While most Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are asymptomatic and self-resolved, high-risk types, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18 are responsible for 99% of cervical cancers worldwide, whereas low-risk types, such as HPV-6 and HPV-11, are responsible for 90% of genital warts. While the different types of HPV and their varying oncogenicities have been studied extensively, it is still not clear what features of a HPV type make it more oncogenic than another. Two aspects which could affect the oncogenicity of HPV were studied: HPV variants and the E6 protein’s interaction with membrane associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) proteins. Previous studies have shown that some HPV-16 variants may be more oncogenic than others. The first goal of this work was to characterise the HPV-16 variants in a Manitoba cervical cancer sample population to possibly identify mutations which could be associated with an increased risk of developing cervical cancer. Seventy-five samples from different individuals were sequenced in three distinct regions: the long control region and the E6 and E7 open reading frames. The DNA sequences obtained from these genomic regions were then compared between HPV-16 cervical cancer samples and Manitoba HPV-16 non cancer samples to identify any mutations that were exclusive to the cervical cancer samples. No specific mutations in any of the regions could be associated with cervical cancer. It is also proposed that HPV16 E6 protein’s interaction with MAGUK proteins contributes to its oncogenicity since low-risk E6 proteins lack this ability. The second goal of this work was to investigate which regions of high-risk HPV E6 proteins are needed in order to achieve MAGUK protein degradation, more specifically MAGI-1 degradation. Wild-type high-risk HPV16E6, low-risk HPV6E6, as well as mutants, were synthesized and cloned into vectors. In vitro translated proteins were used in MAGI-1 degradation assays. The ability of both wild-type HPV6 and HPV16 E6 proteins to degrade MAGI-1 was confirmed. Based on the performance of the different mutants in these degradation assays, it was determined that the PDZ-binding domain is necessary but not sufficient to induce E6-induced MAGI-1 degradation. In conclusion, it was determined that the entire HPV16 E6 protein is needed for the induction of MAGI-1 degradation.

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Le mécanisme de régulation des enzymes à travers les changements conformationnels est un processus clé dans le contrôle du fonctionnement cellulaire. Cette thèse est focalisée sur l’étude de trois complexes protéiques qui reflètent comment l’activité de protéines peut être est régulée par différents effecteurs. Pour cela, différentes spectroscopies ont étaient utilisées pour suivre les changements conformationnels des structures secondaire et tertiaire d’une protéine. La première protéine d’intérêt est PDZ1 de MAGI-1, impliquées dans la signalisation cellulaire. Ce domaine d’échafaudage est connu d’interagir avec la protéine E6 de HPV16. Il était démontré que les différents états conformationnels et leurs affinités vis-à-vis le C-terminal de la protéine virale sont régulées par la dynamique des liaisons hydrogène formées par un réseau qui connecte des acides aminés localisés dans les trois domaines de la protéine. Ces résultats suggère que les différences d’affinités sont directement corrélées aux liaisons hydrogène, ce qui mène à conclure que la pathogénicité et la prévalence d’un virus particulier comme le HPV16 sont liées à son habilitée à former un réseau de liaison hydrogène très solide comparé au substrat naturel. La deuxième protéine d’intérêt est une protéine modèle qui représente un petit prototype du changement conformationnel observé dans des protéines plus complexes. Il s’agit d’un peptide court capable de coordonner le cuivre. Ce n’est autre que le peptide β-amyloïde, connu d’être impliqué dans la maladie d’Alzheimer. L’objectif ici est de décrire l’effet des ligands histidine lors de la réduction du cuivre, qui est une réaction électrochimique critique pour le développement d’Alzheimer. La spectroscopie IRTF différentielle a montré deux sphères de coordination pour le Cu(I) et le Cu(II). Les majeurs changements spectraux sont dominés par les vibrations de l’imidazole des différentes histidines (His6, His13 et His14) ainsi que la contribution des résidus Asp1 et Tyr10. Les modifications de la géométrie de coordination peuvent être la cause de la dépendance-pH de l’agrégation du peptide observée en présence du Cu(I). Pour cela, il est possible de suggérer que la formation des fibrilles observées chez les patients d’Alzheimer n’est pas seulement stimulée par la présence du cuivre même mais elle est fortement affectée par ses réactions rédox.La dernière protéine d’intérêt est une métalloprotéine, la NADH:ubiquinone oxidoréductase (complexe I), qui joue un rôle majeur dans la bioénergétique cellulaire. Cette protéine contient plusieurs centres Fe-S et une flavine et son activité est régulée par l’énergie produite par la liaison avec un substrat ainsi que le transfert d’électrons de ces cofacteurs. Les vibrations métal-ligands de ces cofacteurs à l’état oxydé et à l’état réduit sont décrites ici. En utilisant l’électrochimie couplée aux spectroscopies IRTF, Raman de résonance et de fluorescence, les investigations sur le complexe I ont conduit à conclure que les propriétés des centres métalliques sont largement influencées par l’environnement proche. De plus, les changements conformationnels de la protéine ont un effet considérable sur les propriétés rédox et par la même, sur le bon fonctionnement de la protéine. Par ailleurs, la mutagenèse dirigée était utilisée pour étudier les propriétés des centres N1a et N2. A part des cofacteurs métalliques, cette étude a montré l’existence d’un nouveau cofacteur, une quinone localisée proche du domaine membranaire.[...] / The mechanism of enzyme regulation through conformational changes is a key pattern in governing cell behavior. In this thesis the focus is on three protein complexes that reflect how protein activity can be regulated by different effectors. Different spectroscopic techniques, like IR and Raman spectroscopy, were used is order to follow the secondary and tertiary conformational changes in protein structure to identify their roles. The first protein of interest was PDZ1 from MAGI-1, involved in cellular signaling. This scaffold domain is known to interact with the E6 protein from HPV16. It was demonstrated that the different conformational states and their affinities to the C-terminus of the viral protein is regulated by the dynamics of the hydrogen bonding network formed by the connection of specific amino acids in three regions of the protein. Study of mutations around the C-terminal area of the protein and the βC strand were performed; demonstrating that both regions are crucial for assembly of the hydrogen bonding network to stabilize the substrate binding. These results leads to conclude that the pathogenicity and prevalence of a particular virus like HPV16 is in its ability to build a stronger hydrogen bonding network in comparison to the natural binder. The allosteric model and the “shift population” model agree that, upon binding, conformational changes distant from a carboxylate binding group might be the key to understanding the binding dynamics between the PDZ domains and the viral proteins.The second protein of interest was a model that constitutes a small scale prototype of the conformational changes observed in more complex proteins; it is a short Copper-binding peptide, the amyloid-beta peptide, known to beinvolved in Alzheimer’s disease. The objective with this model was to describe the effect of histidine ligands in the metal centers upon Copper (Cu) reduction, a key electrochemical reaction in the development of Alzheimer’s. FTIR difference spectroscopy showed two different spheres of coordination for Cu(II) and Cu(I). The major changes in the structure are dominated by the contribution of the imidazole ring of His residues (His6, His13 and His14), in addition to Asp1 and Tyr10 residues. Changes in the coordination geometry could be key to the pH-dependency of the aggregation observed in the presence of Cu(I). Accordingly, it can be suggested that the formation of the fibrils observed in Alzheimer’s patients is not only triggered by the presence of Cu but it is strongly affected by its redox state. The last system of interest was a metalloprotein, the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), which plays a key role in the cellular bioenergetics. This protein bears several Fe-S clusters and one flavin and its activity is regulated by the energy produced by a bound substrate and the electron transfer of its cofactors. The metal ligand-vibrations of the cofactors are described in their oxidized and reduced states. Using electrochemistry coupled to FTIR, Resonance Raman and Fluorescence spectroscopies, the investigation of complex I led to the conclusion that the properties of the metal centers are dictated, to a large extent, by their surrounding environment. [...]

