<p>Syftet med detta arbete har varit att ta reda på elevers kunskaper om de geometriska begreppen dm³ och m² samt hur lärarna undervisar i dessa avsnitt. Detta har vi tagit fram genom att först göra en litteraturstudie följt av intervjuer. </p><p>Av litteraturen fick vi fram att laborativt arbete och materiel är essentiella delar i geometriundervisningen och har så varit under hela skolans historia. Det gäller att använda materielen på rätt sätt för att få ett bra resultat.</p><p>Resultatdelen, med intervjuer, visade att elevernas kunskaper gällande begreppen är vaga och ofullständiga. Deras resultat var sämre än vad vi trodde med undantag för de starka eleverna. Lärarna ger underbetyg till sin egen undervisning när de misstänker att eleverna har en dålig uppfattning om begreppen. Lärarna uppvisar varierande grad av laborativt arbete som till största delen är tillfredsställande och de ställer sig till största delen positivt till att arbeta laborativt.</p>

Syftet med detta arbete har varit att ta reda på elevers kunskaper om de geometriska begreppen dm3 och m2 samt hur lärarna undervisar i dessa avsnitt. Detta har vi tagit fram genom att först göra en litteraturstudie följt av intervjuer. Av litteraturen fick vi fram att laborativt arbete och materiel är essentiella delar i geometriundervisningen och har så varit under hela skolans historia. Det gäller att använda materielen på rätt sätt för att få ett bra resultat. Resultatdelen, med intervjuer, visade att elevernas kunskaper gällande begreppen är vaga och ofullständiga. Deras resultat var sämre än vad vi trodde med undantag för de starka eleverna. Lärarna ger underbetyg till sin egen undervisning när de misstänker att eleverna har en dålig uppfattning om begreppen. Lärarna uppvisar varierande grad av laborativt arbete som till största delen är tillfredsställande och de ställer sig till största delen positivt till att arbeta laborativt.

Throughout many parts of the world house dust mites (HDM) are considered as a major source of indoor aeroallergens and they are powerful inducers of allergic diseases. Proteolytic HDM allergens are recognised as being able to directly activate respiratory epithelial cells and thereby actively participate in innate immune responses. Although several major HDM allergens lack proteolytic activity, their possible ability to similarly interact with epithelial cells is not known. The overall aim of this thesis was therefore to elucidate if and how major non-proteolytic group 2 allergens from different mite species interact with respiratory epithelial cells. The effects of the structurally related Der p 2, Der f 2 and Eur m 2 from different HDM species as well as the storage mite allergen Lep d 2 were studied in vitro using human respiratory epithelial cells. Also the non-proteolytic, but structurally dissimilar, Fel d 1 from cat, Can f 2 from dog, Bet v 1 from birch and Phl p 5a from timothy were studied. In this thesis evidence that major group 2 mite allergens activate bronchial epithelial cells is presented. Following allergen exposure the secreted amount of the inflammatory mediators G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-3α and sICAM-1 was increased. Surface expression of ICAM-1 was also increased following allergen exposure. Moreover, Fel d 1 and Can f 2 induced secretion of the same mediators from bronchial epithelial cells, representing two additional protein structures being able to directly induce cell activation. In experiments using specific inhibitors and siRNA transfection, it was shown that the mite allergens engage TLR4 and activation through MyD88, MAPK and NF-κB signal transduction pathways. In conclusion, the novel findings in this thesis provide knowledge on how major aeroallergens, in addition to their ability to provoke specific adaptive immune responses, may aggravate a respiratory airway disease by adjuvant-like activation of inflammatory responses in bronchial epithelial cells. This differs from previously reported allergen-induction of epithelial cells by the clear independency of proteolytic activation.

