No description available.

Magnetic recording media refers to the disc shaped thin film magnetic medium present inside the hard disk drive of a computer. Magnetic recording is an important function of the hard disk drive by which information such as text, pictures, audio and videos are stored. Information is broken down to a simple binary format and is stored as magnetised bits along the tracks of the disk forming the hard drive. Over the years advancements in research on the type of magnetic materials used has allowed increased data storage capacities by reducing magnetic bit sizes. It is with this advancement in magnetic data storage, that we have today's hard disk drive technology, which uses a perpendicular magnetic medium to store data. A perpendicular magnetic medium is a multi-layered magnetic thin film structure with the topmost layer comprising nanoscale magnetic grains of high perpendicular anisotropy. The topmost recording layer (RL) is mapped into individual bits of 80-100 nm² area that consist of 5-10 nm diameter CoCrPt grains, embedded in an oxide matrix. A bit area is defined to ensure a significant number of stable grains allowing data to be stored in each bit as a ‘0' or a ‘1' depending on its switched magnetic state. The magnetic grains if sputtered below a threshold grain size tend to suffer from thermal fluctuation and instability due to super-paramagnetic effects, hence bringing limitations to grain size. As a result of this, research in recent years has been directed at introducing a softer magnetic exchange coupled composite (ECC) layer above the recording layer. This layer facilitates the delicate balance of switching smaller grains with strong magneto-crystalline anisotropy at lower magnetic fields, by exchange coupling with the CoCrPt grains in the recording layer. However this technique of increasing the efficiency in the perpendicular magnetic medium by introducing ‘facilitating' layers is an area that is still being widely researched and understood. Although numerous surface and bulk analysis techniques exist to study magnetic and surface properties of these materials, there is limited information on the structural and magnetic properties of these materials at the nanoscale level. The reported work investigates the structural and magnetic properties of the magnetic grains and multi-layers in the perpendicular magnetic medium using polarised neutron scattering and reflectivity techniques. The work investigates the structural and magnetic properties of the CoCrPt grains, apart from understanding the CoCrPt magnetic grain switching. The work also investigates the magnetisation in the layers of the thin film perpendicular media structure using polarised neutron reflectivity (PNR). Using polarised small angle neutron scattering (PolSANS), it has been shown that ferromagnetic ordered core region of the CoCrPt grain in the recording layer is smaller than the physical CoCrPt granular structure. The magnetic switching behaviour of the CoCrPt grain at different magnetic fields is also analysed and the experimental PolSANS data is fitted with non-interacting size-dependent analytical grain switching models. This result provides significant evidence that the magnetic anisotropy increases with grain size, with larger magnetic grains having larger magnetic anisotropy. Polarised neutron scattering experiments are carried out with the magnetically softer exchange coupled composite (ECC) layer included in the thin film magnetic structure. The first experiments investigate if the ECC layer contributes to the nuclear and magnetic interference scattering term in the experimenting scattering data. The experiments clearly show that there is no contribution from the ECC layer in the nuclear and magnetic scattering interference term. The role of the ECC layer in the magnetic switching process is then investigated at different magnetic fields. The ECC layer was found to influence the size-dependent magnetic grain switching of the CoCrPt grains in the recording layer and a detailed investigation is presented in the reported work. Polarised neutron reflectivity (PNR) experiments have also been carried out with the ECC layer on the perpendicular magnetic media samples. These experiments investigate the composition and thickness of the thin film structure, while also providing information on the magnetic state of the thin films under the influence of an in-plane magnetic field. The in-plane magnetisation in the recording and ECC layer is determined at different in-plane magnetic fields. The magnetisation values determined for the ECC layer and the recording layer (RL) at different in-plane magnetic fields help better understand the differences in their magnetic properties.

No description available.

Este trabalho de mestrado teve por objetivo a recuperação de um espectrômetro de RMN de dupla-ressonância construído na década de 1980 para o estudo de materiais no estado sólido. Esse espectrômetro foi parcialmente destruído por um raio que atingiu o prédio do IFSC-USP em 2001, tendo sua parte digital inutilizada, a qual envolvia o gerador de pulsos, e o digitalizador e promediador de sinais. Este trabalho envolveu a instalação de uma placa geradora de pulsos e um osciloscópio digital, ambos comerciais, controlados por um computador executando programas elaborados por nosso grupo. Embora o espectrômetro permita a implementação de técnicas de RMN de alta resolução de dupla-ressonância para o estudo de materiais no estado sólido, os primeiros experimentos de RMN foram realizados com materiais magnéticos, os quais permitiram sua execução sem a utilização do magneto supercondutor. No momento, esse espectrômetro encontra-se em fase de aprimoramento e testes de desempenho e já tornou possível a obtenção de resultados importantes em materiais magnéticos / The objective of this work was to repair and upgrade a double-resonance NMR spectrometer assembled in the 80s for studying solid-state materials. In 2001 this instrument was damaged by an atmospheric discharge that destroyed its digital modules, i.e., the pulse generator, digitizer, and averager. The work reported on here involved installing a new pulse-generator board and a programmable digital oscilloscope, both commercially available. These are computer-controlled by software developed by our research group. Although the spectrometer allows the use of double resonance NMR techniques for studying solid-state materials, the first experiments were done with magnetic materials, which required no superconducting magnet. Presently, the spectrometer is still being tested and improved. Even so, it is already capable of yielding important data in the study of magnetic materials

