The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of decreased barometric pressure on the transcapillary movement of molecules by monitoring the macromolecular capillary permeability with lymph derived primarily from the hepatic and gastrointestinal regions of the dog.

Introduction To measure the radiation exposure to the surgeon during axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy using the radioactive isotope technetium-99m. Method A prospective analysis of 36 patients undergoing axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy using technetium-99m, between 15th January 2013 to the 20th February 2013.. Results The exposure to the surgeon during axillary sentinel lymph node dissection was measured in 36 patients by placing a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) on the surgeon’s finger. The TLDs recorded the total radiation exposure to the surgeon. The recommended occupational dose limit for non radiation workers extremity exposure is less than 500 μSv. The analysed and extrapolated data showed an average exposure dose to the surgeon per patient of 2.7 μSv. Conclusion One surgeon would need to perform more than 85 such procedures per year in order to exceed the advised annual extremity dose limit. The data also suggests that regular measurements of radiation exposure and radiation protective measures need not be undertaken in theatres where surgeons are working with radioactive isotope for axillary sentinel lymph node biopsies.

Typescript (photocopy) / 163 leaves, [8] leaves of plates : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (M.D.)--Dept. of Surgery, University of Adelaide, 1981

Background: Axillary lymph node dissection as routine part of breast cancer treatment has been questioned in relation to the balance between benefits and morbidity. The purpose of this study is to determine the association of tumor size, age and histological grade with axillary lymph node metastasis, to determine if some patients could be exempted from axillary dissection. Methods: The data are derived from BreastScreen NSW, the government sponsored population-based breast screening program. In New South Wales (NSW) Australia between 1995 and 2002, 7,221 patients with invasive breast carcinoma were diagnosed and 5,290 patients were eligible for this study. The relationship between incidence of positive axillary lymph nodes and three study factors (tumor size, age and histological grade) was investigated by univariate and multivariate analysis. Logistic regression models were used to predict probability of axillary metastases. Results: The incidence of axillary lymph node metastases was 28.6% (95% CI: 27.4%- 29.8%). Univariate analysis showed that age, tumor size and histological grade were significant predictors of axillary lymph node metastases (p<0.0001). Multivariate analysis identified age, tumor size and histological grade remained as independent predictors (p<0.0001). From multivariate analysis, patients with T1a (Less than or equal to 5mm) and grade I tumors regardless of age had 5.2% (95% CI: 1.2%- 9.3%) frequency of node metastases. Patients 70 years or older with grade I, T1a and T1b (6-10mm) tumors had 4.9% (95% CI: 3.2%- 7.5%) and 6.6% (95% CI: 5.3%-8.3%) predicted frequency of node metastases. Conclusions: Tumor size, age and histological grade are predictors of axillary lymph node metastases. Routine axillary lymph node dissection could be avoided in some patient groups with a low frequency of involved lymph nodes if the benefits are considered to exceed the risks.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-126).

Background: Axillary lymph node dissection as routine part of breast cancer treatment has been questioned in relation to the balance between benefits and morbidity. The purpose of this study is to determine the association of tumor size, age and histological grade with axillary lymph node metastasis, to determine if some patients could be exempted from axillary dissection. Methods: The data are derived from BreastScreen NSW, the government sponsored population-based breast screening program. In New South Wales (NSW) Australia between 1995 and 2002, 7,221 patients with invasive breast carcinoma were diagnosed and 5,290 patients were eligible for this study. The relationship between incidence of positive axillary lymph nodes and three study factors (tumor size, age and histological grade) was investigated by univariate and multivariate analysis. Logistic regression models were used to predict probability of axillary metastases. Results: The incidence of axillary lymph node metastases was 28.6% (95% CI: 27.4%- 29.8%). Univariate analysis showed that age, tumor size and histological grade were significant predictors of axillary lymph node metastases (p<0.0001). Multivariate analysis identified age, tumor size and histological grade remained as independent predictors (p<0.0001). From multivariate analysis, patients with T1a (Less than or equal to 5mm) and grade I tumors regardless of age had 5.2% (95% CI: 1.2%- 9.3%) frequency of node metastases. Patients 70 years or older with grade I, T1a and T1b (6-10mm) tumors had 4.9% (95% CI: 3.2%- 7.5%) and 6.6% (95% CI: 5.3%-8.3%) predicted frequency of node metastases. Conclusions: Tumor size, age and histological grade are predictors of axillary lymph node metastases. Routine axillary lymph node dissection could be avoided in some patient groups with a low frequency of involved lymph nodes if the benefits are considered to exceed the risks.

