As the title indicates, this thesis is concerned with a thorough investigation of the 'phonematic', 'phonotactic' and 'para-phonotactic' sub-systems of Southern Standard British English from the view-point of the theory of Axiomatic Functionalism. Like a sonata, this work is divided into three PARTS, and each PART is divided into a number of Chapters. Some of the Chapters are further divided into yet smaller Sections for simplicity reasons. PART I, which comprises eight relatively short Chapters, prepares the theoretical background to the actual descriptive account in PARTS II and III. The Axiomatic-Functionalist (henceforth A.F.), views with respect to notions like "phoneme", "distinctive features", "position", "the relationship between phonology and phonetics", to mention but a few, are evaluated in Chapters 2, 3, 4 and 7 and briefly compared with analogous ideas deployed and propagated by other linguistic schools of thought.

This work details the synthesis, characterisation and fabrication of a range of copolyesters, containing various angular disrupters, especially disubstituted 2,5-diphenyl- -1,3,4-oxadiazoles. These disrupters were incorporated into the polymers, to reduce the temperature at which the polymers may be processed, to enable their fabrication into fibres. The majority of the polymers prepared were found to be liquid crystalline. However, if the angular disrupter content of the polymer was high, it was found that the resultant polymers were non-liquid crystalline. The polymers were prepared by a melt acidolysis process carried out under a nitrogen flow and subsequently under vacuum, as described in Chapter 3. Eighteen of the polymers were characterised in some detail, though a measure of the relative molecular weights was thought to be of little importance in this work, since all polymers were of a different composition. Differential scanning calorimetry and hot-stage microscopy revealed that several of the polymers had rather unusual melting behaviour. The eighteen polymers that were closely characterised were spun into fibres, using a small melt-spinning apparatus that was designed and produced by Bradford University Research Ltd, The resultant fibres were characterised by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction end tensile testing. The general conclusion of the work is that although a reduction in the processing temperature of the polymer is achieved by the incorporation of angular disruptors, which is advantageous, the tensile strength and thermal stability of the fibres produced from such polymers are reduced.

The purpose of the analysis is to make a theoretical contribution in two related fields of international relations research. Firstly, the concepts of complex interdependence and international regimes are critically examined with particular reference to the development of existing theories of regime creation and change. The role of organisation theory in encouraging the development of a new process based model with which to analyse the formation and alteration of international regimes is introduced. Secondly, by way of an analysis of the failure of an armaments collaboration regime to evolve in the period between 1949 and the late 1960's in the North Atlantic community of states, a vital component of the national security policies of the states involved will be studied from an essentially inter-organisational perspective. The issue area of armaments collaboration, and the complex of actors involved, represent a real challenge to regime analysis and especially the assumptions which are inherent in the theory of hegemonic stability. The role of hegemonic actors in the formation and maintenance of regimes, and the implications of this for the armaments collaboration issue area, are particularly important in this regard. The study aims to highlight the extent to which the prerogatives of states and governmental actors in areas of "high politics" have been constrained by transnational activities or bodies. The emergence of American dominance in the armaments collaboration issue area since 1945, and the prospects for a European alternative to such dominance, is one of the major foci of the analysis. The evolution, development and role, if any, of informal regimes in this area will be examined with particular reference for changing patterns in armaments collaboration between 1949 and the late 1960's.

No description available.

