The extensive use of fossil fuels coupled with its decreasing availability has ignited many countries to enact policies on energy usage. Energy Services Companies (ESCOs) all over the world are implementing initiatives to save energy. The South African ESCO industry must still overcome many barriers for it to be as effective as other global ESCOs. One of the stakeholders of an energy-savings intervention is the measurement and verification (M&V) team. The M&V team aims to provide objective and independent quantification of energy savings realised during an intervention. Despite the importance of the M&V function, the M&V process was shown to be inefficient, lacking in standardisation and research. The focus of this dissertation is to identify opportunities for improvement within the M&V process and to determine methods for the easy management thereof. The first two research aims are met by evaluating the process and determining the requirements for improving the process with regard to the critical areas that were identified. It is realised that the management of the M&V process could be simplified by using an information management system. This leads to the design of an information management system for the M&V process using the knowledge obtained during the evaluation. A case study is performed on one of South Africa’s largest ESCOs. The findings of the case study underline improvements regarding certain performance indicators. Moreover, the findings suggest that an information management system can support all the desired process requirements. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The extensive use of fossil fuels coupled with its decreasing availability has ignited many countries to enact policies on energy usage. Energy Services Companies (ESCOs) all over the world are implementing initiatives to save energy. The South African ESCO industry must still overcome many barriers for it to be as effective as other global ESCOs. One of the stakeholders of an energy-savings intervention is the measurement and verification (M&V) team. The M&V team aims to provide objective and independent quantification of energy savings realised during an intervention. Despite the importance of the M&V function, the M&V process was shown to be inefficient, lacking in standardisation and research. The focus of this dissertation is to identify opportunities for improvement within the M&V process and to determine methods for the easy management thereof. The first two research aims are met by evaluating the process and determining the requirements for improving the process with regard to the critical areas that were identified. It is realised that the management of the M&V process could be simplified by using an information management system. This leads to the design of an information management system for the M&V process using the knowledge obtained during the evaluation. A case study is performed on one of South Africa’s largest ESCOs. The findings of the case study underline improvements regarding certain performance indicators. Moreover, the findings suggest that an information management system can support all the desired process requirements. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

During the construction of the new 3 story, 25,000+ square foot police station, a decision was made to participate in the LEED program to ensure the building had low operating costs, reduced emissions, conserved water and overall energy. The design of the building includes a primary-secondary ground source heat pump (GSHP) loop, a Dedicated Outside Air System (DOAS) with Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) wheel, all controlled by CO2 monitoring through Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) to supply heat pumps located in each space; all monitored by a Building Automation System (BAS). The building’s future energy performance was predicted through an energy simulation model (ESM) software. Measurement and verification (M&V) was then performed on the building to determine its actual energy performance. Data was collected through the building’s electrical meters, the building automation system (BAS), and other techniques to determine discrepancies. Installed electrical submetering along with ESM results helped identify faults on a subcomponent level. This bottom up approach helped drive a successful retro-commissioning of the building systems reducing energy consumption. This thesis will detail a methodology for retro-commissioning of underperforming new-construction buildings. Optimization of the building’s systems will be facilitated through utilization of the M&V and ESM data. Discussed will be techniques and strategies to benchmark the building’s systems, providing utility from the retro-commissioning and M&V results, to determine the value of the ESM. Last will be to discuss and demonstrate the future benefits of utilizing this real-time data to help building operators reduce, manage, and sustain their energy consumption profiles.

The electricity cost is one of the largest components of operating costs on a belt conveyor system. This dissertation introduces a unique Conveyor Electricity Cost Efficiency Audit Methodology (CECEAM). In the CECEAM the conveyor system is evaluated from a high to detail level in order to identify opportunities to improve electricity costs. The CECEAM includes methodologies and tools developed to analyze not only the conveyor belt alone, but also the materials handling system as a whole. The outline of the dissertation is structured as follows: Chapter 1 includes the background and problem identification by means of a literature study. The main objective, as well as specific objectives, is defined in this chapter. In chapter 2, the CECEAM is introduced and an overview of the total methodology is discussed. The data acquisition part of the CECEAM; documentation, personnel, walk, technical audit as well as the conveyor database is discussed in chapter 3. Chapter 4 concentrates on the Conveyor Energy Conversion Model (CECM) and the verification thereof. The Integrated Conveyor Energy Model (ICEM) methodology is introduced (in chapter 5) and the economic evaluation concepts and energy management basics needed in the CECEAM are covered. Chapter 6 covers a CECEAM case study where the practical application of the CECEAM is illustrated with ICEM simulations, opportunity identification and recommendations. The conclusion and recommendations for further studies is proposed in chapter 7. / Dissertation (MSc (Electrical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

