Ce mémoire est constitué de deux parties relativement indépendantes, dont la première partie porte sur les méthodes de mesure de température par méthodes Multi-Spectrales (pyrométrie optique passive), et la seconde sur la Caractérisation Thermique à haute température par transformations intégrales de matériaux orthotropes. Dans chacune de ces deux parties, les méthodes/modèles développés ont été traités du point de vue théorique, numérique, et expérimental. Dans la partie multi-spectrale, une méthode de mesure de température permettant de prendre en compte les variations spectrales de la chaine de mesure globale (incluant l’émissivité) a été présentée. De plus, une méthode de détermination des longueurs d’ondes optimales au sens de la minimisation de l’écart-type sur la température, a été développée. Enfin, il a également été montré que les longueurs d’ondes optimales pour les mesures mono-spectrales et bi-spectrales pouvaient être déterminées à l’aide de lois analogues à la loi de déplacement de Wien. Dans la partie Caractérisation Thermique, différentes méthodes et modèles ont été développés. Les méthodes proposées effectuent l’estimation des diffusivités longitudinales et transversales sur l’ensemble des harmoniques simultanément. De plus, ces méthodes permettent de s’affranchir du couplage thermique dû à la présence d’un porte-échantillon, et/ou d’effectuer des mesures de diffusivités pseudo-locales, en injectant comme conditions aux limites les informations expérimentales obtenues par caméra infrarouge. Enfin, les notions de corrélation entre les paramètres et de durée d’exploitabilité des harmoniques ont également été abordées / This thesis consists of two relatively independent parts, the first part focuses on methods of temperature measurement using Multi-Spectral (passive optical pyrometry) methods, and the second on the Thermal Characterization by integral transforms at high temperature of orthotropic materials. In each of these two parts, methods / models developed were treated from a theoretical point of view, numerical and experimental. In the multi-spectral part, a method of temperature measurement to take into account a spectral variation of the overall measurement chain (including the emissivity) was introduced. Moreover, a method of determining the optimal wavelengths in the sense of minimizing the standard deviation of temperature, has been developed. Finally, it has also been shown that the optimal wavelengths for mono-spectral and bi-spectral measurements could be determined with similar laws to Wien's displacement law. In the Thermal Characterization part, different methods and models have been developed. The proposed methods perform the estimation of longitudinal and transverse diffusivities on all harmonics simultaneously. Furthermore, they allow overcoming the thermal coupling due to the presence of a sample holder, and / or making pseudo-local measurements of diffusivities. Finally, the concepts of correlation between parameters and duration of harmonics exploitability were also discussed.This thesis consists of two relatively independent parts, the first part focuses on methods of temperature measurement using Multi-Spectral (passive optical pyrometry) methods, and the second on the Thermal Characterization by integral transforms at high temperature of orthotropic materials. In each of these two parts, methods / models developed were treated from a theoretical point of view, numerical and experimental. In the multi-spectral part, a method of temperature measurement to take into account a spectral variation of the overall measurement chain (including the emissivity) was introduced. Moreover, a method of determining the optimal wavelengths in the sense of minimizing the standard deviation of temperature, has been developed. Finally, it has also been shown that the optimal wavelengths for mono-spectral and bi-spectral measurements could be determined with similar laws to Wien's displacement law. In the Thermal Characterization part, different methods and models have been developed. The proposed methods perform the estimation of longitudinal and transverse diffusivities on all harmonics simultaneously. Furthermore, they allow overcoming the thermal coupling due to the presence of a sample holder, and / or making pseudo-local measurements of diffusivities. Finally, the concepts of correlation between parameters and duration of harmonics exploitability were also discussed