Papilomavírus (PVs) são vírus amplamente estudados, sendo enfatizada sua capacidade de infectar os tecidos epitelial e mucoso em diversos animais, incluindo humanos, causando lesões benignas que podem, ocasionalmente, resultar em câncer. Dentre os gêneros que infectam animais, os Deltapapillomavirus têm uma importância veterinária, ecológica e histórica, pois são capazes de infectar seu hospedeiro natural e outros animais. Por isso, esse trabalho contempla todos os tipos virais pertencentes aos Delta-PVs, incluindo sua história. Dentre as proteínas traduzidas pelos PVs, três são consideradas proteínas oncogênicas: E5, E6 e E7. Determinar a estrutura de uma proteína é crucial para a elucidação da sua função, possibilitando aplicações nas áreas de engenharia de proteínas, anotação genômica e desenho racional de fármacos. A estrutura tridimensional da proteína E6 de cada tipo viral pertencente ao gênero Deltapapillomavirus foi determinada por modelagem molecular por homologia. A história evolutiva dessas proteínas foi avaliada com base na geração de árvores filogenéticas e suas propriedades físico-químicas foram analisadas. Além disso, devido ao seu alto grau de conservação, a E6 demonstrou ser útil como um marcador molecular. Apesar de serem consideradas raras, foram observadas lesões papilomatosas em carneiros em uma fazenda do estado de São Paulo. Foi realizado o diagnóstico molecular dessas lesões. Os resultados mostraram pela primeira vez no mundo que, apesar de serem ovinos, o agente causador da papilomatose era um papilomavírus bovino, o BPV2, um Delta-PV. Logo, além de discutir os Delta-PVs, esta tese demonstra na prática a habilidade desse gênero em romper a barreira espécie-específica. / Papillomaviruses (PVs) are widely studied viruses, emphasizing their ability to infect the epithelial and mucosal tissues in several animals, including humans, causing benign lesions that may occasionally result in cancer. Among the genera that infect animals, Deltapapillomaviruses have a veterinary, ecological and historical importance because they are capable of infecting their natural host and other animals. Therefore, this work contemplates all viral types belonging to the Delta-PVs, including their history. Among the proteins translated by the PVs, three of them are considered oncogenic proteins: E5, E6 and E7. Determining the structure of a protein is crucial to the elucidation of its function, allowing applications in the areas of protein engineering, genomic annotation and rational design of drugs. The three-dimensional structure of the E6 protein of each viral type belonging to the genus Deltapapillomavirus was determined by molecular modeling by homology. The evolutionary history of these proteins was evaluated based on the generation of phylogenetic trees and their physicochemical properties were analyzed. In addition, due to its high degree of conservation, E6 has been shown to be useful as a molecular marker. Despite being considered rare, papillomas lesions were observed in sheep on a farm in the state of São Paulo. The molecular diagnosis of these lesions was performed. The results showed for the first time in the world that, despite being ovines, the causative agent of papillomatosis was a bovine papillomavirus, BPV2, a Delta-PV. Thus, in addition to discussing Delta-PVs, this thesis demonstrates in practice the ability of this genre to break the species-specific barrier.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-03T14:39:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese - Carolina Amaral (2).pdf: 3097271 bytes, checksum: a09eebe935773ec4b3446a95c4507f5c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-03T14:39:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese - Carolina Amaral (2).pdf: 3097271 bytes, checksum: a09eebe935773ec4b3446a95c4507f5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-15 / FACEPE / Os Papilomavírus humano (HPV) infectam mucosas e epitélio contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de tumores benignos como também malignos. São amplamente conhecidos como causadores do câncer cervical, contudo, atualmente, vem apresentando evidências de associação com diversos outros tipos de canceres, como o câncer de pulmão. Sendo assim, o presente estudo avaliou a presença do DNA do HPV em tumores de pulmão de pacientes do Estado de Pernambuco bem como a expressão de suas oncoproteínas E6 e E7. Para isto, a detecção foi feita em amostras de tecidos de tumores frescos e parafinados de 63 pacientes. HPV estava presente em 52% das amostras, sendo detectados os tipos 16 e 18 com frequências de 81 e 19%, respectivamente. Quanto a presença do vírus nos diferentes tipos histológicos dos tumores, foi detectado HPV em 40% dos carcinomas escamosos, 33% dos adenocarcinomas, 18% dos carcinomas de células pequenas e 9% em carcinoma de células grandes. Através da técnica de imunohistoquimica detectou-se a presença das oncoproteinas virais E6 (anticorpo anti-HPV 16 e anti-HPV 18) e E7 (anticorpo anti-HPV 16 e anti-HPV 18) com frequências de 85 e 75%, respectivamente. Tal resultado confirma os resultados obtidos molecularmente quanto à presença do HPV e é sugestivo de que o vírus esteja em atividade nas células tumorais e provavelmente esteja desempenhando um papel na carcinogênese de pulmão. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para se ter um maior esclarecimento sobre interação de E6 e E7 com proteínas celulares na tumorigenese pulmonar. / Small DNA viruses - Human Papillomavirus (HPV) - infect oral mucosa and the epthelium, which leads to the development of both benign and malign tumors. They are widely known as the principal causes of cervical cancer although currently there is evidence to show that they are associated with several other types of cancer, such as lung cancer. In the light of this, this study evaluated the presence of HPV in the tumors of lungs of patients from the State of Pernambuco, as well as the E6 and E7 oncoproteins expression. This involved carrying out the detection in tumor tissue samples that were fresh and paraffin-embedded and taken from 63 patients. HPV was found to be present in 52% of the samples, and types 16 and 18 were detected with frequencies of 81% and 19% respectively. With regard to the presence of the vírus in different histological types of tumors, HPV was detected in 40% of the squamous carcinomas, 33% of the adenocarcinomas, 18% of the small cell carcinomas and 9% in large cell carcinomas. The presence of the E6 (antibody anti-HPV 16 and anti-HPV 18) and E7 (antibody anti-HPV 16 and anti-HPV 18) oncoproteins was detected by means of the immunohistochemical technique and this confirmed the results obtained from a molecular analysis with regard to the presence of the virus and it is suggestive that the virus is active in tumor cells and is probably playing a role in lung carcinogenesis. However, further studies are required to have a clearer understanding of the interaction of E6 and E7 with the cell proteins in pulmonary tumorigenesis.