Un enjeu majeur de l’industrie aéronautique de demain est de concevoir et développer un avion « plus » électrique. En effet, sur un avion de ligne, les principaux systèmes utilisent des types d'énergies différents tels que l'énergie hydraulique ou pneumatique. La tendance actuelle est à la conversion de ces systèmes à l'énergie électrique car elle présente de nombreux avantages et permettrait des économies de masse, d’énergie, et de coûts de maintenance. Avec l’augmentation croissante des systèmes électriques dans l’avion se posent par conséquent des problèmes d’interférences et de compatibilité électromagnétique entre ces différents dispositifs. Par ailleurs ces systèmes électriques sont soumis à des conditions de travail très sévères, notamment des températures extrêmes. Dans le cadre du projet FEMINA (Filtrage Electromagnétiques et Matériaux pour l’INtégration en Aéronautique), l’objectif de notre équipe était d’étudier un filtre électrique soumis à des conditions de températures extrêmes. Ce filtre composé d’éléments passifs (condensateurs et inductances) est destiné à éliminer les interférences provoquées par le convertisseur électrique placé à proximité de la source d’énergie et de chaleur (le propulseur). Dans le cadre de mes travaux de thèse, je me suis intéressé plus particulièrement à l’effet de la température sur le comportement des inductances au travers des matériaux magnétiques qui les composent. J’ai ainsi déterminé les matériaux magnétiques que j’estimais capable de remplir leur rôle de filtrage en hautes températures, puis j’ai élaboré un modèle de comportement magnétique dynamique, tenant compte de l’effet de peau et de l’effet de la température et enfin j’ai testé ce nouveau modèle en l’incluant dans un simulateur circuit, afin de modéliser un filtre de mode commun répondant au cahier des charges de nos partenaires industriels. / A major challenge in the aviation industry is to design and develop “more” electric aircraft. Indeed, the main systems use different types of energy such as hydraulic or pneumatic energy. The current trend is to convert these systems to electric power because it has many advantages and would allow economies of mass, energy and maintenance costs. With the increasing electrical systems in the aircraft, arise problems of interference and electromagnetic compatibility between these systems. Moreover, these power systems are subjected to severe working conditions, including extreme temperatures. As part of the FEMINA project (Filtrage Electromagnétiques et Matériaux pour l‟INtégration en Aéronautique), the goal of our team was to study an EMC filter subjected to extreme temperature conditions. This filter is composed of passive elements (capacitors and inductors) and designed to remove interference caused by electrical converter located close to the source of energy and heat (the propeller). As part of my thesis work, I focused on the effect of temperature on the behavior of inductors through the magnetic materials that compose them. I have thus determined the magnetic materials that I felt able to fulfill their role at high temperatures, then I developed a dynamic model of magnetic behavior, taking into account the skin effect and the effect of temperature and finally I tested this new model by including it in a circuit simulator to model a common mode filter that meets the specifications of our industrial partners.

<div>Nowadays, electrical motors are widely used in the automotive industry because of their high efficiency and lossless characteristics. One downside is that the system is complicated to control and it requires more complex control strategies. Moreover, compared to other motors, electrical motors produce less torque, which limits its capability.</div><div><br></div><div>Therefore, in this thesis, an air-gapless electric motor is presented. Instead of having a static air gaps between the rotor and the stator, the gap changes dynamically creating contact which generates higher torques. A SIMULINK simulation method is used for this motor in order to show the systems dynamic behaviors.</div><div><br></div><div>Five blocks are used in the system: the block to nd phase currents, the block to find phase torque, the block to find self-inductance, the block to obtain mechanical speed of the motor and the block to simulate the saturation effect. These blocks are developed based on the analytical relationships between components, which are shown in Chapter two.</div><div><br></div><div>Moreover, saturation effect in the iron cores is taken into consideration in this thesis due to the fact that it always effects the shape of the magnetic eld curves. And four different materials are discussed and compared in Chapter three. The findings in this chapter is that carbon steel and silicon steel serve as better materials of the rotor in the air-gapless motor than soft ferrite and nickel steel because they tend to have higher torques under same levels of the currents and they have larger torque stability regions.</div><div><br></div><div><div>As for Chapter four, a current control strategy is proposed with an inverter, this could simulate the current controller in a real application. Trial and error PID controller tuning method is discussed in Chapter four.</div></div>