The mechanism of enzyme regulation through conformational changes is a key pattern in governing cell behavior. In this thesis the focus is on three protein complexes that reflect how protein activity can be regulated by different effectors. Different spectroscopic techniques, like IR and Raman spectroscopy, were used is order to follow the secondary and tertiary conformational changes in protein structure to identify their roles. The first protein of interest was PDZ1 from MAGI-1, involved in cellular signaling. This scaffold domain is known to interact with the E6 protein from HPV16. It was demonstrated that the different conformational states and their affinities to the C-terminus of the viral protein is regulated by the dynamics of the hydrogen bonding network formed by the connection of specific amino acids in three regions of the protein. Study of mutations around the C-terminal area of the protein and the βC strand were performed; demonstrating that both regions are crucial for assembly of the hydrogen bonding network to stabilize the substrate binding. These results leads to conclude that the pathogenicity and prevalence of a particular virus like HPV16 is in its ability to build a stronger hydrogen bonding network in comparison to the natural binder. The allosteric model and the "shift population" model agree that, upon binding, conformational changes distant from a carboxylate binding group might be the key to understanding the binding dynamics between the PDZ domains and the viral proteins.The second protein of interest was a model that constitutes a small scale prototype of the conformational changes observed in more complex proteins; it is a short Copper-binding peptide, the amyloid-beta peptide, known to beinvolved in Alzheimer's disease. The objective with this model was to describe the effect of histidine ligands in the metal centers upon Copper (Cu) reduction, a key electrochemical reaction in the development of Alzheimer's. FTIR difference spectroscopy showed two different spheres of coordination for Cu(II) and Cu(I). The major changes in the structure are dominated by the contribution of the imidazole ring of His residues (His6, His13 and His14), in addition to Asp1 and Tyr10 residues. Changes in the coordination geometry could be key to the pH-dependency of the aggregation observed in the presence of Cu(I). Accordingly, it can be suggested that the formation of the fibrils observed in Alzheimer's patients is not only triggered by the presence of Cu but it is strongly affected by its redox state. The last system of interest was a metalloprotein, the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), which plays a key role in the cellular bioenergetics. This protein bears several Fe-S clusters and one flavin and its activity is regulated by the energy produced by a bound substrate and the electron transfer of its cofactors. The metal ligand-vibrations of the cofactors are described in their oxidized and reduced states. Using electrochemistry coupled to FTIR, Resonance Raman and Fluorescence spectroscopies, the investigation of complex I led to the conclusion that the properties of the metal centers are dictated, to a large extent, by their surrounding environment. [...]

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