an internal combustion engine (generically termed oil misting) has important implications for performance, particularly lubricant supply to the upper piston assembly, oil consumption and lubricant degradation. A significant source of these droplets is thought to be oil shearing and blow-through by blow-by gas flows in the piston assembly. An experimental rig was developed to simulate the high velocity gas and lubricant film interactions at a top piston ring gap where the flow conditions are most severe. Flows of lubricant droplets were produced and characterised in terms of the proportion of the oil flow that formed droplets in the gas flow and the size distribution of the droplets produced. Considering various aspects of a commercial automotive crankcase formulation, the effect of lubricant viscosity was found to be particularly important. Of the lubricant additives evaluated, viscosity modifiers were found to have the greatest effect on the tendency to form droplets: Detailed study on a range of viscosity modifiers identified that the influence of their molecular architectures on viscoelasticity was the key mechanism.

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Orientador: Luiz Felipe Mendes de Moura / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T06:23:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hildinger_Omar_M.pdf: 10658215 bytes, checksum: 96e20fb021b267ab748663b39b048e94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: medição de consumo de óleo lubrificante em motores de combustão interna tem a característica de ser impreciso e demorado quando se fala no procedimento tradicional de drenar e pesar, ainda muito utilizado pela maioria das empresas de autopeças no desenvolvimento de motores e componentes. Neste trabalho mapeamos os fatores que influenciam na medição e estudamos a possibilidade de mensurar o consumo pelo nível de óleo do motor. Tivemos ótimos resultados quando utilizamos um transdutor de pressão para inferir o nível de óleo no cárter, onde se mediu a altura manométrica que o óleo exerce obtendo boa repetibilidade nos resultados, quando trabalhamos com o amortecimento numérico das medições. O tempo de teste para medição de consumo pôde ser reduzido de 60 para 20 horas de teste com a mesma precisão e, o tempo total dos testes de durabilidade pôde ser reduzido de 6 a 13% em função das paradas para pesagem do óleo que não precisam mais ser realizadas. Com o controle correto dos parâmetros que influenciam a medição, podemos considerar que a complexidade do sistema de medição melhorou em relação ao método de drenar e pesar. Também se diminuiu o manuseio de grandes quantidades de óleo com ganhos em segurança e ergonomia para o operador, além de diminuir riscos para o meio ambiente / Abstract: The measurement of lubricant oil consumption in internal combustion engines is known as inaccurate and too time consuming when used the drain-and-weight method, which is still widely used by several auto-parts companies at engine development. During this research, we studied the parameters that have an effect on this kind of measurement and tested the oil consumption measurement technique, based on the oil level in the oil pan. Great results were achieved by using a pressure transducer to assess the engine-oil level and measuring the oil pressure at the bottom of the oil pan. A good repeatability when damping the measurements with numerical averages was observed. The test duration for oil consumption measurements could be reduced from 60 to 20 hours of testing, with the same accuracy, and the total time of durability tests could be reduced from 6 to 13% due to drain and weight pause that no longer need to be made. After this study, as long as the parameters that have strong influence in the oil measurement are properly controlled, we could consider that the proposed system has lower complexity with respect to the drain-and-weight method, We have also detected improvements regarding safety, ergonomics and environment issues due to the large quantities of oil that is no longer need to be handled with the system proposed / Mestrado / Motores / Mestre em Engenharia Automobilistica