Abstract not available

Nanoalloys are an exciting new class of materials in the growing field of nanotechnology. Nanoalloys consist of the nanoscale co-aggregation of two or more metals with a potential to form compositionally-ordered phases or superstructures that have properties unlike those of the individual metal clusters or of bulk alloys of the constituent metals. This research seizes the opportunity that the nanoscale domain has to offer, and focuses on the synthesis of iron and cobalt nanoalloys via the simultaneous decomposition of iron cobalt organometallic precursors in a stabilizing environment, accompanied by the thorough characterization of the resulting nanoclusters. Zero-valent FeCo nanoalloys may potentially have interesting uses as magnetic materials. Since these clusters have sizes less than the size of their magnetic domain, the clusters will exhibit single domain magnetism. This magnetism may be observed by the presence of chain structures of FeCo nanoclusters due to the alignment of their single magnetic domains. In order to create a near-atomically homogeneous nanoalloy without preferential aggregation of its metal atom constituents, no clustering and phase separation should take place. In the bulk, alloys of iron and cobalt phase separate over most of the compositional range. Conversely, at the nanoscale, it may be possible to synthesize nanoalloy structures that are not normally favorable at given compositions, by the manipulation of reaction kinetics. In order to produce an atomically mixed nanoalloy, the transformation reactions of the organometallic precursors should display similar kinetic features, i.e. similar reaction rates. Therefore, the reaction kinetics of all the species in the reaction must be similar to avoid competition between them. As a result, kinetic control of the individual transformation reaction rates of each species may be used to modulate the aggregation and phase separation of the different species, and consequently control cluster morphology. This work has provided the framework for the design of synthesis methods that enable the control of the structure of FeCo nanoalloys with careful attention to precursor decomposition kinetics and the correlation between reaction kinetics and nanoalloy morphology.

Shock compaction experiments were performed on soft magnetic phases Fe₄N and Fe₁₆N₂, and hard magnetic phases Nd₂Fe₁₄B and Sm₂Fe₁₇N₃ in order to determine their thermo-mechanical stability during shock loading and explore the possibility of fabricating a textured nanocomposite magnet. Gas gun experiments performed on powders pressed in a three capsule fixture showed phase transformations occurring in Fe₄N, Fe₁₆N₂, and Nd₂Fe₁₄B, while Sm₂Fe₁₇N₃ was observed to be relatively stable. Shock compaction of FCC Fe₄N resulted in a partial transformation to HCP Fe₃N, consistent with previous reports of the transition occurring at a static pressure of ~3 GPa. Shock compaction of Fe₁₆N₂ produced decomposition products alpha-Fe, Fe₄N, and FeN due to a combination of thermal effects associated with dynamic void collapse and plastic deformation. Decomposition of Nd-Fe-B, producing alpha-Fe and amorphous Nd-Fe-B, was observed in several shock consolidated samples and is attributed to deformation associated with shock compaction, similar to decomposition reported in ball milled Nd-Fe-B. No decomposition was observed in shock compacted samples of Sm-Fe-N, which is consistent with literature reports showing decomposition occurring only in samples compacted at a pressure above ~15 GPa. Nd-Fe-B and Sm-Fe-N were shown to accommodate deformation primarily by grain size reduction, especially in large grained materials. Hard/Soft composite magnetic materials were formed by mixing single crystal particles of Nd-Fe-B with iron nanoparticles, and the alignment-by-magnetic-field technique was able to introduce significant texture into green compacts of this mixture. While problems with decomposition of the Nd₂Fe₁₄B phase prevented fabricating bulk magnets from the aligned green compacts, retention of the nanoscale morphology of the alpha-Fe particles and the high alignment of the green compacts shows promise for future development of textured nanocomposite magnets through shock compaction.

Zielstellung dieser Arbeit ist die experimentelle Aufklärung und computergestützte Simulation von Phasengleichgewichten im binären System Kupfer-Sauerstoff und im quaternären System Eisen-Samarium-Zirkonium-Molybdän. Damit wird ein Beitrag zu Phasendiagrammen in den Stoffgruppen der keramischen Materialien und der Seltenerd-basierenden magnetischen Materialien geleistet. Zur Charakterisierung der einzelnen Systeme und ihrer Subsysteme nach der CALPHAD-Methode werden die Stöchiometrie der einzelnen Phasen, ihre Phasenanteile in den jeweiligen Legierungen sowie ihre druckabhängige und thermische Stabilität unter angenäherten Gleichgewichtsbedingungen betrachtet. Zusammen mit den kristallographischen und magnetischen Eigenschaften der Phasen ergeben sich daraus thermodynamische Modelle, die durch ihre parametrisierte Darstellungsweise eine Optimierung an die jeweiligen experimentellen Befunde gestatten. Durch Extra- und Interpolation der so gewonnenen Zustandsfunktionen der einzelnen Phasen ergibt sich ein möglichst weitgehendes Bild aller wesentlichen, das stoffliche Gesamtsystem charakterisierenden thermodynamischen Zustände, welches auch über die experimentellen Einschränkungen hinaus noch Aussagen über die Phasenkonstitution, etwa die Primärkristallisation von Phasen bei hohen Drücken und Temperaturen sowie die Phasenstabilität in höherkomponentigen Systemen, ermöglicht. Schließlich werden die thermodynamischen Funktionen in einer Datenbank zusammengefasst, womit auch die Möglichkeit ihrer Weiterverwendung in anderen Systemen besteht. Die Arbeit kann in den Bereich der Grundlagenuntersuchungen zu den behandelten Stoffsystemen mit werkstoffwissenschaftlichem Hintergrund eingeordnet werden.