This master thesis will cover the prestudy, hardware selection, design and implementation of a PCI Express bridge in the M.2 form factor. The thesis subject was proposed by WISI Norden who wished to extend the functionality of their hardware using an M.2 module. The bridge fits an M-Key M.2 slot and has the dimensions 80x22 mm. It is able to communicate at speeds up to 8 Gb/s over PCI Express and 200 Mbit/s on any of the 20 LVDS/CMOS pins. The prestudy determined that an FPGA should be used and a Xilinx Artix-7 device was chosen. A PCB was designed that hosts the FPGA as well as any power, debugging and other required systems. Associated proof-of-concept software was designed to verify that the bridge operated as expected. The software proves that the bridge works but requires improvement before the bridge can be used to translate sophisticated protocols. The bridge works, with minor hardware modifications, as expected. It fulfills all design requirements set in the master thesis and the FPGA firmware uses a well-established protocol, making further development easier.

Chronic inflammation is essential mechanism during the development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The outcome of diseases depends on the balance between the migration/accumulation of pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages in damaged tissue. The mechanism of macrophage migration and subsequent accumulation is still not fully understood. Currently, the amoeboid adhesion-independent motility is considered essential for leukocyte migration in the three-dimensional environment. We challenge this hypothesis by studying the contribution of leukocyte adhesive receptors, integrins αMβ2, and αDβ2, to three-dimensional migration of M1-polarized, M2-polarized, and resident macrophages. Both integrins have a moderate expression on M2 macrophages, while αDβ2 is upregulated on M1 and αMβ2 demonstrates high expression on resident macrophages. The level of integrin expression determines its contribution to macrophage migration. Namely, intermediate expression supports macrophage migration, while a high integrin density inhibits it. Using in vitro three-dimensional migration and in vivo tracking of adoptively-transferred fluorescently-labeled macrophages during the resolution of inflammation, we found that strong adhesion of M1-activated macrophages translates to weak 3D migration, while moderate adhesion of M2-activated macrophages generates dynamic motility. Reduced migration of M1 macrophages depends on the high expression of αDβ2, since αD-deficiency decreased M1 macrophage adhesion and improved migration in fibrin matrix and peritoneal tissue. Similarly, the high expression of αMβ2 on resident macrophages prevents their amoeboid migration, which is markedly increased in αM-deficient macrophages. In contrast, αD- and αM-knockouts decrease the migration of M2 macrophages, demonstrating that moderate integrin expression supports cell motility. The results were confirmed in a diet-induced diabetes model. αD deficiency prevents the retention of inflammatory macrophages in adipose tissue and improves metabolic parameters, while αM deficiency does not affect macrophage accumulation. Summarizing, β2 integrin-mediated adhesion may inhibit amoeboid and mesenchymal macrophage migration or support mesenchymal migration in tissue, and, therefore, represents an important target to control inflammation.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Enterobactérias produtoras de ESBLs são descritas tanto no ambiente hospitalar quanto na comunidade em todo o mundo. No Brasil, esses microrganismos também têm emergido como uma causa importante de infecções, sendo as enzimas CTX-M as prevalentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar diferentes aspectos genotípicos relacionados à expressão da resistência aos antimicrobianos em cepas Escherichia coli e de Salmonella spp, tais como: a diversidade de ESBLs, os genes de resistência aos antimicrobianos e o conteúdo plasmidial. Os aspectos epidemiológicos das cepas produtoras de ESBLs também foram investigados. Foram estudadas 88 cepas de enterobactérias, sendo 43 E. coli e 45 cepas de Salmonella spp., de origem hospitalar e da comunidade (principalmente