by Hui Yee Han, Ellen. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-71). / acknowledgements --- p.i / abstract --- p.ii / table of contents --- p.iii-vi / list of figures --- p.vii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / chapter / Chapter chapter i : --- introduction --- p.1 / Chapter chapter ii : --- background knowledge --- p.2 -33 / Chapter 2.1 --- Definition of Free Radical --- p.2 / Chapter 2.2 --- Oxygen Derived Radicals and Their Generation In Vivo --- p.2 -9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Production of Singlet Oxygen --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Production of Superoxide Radical (O2-) and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) --- p.4 -8 / Chapter I. --- Endogenous Production --- p.4-7 / Chapter II. --- Exogenous Production --- p.7-8 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Generation of Hydroxy Radical (OH) through H2O2 and O2- --- p.8 -9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Free Radical Damage and Lipid Peroxidation --- p.9 -13 / Chapter 2.4 --- Lipid Peroxidation and Atherosclerosis --- p.13 -14 / Chapter 2.5 --- Antioxidant --- p.15-21 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Primary Preventive Antioxidants --- p.15-17 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Secondary Radical Scavenging Antioxidants --- p.18-21 / Chapter I. --- Lipid Soluble Radical-Scavenging Antioxidants --- p.18-19 / Chapter II. --- Water Soluble Radical-Scavenging Antioxidants --- p.20 -21 / Chapter 2.6 --- Measurement of Oxygen-Derived Radical in Vivo --- p.21 -26 / Chapter 2.7 --- Principle of the TRAP assay --- p.27-33 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Oxygen Consumption Method --- p.29 -30 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Chemiluminescence Method --- p.31-33 / Chapter chapter III： --- materials and methods --- p.34 -43 / Chapter 3.1 --- Instrumentation and Materials --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2 --- Method --- p.34-43 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Establishment of Chemiluminescence Method for Determination of TRAP --- p.34 -36 / Chapter I. --- Preparation of Luminometer --- p.35 / Chapter II. --- Preparation of Sample before Analysis --- p.3 5 / Chapter III. --- Manual Operation of the Chemiluminescence Method --- p.35-36 / Chapter IV. --- Calculation of TRAP --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Evaluation of the Chemiluminescence Method --- p.37 -42 / Chapter I. --- Linearity --- p.37 / Chapter II. --- Recovery --- p.37-38 / Chapter III. --- Precision --- p.39 / Chapter IV. --- Interference Experiment --- p.39 -41 / Chapter V. --- Effect of Storage on TRAP --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- "Determination of Analytical, Intraindividual and Interindividual Biological Variation of TRAP in A Group of Healthy Chinese" --- p.42-43 / Chapter CHAPTER IV: --- ANALYTICAL RESULTS --- p.44-56 / Chapter 4.1 --- Method Evaluation --- p.44-51 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Linearity --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Recovery --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Within-Day and Between-Day Precision --- p.46-47 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Interference --- p.47-48 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Effect of Storage on TRAP --- p.48-51 / Chapter 4.2 --- "Analytical, Intraindividual and Interindividual Variation of TRAP in A Group of Healthy Chinese Population" --- p.52 -56 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Difference in TRAP value obtained from the 22 subjects over time --- p.52 -54 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- The Effect of Genders on Trap --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- "Determination of Analytical, Intraindividual and Interindividual Variation of TRAP in A Group of Healthy Chinese" --- p.55-56 / Chapter CHAPTER V: --- DISCUSSION --- p.57-67 / Chapter 5.1 --- Validation of the Method Performance --- p.57 / Chapter 5.2 --- Effect of Storage on TRAP --- p.57 / Chapter 5.3 --- Interference of Hemolysis and Lipemia on TRAP assay --- p.58-60 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Effect of Hemolysis on TRAP --- p.58-59 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of Lipemia on TRAP --- p.59-60 / Chapter 5.4 --- Possible Sources of Variation in TRAP Over Time --- p.60 -63 / Chapter 5.5 --- Usefulness of the Variation Data of TRAP obtained from a Group of Healthy Chinese --- p.64 -67 / reference --- p.68 -71

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 81-83.

