<p>In the first part of this work, the influence of hydrogen on the structural and magnetic properties of Fe/V(001) superlattices was studied. The local structure of the vanadium-hydride layers was determined by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements. The magnetic ordering in a weakly coupled Fe/V(001) superlattice was investigated using the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). The interlayer exchange coupling is weakened upon alloying with hydrogen and a phase with short-range magnetic order was observed.</p><p>The second part is concerned with first-principles calculations of magnetic materials, with a focus on magnetic recording applications. The uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) of Fe, Co, and Ni was calculated for tetragonal and trigonal structures. Based on an analysis of the electronic states of tetragonal Fe and Co at the center of the Brillouin zone, tetragonal Fe-Co alloys were proposed as a material that combines a large uniaxial MAE with a large saturation magnetization. This was confirmed by experimental studies on (Fe,Co)/Pt superlattices. The large uniaxial MAE of L1₀ FePt is caused by the large spin-orbit interaction on the Pt sites in connection with a strong hybridization between Fe and Pt. Furthermore, it was shown that the uniaxial MAE can be increased by alloying the Fe sublattice with Mn. The combination of the high-moment rare-earth (RE) metals with the high-<i>T</i>_C 3<i>d</i> transition metals in RE/Cr/Fe multilayers (RE = Gd, Tb, Dy) gives rise to a strong ferromagnetic effective exchange interaction between the Fe layers and the RE layer. The MAE of hcp Gd was found to have two principal contributions, namely the dipole interaction of the large localized 4<i>f</i> spins and the band electron magnetic anisotropy due to the spin-orbit interaction. The peculiar temperature dependence of the easy axis of magnetization was reproduced on a qualitative level.</p>

In order to design a power transformer it is important to understand its internal electromagnetic behaviour. That can be obtained by measurements on physical transformers, analytical expressions and computer simulations. One benefit with simulations is that the transformer can be studied before it is built physically and that the consequences of changing dimensions and parameters easily can be assessed. In this thesis a time-domain transformer model is presented. The model includes core phenomena as magnetic static hysteresis, eddy current and excess losses. Moreover, the model comprises winding phenomena as eddy currents, capacitive effects and leakage flux. The core and windings are first modelled separately and then connected together in a composite transformer model. This results in a detailed transformer model. One important result of the thesis is the feasibility to simulate dynamic magnetization including the inhomogeneous field distribution due to eddy currents in the magnetic core material. This is achieved by using a Cauer circuit combined with models for static and dynamic magnetization. Thereby, all magnetic loss components in the material can be simulated accurately. This composite dynamic magnetization model is verified through experiments showing very good correspondence with measurements. Furthermore, the composite transformer model is verified through measurements. The model is shown to yield good correspondence with measurements in normal operation and non-normal operations like no-load, inrush current and DC-magnetization. / QC20100708

Size and Shape Controlled Synthesis and Superparamagnetic Properties of Spinel Ferrites Nanocrystals Qing Song 216 pages Directed by Dr. Z. John Zhang The correlationship between magnetic properties and magnetic couplings is established through the investigations of various cubic spinel ferrite nanocrystals. The results of this thesis contribute to the knowledge of size and shape controlled synthesis of various spinel ferrites and core shell architectured nanocrystals as well as the nanomagnetism in spinel ferrites by systematically investigating the effects of spin orbital coupling, magnetocrystalline anisotropy, exchange coupling, shape and surface anisotropy upon superparamagnetic properties of spinel ferrite nanocrystals. A general synthetic method is developed for size and shape control of metal oxide nanocrystals. The size and shape dependent superparamagnetic properties are discussed. The relationship between spin orbital coupling and magnetocrystalline anisotropy is studied comparatively on variable sizes of spherical CoFe2O4 and Fe3O4 nanocrystals. It also addresses the effect of exchange coupling between magnetic hard phase and soft phase upon magnetic properties in core shell structured spinel ferrite nanocrystals. The role of anisotropic shapes of nanocrystals upon self assembled orientation ordered superstructures are investigated. The effect of thermal stability of molecular precursors upon size controlled synthesis of MnFe2O4 nanocrystals and the size dependent superparamagnetic properties are described.