alimentos), isoladas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A expressão de ESBL foi observada em sete cepas de E. coli (7/43, 16,3%) e em uma cepa de Salmonella Typhimurium (1/45, 2,3%) e as enzimas foram identificadas como variantes de CTX-M e SHV-5, respectivamente. Entre as cepas de E. coli, a enzima CTX-M-2 foi a mais frequente (n = 4), sendo detectada em cepas isoladas de swab retal de pacientes hospitalizados, enquanto as enzimas CTX-M-59 (uma variante de CTX-M) (n = 1) e CTX-M-9 (n = 2) foram identificadas em cepas isoladas a partir de espécimes clínicos. Salmonella Typhimurium produtora de SHV-5 foi isolada do ambiente hospitalar (fórmula infantil). As cepas de E. coli produtoras das enzimas CTX-M pertenceram a grupos filogenéticos (A, B1, D) e STs (ST34, ST69, ST101) diferentes, sendo os genes blaCTX-M identificados em plasmídeos com tipo de replicon IncA/C de cerca de 150 kb (blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-9, blaCTX-M-59) ou 80 kb (blaCTX-M-2). A cepa de S. Typhimurium produtora de SHV-5 pertenceu a um único clone (A-ST19) e o gene blaSHV-5 foi identificado em plasmídeo com o replicon IncL/M com aproximadamente 55Kb. Foi identificado pela primeira vez no Brasil o ST313 em um clone de S. Typhimurium (D-ST313), comumente associado com doenças invasivas severas, particulamente no continente africano. Genes que codificam para a resistência aos antimicrobianos não-beta-lactâmicos e integrons classe 1 foram identificados entre as cepas de E. coli e de Salmonella spp. multirresistentes produtoras ou não de ESBLs. Em conclusão: i) nossos resultados referentes à E. coli confirmaram a disseminação de enzimas CTX-M (principalmente variantes do grupo CTX-M-2) desde, pelo menos, o ano de 2000, em hospitais no Rio de Janeiro; demonstraram a implicação dos plasmídeos IncA/C na disseminação de genes blaCTX-M; indicaram a possível evolução intra-plasmídeo de blaCTX-M-59 a partir de blaCTX-M-2; a observação da diversidade e multiplicidade de plasmídeos poderiam fornecer plataformas genéticas para a dispersão de diferentes genes e/ou elementos de resistência aos antimicrobianos; ii) em relação à Salmonella spp. este estudo descreveu, pela primeira vez, o isolamento, a partir de fórmula infantil, de uma cepa de S. Typhimurium produtora de ESBL; foi demonstrada a associação do gene blaSHV-5 com plasmídeo do tipo IncL/M, que é considerado epidêmico; foi identificado o clone D-ST313 de S. Typhimurium, que está associado a doenças invasivas severas no continente africano, que reuniu cepas isoladas exclusivamente do ambiente hospitalar. / ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae have been described in hospitals and in the community worldwide. In Brazil, ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae have also emerged as an important cause of infections, being CTX-M enzymes the most prevalent ESBLs. The objective of this study was to analyze different genotypic aspects related to expression of antimicrobial resistance in isolates of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., such as: diversity of ESBLs, antibiotic resistance genes and plasmid content. Epidemiological features of ESBL-producing isolates were also investigated. We studied 88 isolates of enterobacteria, 43 E. coli and 45 Salmonella serotypes of hospital and community (mainly food) origin, isolated in the city of Rio de Janeiro. ESBL expression was observed in seven E. coli isolates (7/43; 16,3%) and in one Salmonella Typhimurium (1/45; 2,3%) and the enzymes identified as CTX-M variants and SHV-5, respectively. Among the E. coli isolates, CTX-M-2 was the most frequent (n=4), being detected in isolates recovered from rectal swabs of hospitalized patients, whereas CTX-M-59 (a CTX-M-2-variant) (n=1) and CTX-M-9 (n=2) were identified in E. coli isolated from clinical specimens. SHV-5-producing S. Typhimurium was isolated from the hospital environment (infant formula). CTX-M-producing E. coli belonged to different phylogenetic groups (A, B1, D) and STs (ST34, ST69, ST101), being blaCTX-M genes were identified in IncA/C plasmids of approximately 150 kb (blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-9, blaCTX-M-59) or 80 kb (blaCTX-M-2). SHV-5-producing