Three different fine-particles (lanthanum fluoride nanoparticles, cerium oxide nanoparticles and zinc borate submicron particles) were modified and tested on the purpose of study the effects of surface modified fine-particles when they used as lubricant additives in liquid paraffin. The modified fine-particles were examined and characterised by a FT-IR spectroscopy and a zeta-potential measurer. The tribological performances of surface modified fine-particles were invalided by a pin-on-disc test rig under various experimental environments. The worn surfaces on post-tested pin were analysed by AFM, SEM and a nano-indentation tester. The results indicated Hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HS) modified lanthanum fluoride nanoparticles and HS modified cerium oxide nanoparticles all shown better dispersibility than unmodified lanthanum fluoride nanoparticles and unmodified cerium oxide nanoparticles in liquid paraffin (LP). HS modified lanthanum fluoride nanoparticles and HS modified cerium oxide nanoparticles also have been approved that they can improve the tribological properties of LP significantly under various working conditions. The formation of tribo-films on the worn scar is the key mechanism of friction and wear reduction. On the other hand, surface modified zinc borate submicron particles have not demonstrated great potential as an oil lubricant additive under various working conditions. HS, as a particle surface modifier, could improve the performance of fine-particle oil lubricant additives impressively. The positive effects of HS on both dispersibility and tribological performance of surface modified fine-particles were observed.

Dentre tantas matérias primas existentes para produção de biodiesel, os óleos e gorduras residuais apresentam-se como uma alternativa promissora em função das questões ambientais envolvidas no seu reaproveitamento. Neste contexto, vários aspectos necessitam ser melhores compreendidos quanto à produção e utilização de biodiesel produzido a partir desta matéria prima. Dentre eles, destacam-se a estabilidade à oxidação do biodiesel e as suas conseqüências para o óleo lubrificante do motor, pois um combustível com baixa estabilidade à oxidação remete à menor vida útil do mesmo, enquanto que a presença de biodiesel no lubrificante degrada a qualidade do óleo, interferindo diretamente nas condições de desgaste das partes móveis do motor. Desta forma, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo propor uma metodologia de análise para identificar as conseqüências do uso de biodiesel de óleos e gorduras residuais em motores, a partir da adição ou não de um anti-oxidante no combustível, bem como avaliar a influência deste anti-oxidante sobre a estabilidade à oxidação do biodiesel. Para tanto, a pesquisa propõe a realização de ensaios em motores de ciclo diesel abastecido com biodiesel, sem troca de óleo, em condições reais de funcionamento, na presença e na ausência de anti-oxidante. Além disso, é proposto que a concentração do antioxidante a ser usado seja determinada a partir do acompanhamento do índice de peróxido do combustível e que o efeito deste anti-oxidante seja avaliado a partir da caracterização do combustível antes e após a sua aplicação. Quanto às conseqüências tribológicas do uso de biodiesel em motores, é proposto um monitoramento das variáveis físico-químicas do lubrificante, além de espectroscopia no infravermelho e por emissão ótica. Para identificar as relações existentes entre o combustível utilizado, o desgaste observado e a contaminação do óleo lubrificante, a metodologia proposta sugere a aplicação de uma matriz de correlação nos resultados obtidos. No presente estudo, a metodologia foi aplicada em um motor de ciclo diesel estacionário, acoplado à um gerador de 12,5 kVA, trabalhando por intervalos de tempo superiores à 250 h. Os resultados mostraram que a adição de BHA como agente anti-oxidante aumenta a estabilidade à oxidação do biodiesel para uma concentração de 1000 ppm, Além disso, também foi possível identificar que ocorreu contaminação do lubrificante pelo biodiesel, na presença ou não de BHA, e que esta contaminação apresentou alguma influência nas condições tribológicas do motor para o período de ensaios considerado. / Amongst many available sources for biodiesel production, the residual oils and fats are presented as a promising alternative by the environmental questions involved in its reuse. This way, some aspects related to biodiesel production and utilization must be better understood. Amongst them, it is highlighted the oxidation stability of biodiesel and its consequences to the engine lubricant oil, because a fuel with low oxidation stability sends to a lesser useful life whereas the presence of biodiesel in the engine lubricant degrades the oil quality, intervening directly with the wearing conditions of the engine mobile parts. In such a way, this research proposes an analysis methodology to identify the consequences of the biodiesel use in engines, in the presence or not of the antioxidative substance, as well to evaluate the influence of an antioxidative substance on the oxidation stability of biodiesel. For that, the research considers the accomplishment of the assays in a diesel engine, without oil exchange, in real conditions of working, in two stages: in the presence and without the antioxidative substance in the fuel. Moreover, it is proposed that the concentration of the antioxidative substance to be used must be evaluated by the accompaniment of the fuel peroxide index and that the effect of this antioxidative substance must be evaluated from the characterization of the fuel before and after its application. About the tribologycal consequences of the biodiesel use in engines, it is proposed a monitoring of the lubricant physical-chemical variables, beyond spectrometry in the infra-red ray and optical emission spectroscopy. To identify the relations between the fuel used, degree of wearing and lubricant oil contamination, the methodology suggests the application of a matrix of correlation in the achieved results. In the present study, the methodology has been applied in a stationary diesel engine coupled to a generator of 12,5 kVA, by a period bigger than 250 h. The lubricant used was SAE 15W40 oil. The results had shown that the BHA addition increases the biodiesel oxidation stability for a 1000 ppm concentration. Moreover, it was also possible identify that contamination lubricant by biodiesel occurs, in the presence or not of BHA, and that this contamination presented some influence on the engine tribologycal conditions for the period of assays considered.