<p>In order to design a power transformer it is important to understand its internal electromagnetic behaviour. That can be obtained by measurements on physical transformers, analytical expressions and computer simulations. One benefit with simulations is that the transformer can be studied before it is built physically and that the consequences of changing dimensions and parameters easily can be tested.</p><p>In this thesis a time-domain transformer model is presented. The model includes core losses as magnetic static hysteresis, eddy current and excess eddy current losses. Moreover, the model comprises winding losses including eddy currents, capacitive effects and leakage flux. The core and windings are first modelled separately and then connected together in a total transformer model. This results in a detailed transformer model.</p><p>One important result of the thesis is the possibility to simulate dynamic hysteresis including the eddy current shielding in the magnetic core material. This is achieved by using Cauer circuit combined with analytical expression for static and dynamic hysteresis. Thereby, all magnetic loss components in the material can be simulated accurately. This dynamic hysteresis model is verified through experiments showing very good agreement.</p>

Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία σχεδιάστηκε με χρήση του προγράμματος OPERA Electromagnetic Design ένας Ασύγχρονος Τριφασικός Κινητήρας κλωβού σε δύο διαστάσεις και μελετήθηκε η συμπεριφορά αυτού και των χαρακτηριστικών ηλεκτρομαγνητικών μεγεθών του κατά την τοποθέτηση ημιμαγνητικών σφηνών στις αυλακώσεις του στάτη. Έγινε χρήση σφηνών διαφορετικού μεγέθους και κατασκευασμένων από ημιμαγνητικά υλικά. Έτσι, προέκυψαν τρεις (3) νέοι κινητήρες που στην έκταση της παρούσας εργασίας καλούνται ΄΄μοντέλα΄΄. Στη συνέχεια, με τη χρήση αυτών των μοντέλων έγινε Ηλεκτρομαγνητική Ανάλυση με τη Μέθοδο των Πεπερασμένων Στοιχείων (FEM-Finite Element Method or FEA-Finite Element Analysis) που χρησιμοποιεί το λογισμικό OPERA. Επίσης, μελετήθηκε η επίδραση που έχει το σχήμα και το υλικό κατασκευής των σφηνών στα ηλεκτρομαγνητικά μεγέθη και τη λειτουργική συμπεριφορά του κινητήρα. Τέλος, εξετάστηκαν οι επιδράσεις που επιφέρει το κλείσιμο του ανοίγματος των αυλακώσεων –συναρτήσει, πάντα, του μεγέθους/σχήματος των σφηνών- στο ηλεκτρομαγνητικό πεδίο και στις χαρακτηριστικές του Ασύγχρονου Τριφασικού Κινητήρα. Εξετάστηκαν τόσο τα χωρικά και χρονικά μεγέθη, όσο και η συμπεριφορά αυτών στο πεδίο της συχνότητας (αρμονική ανάλυση – αρμονικό περιεχόμενο). Έγινε αξιοποίηση των γεωμετρικών και ηλεκτρικών χαρακτηριστικών ενός συγκεκριμένου τετραπολικού κινητήρα κλωβού, ισχύος 4kW, με 28 αυλακώσεις στο δρομέα και 36 αυλακώσεις στο στάτη. Ο σχεδιασμός των κινητήρων έγινε με τη συμβατική μέθοδο, ήτοι με χρήση των σχεδιαστικών εργαλείων που προσφέρονται μέσω της επιφάνειας εργασίας του προγράμματος και όχι με χρήση κώδικα. Πλεονέκτημα της μεθόδου αποτελεί το γεγονός ότι για τους τρεις κινητήρες που προέκυψαν με την τοποθέτηση των διαφόρων σφηνών δεν απαιτήθηκε εκ νέου σχεδιασμός, αλλά προσαρμογή της εκάστοτε χρησιμοποιηθείσας σφήνας στο αρχικό μοντέλο κινητήρα. Κατά τη μελέτη όλων των μοντέλων λάβαμε υπόψιν τόσο τη γραμμική όσο και τη μη γραμμική Β-Η χαρακτηριστική του σιδηρομαγνητικού υλικού. Η ανάλυση οδήγησε στο συμπέρασμα ότι με τη χρήση των κατάλληλων σφηνών μπορούμε να επιτύχουμε εξομάλυνση των κυματομορφών του ρεύματος και της ηλεκτρομαγνητικής ροπής και μείωση των ανώτερων αρμονικών. Όλα αυτά οδηγούν σε βελτίωση του βαθμού απόδοσης του κινητήρα. / The influence of semi-magnetic wedges on the electromagnetic variables and the harmonic content in 3-phase squirrel cage induction motors.