À mesure que les performances intrinsèques des bâtiments s’améliorent, les usages énergétiques non réglementés, que nous associons à une notion d’intensité énergétique des usages, prennent de plus en plus d’importance dans le bilan des consommations des bâtiments. De plus, les bâtiments performants font apparaître des problématiques au niveau de l’exploitation des installations. Ces constats nous permettent d’affirmer qu’il est aujourd’hui important de proposer un cadre pour le suivi et l’optimisation de la sobriété énergétique des usages et l’exploitation performante pour la maîtrise des consommations énergétiques réelles des bâtiments. Cette thèse propose tout d’abord de développer des modèles polynomiaux de prédiction de la consommation énergétique tous usages en fonction des facteurs caractérisant l’intensité d’usage, la qualité d’usage et la qualité d’exploitation. Pour cela, nous utilisons le logiciel EnergyPlus afin de réaliser des simulations énergétiques dynamiques (SED) sur des valeurs de paramètres définis par la méthode des plans d’expérience D-optimaux. Le modèle polynomial créé permet alors d’effectuer, avec un faible temps de calcul, une propagation des incertitudes sur les consommations d’énergie calculées. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons les données mesurées en exploitation dans le cadre de la mesure et de la vérification de la performance énergétique, associées à une incertitude concernant leur valeur. Nous pouvons alors déterminer l’incertitude globale sur les consommations énergétiques et identifier les pistes pour la réduire, permettant ainsi un meilleur suivi et encadrement de la consommation énergétique réelle. / Since building envelope and MEP systems characteristics regularly improve, the weight of non-regulatory energy end-uses increases. These energy end-uses are typically associated with tenants or owners’ activities. In addition, high performance buildings show new issues related to HVAC systems operations. Therefore, it is important to evaluate and improve non-regulatory energy end-uses energy as well as HVAC systems operations efficiencies. We have developed polynomial energy models that can predict energy consumption as a function of building’s activities characteristics and HVAC systems operations factors. We used EnergyPlus software in order to build reliable energy models along with the D-optimum design of experiments method (DOE). Then, we used measurement and verification (M&V) data, associated with probability functions, to determine the associated uncertainty of the calculated energy consumption. Finally, we combine the latter with the polynomial modeling error to calculate the energy consumption global uncertainty, with the goal to identify strategies to reduce it.

Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-09-04T16:05:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseAcaoEficiencia.pdf: 8849521 bytes, checksum: 856b5a5ccc7c04435978c821e01ebbe0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-09-12T16:29:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseAcaoEficiencia.pdf: 8849521 bytes, checksum: 856b5a5ccc7c04435978c821e01ebbe0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T16:29:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseAcaoEficiencia.pdf: 8849521 bytes, checksum: 856b5a5ccc7c04435978c821e01ebbe0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-28 / A matriz energética mundial é bastante dependente das fontes não renováveis de energia, assim, a adoção de novas tecnologias e estratégias que visem à eficiência energética são ações fundamentais, face às mudanças climáticas, escassez dos recursos naturais e demanda crescente de energia. Nesse sentido, o progresso autônomo da tecnologia dos LEDs, do inglês “Light-Emitting Diode”, e o progresso induzido, praticado pelo governo brasileiro, em eficiência energética são alavancas propulsoras para o crescimento das medidas de conservação de energia em todos os setores da economia. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho vem propor uma metodologia que busca reduzir o consumo de energia elétrica na Administração Pública. O método proposto é aplicado em um estudo de caso na Superintendência do Desenvolvimento da Amazônia (SUDAM), uma Autarquia Federal, utilizando-se, em um primeiro momento, de um pré-diagnóstico energético capaz de embasar a implementação de Ações de Eficiência Energética (AEE) por meio de medidas técnico-administrativas e, em um segundo momento, amparado por um diagnóstico energético aprofundado no sistema de iluminação artificial, sugere e emprega o LED na iluminação artificial de alguns ambientes da SUDAM. Para subsidiar a metodologia proposta é utilizado o software RETScreen® e a metodologia do Guia de M&V (Medição e Verificação) da Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) tendo como premissas, respectivamente, analisar a oportunidade percebida no diagnóstico energético e quantificar os resultados obtidos admitindo a substituição de todas as lâmpadas antigas por lâmpadas LED. O trabalho apresenta os resultados, satisfatórios, provenientes das Ações de Eficiência Energética e conclui também que a utilização do LED na iluminação artificial da SUDAM possui viabilidade de aplicação com recursos próprios da Instituição, configura-se como uma proposta de projeto válida para Chamadas Públicas, que devem ser ofertadas pela concessionária de energia local, no âmbito do Programa de Eficiência Energética (PEE) regulado pela ANEEL, possibilidade de obter a Etiqueta Nacional de Conservação de Energia (ENCE) parcial para o sistema de iluminação e ainda servir como parâmetro e motivação para os demais Órgãos do Setor Público. / The world energy matrix is a lot dependent of non-renewable energy source, thus, the adoption of new technologies and strategies that aim the Energy Efficiency are actions fundamental, against climate changes, scarcity of natural resources and increase energy demand. This form, an autonomous progress of Lights-Emitting Diodes (LED) technology and an induction progress, practiced for Brasilian Government, in Energy Efficiency are levers to growth action energy conservation in all sectors of the economy. With that intent, this work comes to propose an methodology that search reduce the energy consumption in Public Administration. The method proposed is applied in case study in Amazon Development Superintendence (SUDAM), an Autarchy the Federal, using, in a first moment, of a pre-diagnosis capable of to base the implementation of energy efficiency action by means of steps technical-administrative and, in a second moment, supported by an deep energy diagnosis in artificial lighting system, it suggests and employs the LED in lighting some SUDAM environments. To subsidize the proposed methodology is used the software RETScreen® and the methodology of Measure and Verification Guide of the National Electrical Energy Agency (ANEEL), by having like premise, respectively, an analyze of an opportunity perceived in energy diagnostic and results quantify obtained admitting the renewal of all old lamps for LED lamps. The work presents results, satisfactory, from of energy efficiency actions and it concludes also that use of LED in artificial lighting of SUDAM it has viability application with own resource Institution’s, sets up like a propose valid of project to Calls Public, that must be offered by electrical utility, in ambit of the Efficient Energy Program regulated by the ANEEL, possibility of get National Energy Conservation Label, partial, to lighting system and still serve like parameter and motivation to the other Agencies of Public Sector.