This thesis includes two parts. The first part reviews the history and fundamentals of surface science and tribology. The second part presents the major research outcomes and contributions. This research explores the aspects of friction, wear, and surface modification for tribological augmentation of surfaces. An effort has been made to study these aspects through gaining insights by fundamental studies leading to specific practical applications in railroads. The basic idea was to surface engineer metals for enhanced surface properties. A micro- and nano- scale experimental approach has been used to achieve these objectives. Novel principles of nano technology are incorporated into the experiments. Friction has the potential to generate sufficient energy to cause surface reactions through high flash temperatures at the interface of two materials moving in relative motion. This allows surface modifications which can be tailored to be tribologically beneficial through a controlled process. The present work developed a novel methodology to generate a functional tribofilm that has combined properties of high hardness and high wear resistance. A novel methodology was implemented to distinguish sliding/rolling contact modes during experiments. Using this method, a super hard high-performance functional tribofilm with “regenerative” properties was formed. The main instrument used in this research for laboratory experiments is a tribometer, using which friction, wear and phase transformation characteristics of railroad tribo-pairs have been experimentally studied. A variety of material characterization techniques have been used to study these characteristics at both micro and nano scale. Various characterization tools used include profilometer, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, atomic force microscope, X-ray diffractometer, nanoindenter, and X-ray photon spectroscope. The regenerative tribofilms promise exciting applications in areas like gas turbines, automotive industry, compressors, and heavy industrial equipment. The outcome of this technology will be an economical and more productive utilization of resources, and a higher end performance.

No description available.

This thesis includes two parts. The first part reviews the history and fundamentals of surface science and tribology. The second part presents the major research outcomes and contributions. This research explores the aspects of friction, wear, and surface modification for tribological augmentation of surfaces. An effort has been made to study these aspects through gaining insights by fundamental studies leading to specific practical applications in railroads. The basic idea was to surface engineer metals for enhanced surface properties. A micro- and nano- scale experimental approach has been used to achieve these objectives. Novel principles of nano technology are incorporated into the experiments. Friction has the potential to generate sufficient energy to cause surface reactions through high flash temperatures at the interface of two materials moving in relative motion. This allows surface modifications which can be tailored to be tribologically beneficial through a controlled process. The present work developed a novel methodology to generate a functional tribofilm that has combined properties of high hardness and high wear resistance. A novel methodology was implemented to distinguish sliding/rolling contact modes during experiments. Using this method, a super hard high-performance functional tribofilm with “regenerative” properties was formed. The main instrument used in this research for laboratory experiments is a tribometer, using which friction, wear and phase transformation characteristics of railroad tribo-pairs have been experimentally studied. A variety of material characterization techniques have been used to study these characteristics at both micro and nano scale. Various characterization tools used include profilometer, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, atomic force microscope, X-ray diffractometer, nanoindenter, and X-ray photon spectroscope. The regenerative tribofilms promise exciting applications in areas like gas turbines, automotive industry, compressors, and heavy industrial equipment. The outcome of this technology will be an economical and more productive utilization of resources, and a higher end performance.