This dissertation presents a new class of cancer diagnostic agents composed of quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, and amphiphilic polymers. The central hypothesis is that biocompatible, amphiphilic block copolymers can be used to create multinanoparticle micellar probes with imaging capabilities and surface properties optimized for applications in cancer diagnostics. To test this hypothesis, we investigated a number of different block copolymer structures and synthetic procedures. We found that use of a poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(ethylene oxide) polymer in conjunction with a dialysis-based procedure produced uniform probes with excellent imaging properties. We also found that the probes formed using these materials and methods were surprisingly stable, even after incubation in whole human blood for 24 hrs at 37oC. As a corollary, we hypothesized that modified polymer structures could be used to introduce functional groups for use in linking the micellar probes to biological molecules. To test this hypothesis, we used a modified version of our synthetic procedure and utilized a novel method for studying nanoparticle binding to biological molecules in real time. We found that active amine groups could be added to the polymer shell using these methods, and that surface plasmon resonance could be used for studying nanoparticle binding. In sum, this dissertation makes several contributions to the field of cancer nanotechnology. First, we provide a new encapsulation procedure and nanostructure that has promising physical and biological properties. Secondly, we provide general strategies that can be used for future nanoprobe development. Finally, we demonstrate the capability of a new method for quantitative study of probe binding characteristics. Together, these contributions drive the field of cancer nanotechnology forward by providing a deeper understanding of the relationship between surface design and behavior in biological systems.