Observations of decreases in plasma volume, shifts in plasma and lymph protein concentrations, and increases in capillary permeability at high altitude have been reported in the literature by several investigators. This investigation was begun in an attempt to elucidate the possible significance of these phenomena in future space exploration, and because of the lack of knowledge concerning the underlying mechanisms. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of exposure to hypobaric pressures on the capillary permeability to the normal plasma and lymph proteins.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Medicine in the branch of Internal Medicine Johannesburg, 2015 / Lymphadenopathy is a common clinical presentation of disease in South Africa (SA), particularly in the era of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) coinfection. Methods Data from 560 lymph node biopsy reports of specimens from patients older than 12 years at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (CHBAH) between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2012 was extracted from the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), division of Anatomical Pathology. Cytology reports of lymph node fine needle aspirates (FNAs) performed prior to lymph node biopsy in 203 patients were also extracted from the NHLS. Consent was not obtained from participants for their records to be used as patient information was anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis. Results The majority of patients were female (55%) and of the African/black racial group (90%). The median age of patients was 40 years (range12-94). The most common indication for biopsy was an uncertain diagnosis (more than two differential diagnoses entertained), followed by a suspicion for lymphoma, carcinoma and TB. Overall, malignancy constituted the largest biopsy pathology group (39%), with 36% of this group being carcinoma and 27% non-Hodgkin lymphoma. 22% of the total sampled nodes displayed necrotizing granulomatous inflammation (including histopathology and cytology demonstrating definite, and suspicious for mycobacterial infection), 8% comprised HIV reactive nodes; in the remainder no specific pathology was identified (nonspecific reactive lymphoid hyperplasia). Kaposi sarcoma (KS) accounted for 3% of lymph node pathology in this sample. Concomitant lymph node pathology was diagnosed in four cases of nodal KS (29% of the subset). The co-existing pathologies were TB and Castleman disease. HIV-positive patients constituted 49% of this study sample and the majority (64%) of this subset had CD4 counts less than 350 cells/ul. 27% were HIVnegative and in the remaining nodes, the HIV status of patients was unknown. The most common lymph node pathologies in HIV-positive patients were Mycobacterial infection (31%), HIV reactive nodes (15%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (15%) and nonspecific reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (15%). Only 9% were of Hodgkin lymphoma. In contrast, the most common lymph node pathologies in HIV-negative patients were nonspecific reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (45%), carcinoma (25%) and Mycobacterial infection (11%). In this group, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma constituted 9% and 8%, respectively. There were more cases of high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the HIV-positive group compared to the HIV-negative group. FNA and lymph node biopsy had excellent agreement with regard to Hodgkin lymphoma (K 0.774, SE 0.07, 95% CI 0.606-0.882, p=0.001), and good agreement with regard to non-Hodgkin lymphoma (K 0.640, SE 0.07, 95% CI 0.472-0.807, p=0.001), carcinoma (K 0.723, SE 0.069, 95% CI 0.528-0.918, p=0.001), and mycobacterial infection (K 0.726, SE 0.07, 95% CI 0.618-0.833, p=0.001). Conclusions The most common lymph node pathologies in CHBAH are malignancies, nonspecific reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, necrotizing granulomatous inflammation and HIV reactive nodes. The distribution of disease differed in HIV-positive patients. Overall, adequate FNA samples of lymph nodes have been found to have good correlation with lymph node biopsy findings in our setting.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / The golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, is unique in that it frequently accepts not only homografts but even heterografts of normal and malignant tissues. One of the many theories a tterpting an explanation of this phenomenon, namely that lymphatic tissues that drain the sites of imphntation do not respond in a t;rpicol fashion, motivated this study. Thus, the weight changes ,and the c;'tolof'ical variations of the superficial cervical nodes in response to homologous and heterologous normal and malignant tissue transplants in the cheek pouch of the hamster were studied. The major objectives were: (1) to determine if there be any "defect" in the hamster's lymphatic tissue response to the various transplants; (2) to investigate the effects of the grafts on the large lymphoid cells of the cortex and on the plasma cells of the medulla; and ( 3) to investigate the feasibility of employing the histological picture of a regional node draining the site of a tumor heterotransplant as a base line for anti-tumor studies during the cortisone conditioning. [TRUNCATED]

Mechanisms for human memory T cell differentiation and maintenance have predominantly been inferred from studies of peripheral blood, though the majority of T cells reside in lymphoid and non-lymphoid sites. Studies in mice have shown that memory T cells in non-lymphoid sites provide superior protection to pathogens compared to those in blood, defining a subset known as tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), with emerging roles in lymphoid sites. There are many key unknown aspects of TRM biology in human tissues including if TRM have superior functional abilities, the mechanisms for maintenance of TRM in lymphoid and non-lymphoid sites, and the relatedness of tissue and blood localized T cell subsets. Through a collaboration with the local organ procurement agency, we obtained samples from >15 tissue sites from healthy organ donors of all ages. We analyzed CD8+ T cells in diverse sites and found the majority of TRM cells in lymph nodes (LNs) display an increased proliferative capacity, increased expression of TCF-1, and decreased turnover compared to TRM and effector memory (TEM) cells in other sites including blood, bone marrow (BM), spleen and lung. Further, we identified that exposure to type 1 interferons results in increased downregulation of TCF-1 expression during cell divisions driven by T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. We investigated the relatedness of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, including central memory (TCM), effector memory (TEM), TRM, and terminal effectors (TEMRA) by sequencing TCR rearrangements. From diversity analysis of TCR repertoires we found that effector and memory subsets are maintained in a hierarchy from most to least diverse (TCM > TEM and TRM > TEMRA) that is largely conserved across tissues and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell lineages. Overlap analysis revealed the low and high relatedness of TCM and TEMRA cells respectively and this was highly conserved across tissues; in contrast, we found the relatedness of TEM and TRM was more dynamic across tissues. Together, these findings have implications for immune monitoring and modulation, highlighting that lymph nodes may function as reservoirs for long-lived memory T cells with high functional capacity; additionally, we identify cell extrinsic signals that regulate tissue-specific maintenance of T cell memory in lymph node sites.