The dynamic processes that occur at specific times and locations in cells and/or whole organisms during cellular division, migration, morphogenesis and development are critical. When these molecular events are not properly regulated, disease states can develop. Tools that can allow us to better understand the specific events that, when misregulated, result in disease development can also allow us to determine better ways to combat such misregulation. Specifically, tools that could allow us to better visualize cellular processes or those that allow us to control cellular functioning in a spatiotemporal manner could present great insight into the detailed inner workings of cells and/or whole organisms. Where chemistry and biology intersect presents a powerful starting point for the development of such tools. The first half of this thesis addresses tools to allow the better visualization of cellular events, in particular the intriguing process of bioluminescence and the work that has been done to better understand and optimize its utilization, particularly in living organisms. The novel work presented here details a parallel approach to improve our ability to observe cellular functioning specifically by improving bioluminescence imaging through the generation and characterization of mutant luciferase proteins that can better utilize novel small molecule luciferin substrates. The second half of this thesis discusses methods that have been developed to better control cellular events through the control of protein activity, specifically a family of proteins called the Rho GTPases. This family’s activation at specific times and locations is essential to proper cellular function and exemplifies the need for spatiotemporal control. Described are methods to control the activation states of the Rho GTPases to probe their cellular roles in a temporal and spatial manner using photosensitive small molecules. Taken together, the findings described herein demonstrate the application of chemistry to allow for the better observation and control of cellular processes, toward the ultimate goal of improving our understanding of the regulatory processes involved in the control of key factors leading to disease states.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) Indiana University School of Dentistry Master Degree Thesis. / Detection of caries at an early stage is unequivocally essential for early preventive intervention. Longitudinal assessment of caries lesions, especially under the opaque preventive sealant, would be of utmost importance to the dental community. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this two-part in-vitro study is to evaluate the performance of multiple detection methods: The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS); two quantitative light-induced fluorescence systems QLF; Inspektor™ Pro and QLF-D Biluminator™2 (Inspektor Research Systems B.V.; Amsterdam, The Netherlands); and photothermal radiometry and modulated luminescence (PTR/LUM) of The Canary System® (Quantum Dental Technologies; Toronto, Canada). All these are to be evaluated on their detection of caries on posterior human permanent teeth for 1) of primary occlusal lesions, and 2) under the sealant of primary occlusal lesions. METHODS: One hundred and twenty (N = 120) human posterior permanent teeth, selected in compliance with IU-IRB “Institutional Review Board” standards, with non-cavitated occlusal lesions ICDAS (scores 0 to 4) were divided into two equal groups. The second group (N = 60) received an opaque resin dental sealant (Delton® Light-Curing Pit and Fissure Sealant Opaque, Dentsply, York, PA). All lesions were assessed with each detection method twice in a random order except for ICDAS, which was not used following the placement of the sealant. Histological validation was used to compare methods in regard to sensitivity, specificity, % correct, and the area under receiver- operating characteristic curve (AUC). Intra-examiner repeatability and inter-examiner agreement were measured using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: 1) Of primary occlusal lesions, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values were respectively: 0.82, 0.86 and 0.87 (ICDAS); 0.89, 0.60 and 0.90 (Inspektor Pro); 0.96, 0.57 and 0.94 (QLF-D Biluminator 2); and 0.85, 0.43 and 0.79 (The Canary System). Intra-examiner repeatability and inter-examiner agreement were respectively: 0.81 to 0.87: 0.72 (ICDAS); 0.49 to 0.97: 0.73 (Inspektor Pro); 0.96 to 0.99: 0.96 (QLF-D Biluminator 2); and 0.33 to 0.63: 0.48 (The Canary System). 2) Of primary occlusal lesions under the opaque dental sealants, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values were respectively: 0.99, 0.03 and 0.67 (Inspektor Pro); 1.00, 0.00 and 0.70 (QLF-D Biluminator 2); and 0.54, 0.50 and 0.58 (The Canary System). Intra-examiner repeatability and inter-examiner agreement were respectively: 0.24 to 0.37: 0.29 (Inspektor Pro); 0.80 to 0.84: 0.74 (QLF-D Biluminator 2); and 0.22 to 0.47: 0.01 (The Canary System). CONCLUSION: Limited to these in-vitro conditions, 1) ICDAS remains the method of choice for detection of early caries lesion due to its adequately high accuracy and repeatability. QLF systems demonstrate potential in longitudinal monitoring due to an almost perfect repeatability of QLF-D Biluminator 2. The Canary System performance and repeatability were not acceptable as a valid method of early caries detection. 2) None of the methods demonstrated acceptable ability in detecting of occlusal caries under the opaque sealant. However, QLF-D Biluminator 2, with limitation to these in-vitro conditions and Delton opaque sealant, demonstrated a fair accuracy AUC (0.70) in detecting of caries under sealants at an experimental threshold of 12.5% ΔF.