S. Typhimurium belonged to a single clone (A-ST19) and blaSHV-5 gene was identified in IncL/M plasmids of approximately 55Kb. This study first described in Brazil the isolation of S. Typhimurium belonging to ST313 commonly associated with severe invasive diseases, particularly in Africa. Genes encoding resistance to non-beta-lactams and class 1 integrons were found among ESBL-producers and non-ESBL-producing multidrug-resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. In conclusion: i) our results related to E. coli confirmed the dissemination of CTX-M-enzymes (especially CTX-M-2-variants) since, at least, the beginning of the last decade in Rio de Janeiro clinical settings; demonstrated the implication of IncA/C plasmids in the spread of blaCTX-M genes; indicated the possible intra-plasmid evolution of blaCTX-M-59 from blaCTX-M-2; observation of the diversity and multiplicity of plasmids would provide genetic platforms for spread of different antibiotic resistance genes and/or elements; ii) in relation to Salmonella spp. this study described for the first time, the isolation, from infant formula, ESBL- producing S. Typhimurium; has been demonstrated the association of blaSHV-5 to plasmids belonging to IncL/M group, that can be considered epidemic plasmids; was identified D-ST313 clone in S. Typhimurium, commonly associated with severe invasive diseases, particularly in Africa, among isolates recovered exclusively from hospital.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Enterobactérias produtoras de ESBLs são descritas tanto no ambiente hospitalar quanto na comunidade em todo o mundo. No Brasil, esses microrganismos também têm emergido como uma causa importante de infecções, sendo as enzimas CTX-M as prevalentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar diferentes aspectos genotípicos relacionados à expressão da resistência aos antimicrobianos em cepas Escherichia coli e de Salmonella spp, tais como: a diversidade de ESBLs, os genes de resistência aos antimicrobianos e o conteúdo plasmidial. Os aspectos epidemiológicos das cepas produtoras de ESBLs também foram investigados. Foram estudadas 88 cepas de enterobactérias, sendo 43 E. coli e 45 cepas de Salmonella spp., de origem hospitalar e da comunidade (principalmente alimentos), isoladas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A expressão de ESBL foi observada em sete cepas de E. coli (7/43, 16,3%) e em uma cepa de Salmonella Typhimurium (1/45, 2,3%) e as enzimas foram identificadas como variantes de CTX-M e SHV-5, respectivamente. Entre as cepas de E. coli, a enzima CTX-M-2 foi a mais frequente (n = 4), sendo detectada em cepas isoladas de swab retal de pacientes hospitalizados, enquanto as enzimas CTX-M-59 (uma variante de CTX-M) (n = 1) e CTX-M-9 (n = 2) foram identificadas em cepas isoladas a partir de espécimes clínicos. Salmonella Typhimurium produtora de SHV-5 foi isolada do ambiente hospitalar (fórmula infantil). As cepas de E. coli produtoras das enzimas CTX-M pertenceram a grupos filogenéticos (A, B1, D) e STs (ST34, ST69, ST101) diferentes, sendo os genes blaCTX-M identificados em plasmídeos com tipo de replicon IncA/C de cerca de 150 kb (blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-9, blaCTX-M-59) ou 80 kb (blaCTX-M-2). A cepa de S. Typhimurium produtora de SHV-5 pertenceu a um único clone (A-ST19) e o gene blaSHV-5 foi identificado em plasmídeo com o replicon IncL/M com aproximadamente 55Kb. Foi identificado pela primeira vez no Brasil o ST313 em um clone de S. Typhimurium (D-ST313), comumente associado com doenças invasivas severas, particulamente no continente africano. Genes que codificam para a resistência aos antimicrobianos não-beta-lactâmicos e integrons classe 1 foram identificados entre as cepas de E. coli e de Salmonella spp. multirresistentes produtoras ou não de ESBLs. Em conclusão: i) nossos resultados referentes à E. coli confirmaram a disseminação de enzimas CTX-M (principalmente variantes do grupo CTX-M-2) desde, pelo menos, o ano de 2000, em hospitais no Rio de Janeiro; demonstraram a implicação dos plasmídeos IncA/C na disseminação de genes blaCTX-M; indicaram a possível evolução intra-plasmídeo de blaCTX-M-59 a partir de blaCTX-M-2; a observação da diversidade