Papilomavírus (PVs) são vírus amplamente estudados, sendo enfatizada sua capacidade de infectar os tecidos epitelial e mucoso em diversos animais, incluindo humanos, causando lesões benignas que podem, ocasionalmente, resultar em câncer. Dentre os gêneros que infectam animais, os Deltapapillomavirus têm uma importância veterinária, ecológica e histórica, pois são capazes de infectar seu hospedeiro natural e outros animais. Por isso, esse trabalho contempla todos os tipos virais pertencentes aos Delta-PVs, incluindo sua história. Dentre as proteínas traduzidas pelos PVs, três são consideradas proteínas oncogênicas: E5, E6 e E7. Determinar a estrutura de uma proteína é crucial para a elucidação da sua função, possibilitando aplicações nas áreas de engenharia de proteínas, anotação genômica e desenho racional de fármacos. A estrutura tridimensional da proteína E6 de cada tipo viral pertencente ao gênero Deltapapillomavirus foi determinada por modelagem molecular por homologia. A história evolutiva dessas proteínas foi avaliada com base na geração de árvores filogenéticas e suas propriedades físico-químicas foram analisadas. Além disso, devido ao seu alto grau de conservação, a E6 demonstrou ser útil como um marcador molecular. Apesar de serem consideradas raras, foram observadas lesões papilomatosas em carneiros em uma fazenda do estado de São Paulo. Foi realizado o diagnóstico molecular dessas lesões. Os resultados mostraram pela primeira vez no mundo que, apesar de serem ovinos, o agente causador da papilomatose era um papilomavírus bovino, o BPV2, um Delta-PV. Logo, além de discutir os Delta-PVs, esta tese demonstra na prática a habilidade desse gênero em romper a barreira espécie-específica. / Papillomaviruses (PVs) are widely studied viruses, emphasizing their ability to infect the epithelial and mucosal tissues in several animals, including humans, causing benign lesions that may occasionally result in cancer. Among the genera that infect animals, Deltapapillomaviruses have a veterinary, ecological and historical importance because they are capable of infecting their natural host and other animals. Therefore, this work contemplates all viral types belonging to the Delta-PVs, including their history. Among the proteins translated by the PVs, three of them are considered oncogenic proteins: E5, E6 and E7. Determining the structure of a protein is crucial to the elucidation of its function, allowing applications in the areas of protein engineering, genomic annotation and rational design of drugs. The three-dimensional structure of the E6 protein of each viral type belonging to the genus Deltapapillomavirus was determined by molecular modeling by homology. The evolutionary history of these proteins was evaluated based on the generation of phylogenetic trees and their physicochemical properties were analyzed. In addition, due to its high degree of conservation, E6 has been shown to be useful as a molecular marker. Despite being considered rare, papillomas lesions were observed in sheep on a farm in the state of São Paulo. The molecular diagnosis of these lesions was performed. The results showed for the first time in the world that, despite being ovines, the causative agent of papillomatosis was a bovine papillomavirus, BPV2, a Delta-PV. Thus, in addition to discussing Delta-PVs, this thesis demonstrates in practice the ability of this genre to break the species-specific barrier.

Orientador: Juliana Campos Junqueira / Resumo: A terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) é uma técnica que combina um fotossensibilizador (FS) com luz visível e oxigênio molecular, podendo ser utilizada como agente antimicrobiano no controle de diversas doenças infecciosas, como a cárie dentária. A quitosana vem demonstrando atividade promissora quando associada à alguns fotossensibilizadores. Portanto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a associação da quitosana com o fotossensibilizador Photodithazine® (PDZ) na TFD sobre culturas planctônicas e biofilmes de S. mutans, bem como avaliar sua eficácia sobre biofilmes microcosmos orais. Inicialmente, foi preparada uma suspensão de S. mutans UA 159 padronizada em 106 células/mL. Para o estudo em culturas planctônicas, foi adicionada a suspensão de S. mutans em placas de 96 poços. Para o estudo em biofilmes, foram confeccionadas amostras de esmalte de dentes bovinos como substrato para a formação do biofilme em placas de 24 poços. As culturas planctônicas e os biofilmes foram tratados de acordo com os grupos experimentais, recebendo adição de PDZ, quitosana ou PBS, seguido pela irradiação ou pela manutenção em ambiente escuro (controle). Os efeitos dos tratamentos foram analisados por meio da contagem de UFC/mL de S. mutans em ágar Infusão Cérebro Coração (BHI) incubadas por 48h a 37°C (5% de CO2) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Além disso, para confirmar a penetração do FS e da quitosana nas células de S. mutans foi realizado teste de absorbância. A seguir, foram estuda... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

No description available.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.