e multiplicidade de plasmídeos poderiam fornecer plataformas genéticas para a dispersão de diferentes genes e/ou elementos de resistência aos antimicrobianos; ii) em relação à Salmonella spp. este estudo descreveu, pela primeira vez, o isolamento, a partir de fórmula infantil, de uma cepa de S. Typhimurium produtora de ESBL; foi demonstrada a associação do gene blaSHV-5 com plasmídeo do tipo IncL/M, que é considerado epidêmico; foi identificado o clone D-ST313 de S. Typhimurium, que está associado a doenças invasivas severas no continente africano, que reuniu cepas isoladas exclusivamente do ambiente hospitalar. / ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae have been described in hospitals and in the community worldwide. In Brazil, ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae have also emerged as an important cause of infections, being CTX-M enzymes the most prevalent ESBLs. The objective of this study was to analyze different genotypic aspects related to expression of antimicrobial resistance in isolates of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., such as: diversity of ESBLs, antibiotic resistance genes and plasmid content. Epidemiological features of ESBL-producing isolates were also investigated. We studied 88 isolates of enterobacteria, 43 E. coli and 45 Salmonella serotypes of hospital and community (mainly food) origin, isolated in the city of Rio de Janeiro. ESBL expression was observed in seven E. coli isolates (7/43; 16,3%) and in one Salmonella Typhimurium (1/45; 2,3%) and the enzymes identified as CTX-M variants and SHV-5, respectively. Among the E. coli isolates, CTX-M-2 was the most frequent (n=4), being detected in isolates recovered from rectal swabs of hospitalized patients, whereas CTX-M-59 (a CTX-M-2-variant) (n=1) and CTX-M-9 (n=2) were identified in E. coli isolated from clinical specimens. SHV-5-producing S. Typhimurium was isolated from the hospital environment (infant formula). CTX-M-producing E. coli belonged to different phylogenetic groups (A, B1, D) and STs (ST34, ST69, ST101), being blaCTX-M genes were identified in IncA/C plasmids of approximately 150 kb (blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-9, blaCTX-M-59) or 80 kb (blaCTX-M-2). SHV-5-producing S. Typhimurium belonged to a single clone (A-ST19) and blaSHV-5 gene was identified in IncL/M plasmids of approximately 55Kb. This study first described in Brazil the isolation of S. Typhimurium belonging to ST313 commonly associated with severe invasive diseases, particularly in Africa. Genes encoding resistance to non-beta-lactams and class 1 integrons were found among ESBL-producers and non-ESBL-producing multidrug-resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. In conclusion: i) our results related to E. coli confirmed the dissemination of CTX-M-enzymes (especially CTX-M-2-variants) since, at least, the beginning of the last decade in Rio de Janeiro clinical settings; demonstrated the implication of IncA/C plasmids in the spread of blaCTX-M genes; indicated the possible intra-plasmid evolution of blaCTX-M-59 from blaCTX-M-2; observation of the diversity and multiplicity of plasmids would provide genetic platforms for spread of different antibiotic resistance genes and/or elements; ii) in relation to Salmonella spp. this study described for the first time, the isolation, from infant formula, ESBL- producing S. Typhimurium; has been demonstrated the association of blaSHV-5 to plasmids belonging to IncL/M group, that can be considered epidemic plasmids; was identified D-ST313 clone in S. Typhimurium, commonly associated with severe invasive diseases, particularly in Africa, among isolates recovered exclusively from hospital.

This diploma thesis deals with the design of an engine mount for the M-2 Skaut aircraft on the basis of LSA and CS-VLA specifications. It is divided into several sections: analysis of input conditions, determination of factors which influence the geometry, the main design and its verification using the Finite Element Method. The FEM is compared with an analytical solution to determine its accuracy. This thesis also deals with a selection of acceptable propelers for this engine along with a basic design of an oil and fuel system.