In the first part of this work, the influence of hydrogen on the structural and magnetic properties of Fe/V(001) superlattices was studied. The local structure of the vanadium-hydride layers was determined by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements. The magnetic ordering in a weakly coupled Fe/V(001) superlattice was investigated using the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). The interlayer exchange coupling is weakened upon alloying with hydrogen and a phase with short-range magnetic order was observed. The second part is concerned with first-principles calculations of magnetic materials, with a focus on magnetic recording applications. The uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) of Fe, Co, and Ni was calculated for tetragonal and trigonal structures. Based on an analysis of the electronic states of tetragonal Fe and Co at the center of the Brillouin zone, tetragonal Fe-Co alloys were proposed as a material that combines a large uniaxial MAE with a large saturation magnetization. This was confirmed by experimental studies on (Fe,Co)/Pt superlattices. The large uniaxial MAE of L10 FePt is caused by the large spin-orbit interaction on the Pt sites in connection with a strong hybridization between Fe and Pt. Furthermore, it was shown that the uniaxial MAE can be increased by alloying the Fe sublattice with Mn. The combination of the high-moment rare-earth (RE) metals with the high-TC 3d transition metals in RE/Cr/Fe multilayers (RE = Gd, Tb, Dy) gives rise to a strong ferromagnetic effective exchange interaction between the Fe layers and the RE layer. The MAE of hcp Gd was found to have two principal contributions, namely the dipole interaction of the large localized 4f spins and the band electron magnetic anisotropy due to the spin-orbit interaction. The peculiar temperature dependence of the easy axis of magnetization was reproduced on a qualitative level.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um núcleo do rotor de um motor universal a partir dos processos da metalurgia do pó (M/P). O rotor desta máquina, cujo núcleo é originalmente fabricado em chapas laminadas, foi substituído por um rotor com núcleo em bloco maciço, mantendo-se as demais partes como eixo e escovas. A partir de simulações no software FEMM e dados existentes referentes ao desempenho de ligas metálicas sinterizadas como Fe-P, Fe-Si e Fe-Ni, foi selecionado o Fe1%P, que apresentou os melhores resultados para a aplicação na máquina elétrica em questão. Foram feitas simulações relacionadas às características eletromagnéticas e a partir dos resultados obtidos puderam-se fazer comparações entre um rotor convencional, fabricado com núcleo de chapas laminadas e o rotor com o núcleo maciço fabricado utilizando-se a metalurgia do pó. As etapas de fabricação consistem em mistura da liga, compactação, sinterização e forma final através de eletroerosão. A máquina foi montada utilizando a estrutura de um motor de furadeira manual comercial, mantendo-se todas as partes da máquina original com exceção do núcleo do rotor, e posteriormente foi testada em bancada, comparativamente a uma máquina convencional para análise dos resultados. Foi possível a substituição do rotor oriundo de placas laminadas por um rotor oriundo de metalurgia do pó. Os resultados dos ensaios com a máquina fabricada comprovaram que a liga Fe1%P é, comparativamente ao núcleo de chapas convencional, tecnicamente inferior para a fabricação de motores universais. Utilizando a liga Fe1%P seu rendimento foi de 7% contra 27% do motor convencional assim como torque e demais parâmetros ficaram abaixo do motor padrão. / The main objective of this work was the development of a rotor core of a universal motor from the processes of powder metallurgy (M/P). The rotor of this machine, whose core is originally manufactured in laminated plates, was replaced by a rotor core with solid block, keeping the other parts like shaft and brushes. From the software FEMM simulations and existing data regarding the performance of sintered alloys such as Fe-P, Fe-Si and Fe-Ni, was selected Fe1%P, which showed the best results for application in electric machine in question. Simulations were made related to the electromagnetic characteristics and from the results of comparisons could be made between a conventional rotor, made of rolled core and the solid core rotor is manufactured using powder metallurgy. The manufacturing steps comprise of mixing the alloy, compacting, sintering and final form by electro erosion. The machine structure was assembled using a hand drill motor trade, keeping all parts of the original machine except the rotor core, and thereafter the machine was tested on bench, compared to a conventional machine to analyze the results. It was possible to replace the rotor coming from a rotor laminated plates derived from powder metallurgy. The results of the tests made with the machine shown that the alloy Fe1% P is compared to a conventional core plates, technically inferior to manufacture universal motors. Using the league Fe1%P its yield was 7% versus 27% of the conventional engine as well as torque and other parameters were below the standard engine.

Este estudo identifica as vantagens do uso de um estator fabricado usando a tecnologia da metalurgia do pó, identificando suas vantagens e desvantagens. O motor elétrico utilizado é um motor do tipo universal originalmente o estator desta máquina, possui o núcleo fabricado em chapas laminadas, este foi substituído por um estator com núcleo em bloco maciço, mantendo-se as demais partes do motor originais, ou seja, nestes testes o rotor bobinado continuará a utilizar chapas laminadas e escovas originais. Motores elétricos foram desenvolvidos no início do século XIX e desde então vem sendo utilizado em larga escala com mudanças pouco significativas na sua forma construtiva, materiais e processo de fabricação. Neste trabalho o principal objetivo foi o desenvolvimento de um núcleo do estator para motor universal a partir dos processos da metalurgia do pó (M/P). Simulações com o software FEMM identificaram o comportamento de várias ligas (Fe-P, Fe-Si e Fe-Ni). Após análise dos dados da simulação foi selecionado o Fe1%P, por ter apresentado os melhores resultados para a aplicação na máquina elétrica em questão. As simulações permitiram comparações dos parâmetros eletromagnéticos e torque, entre estatores utilizando chapas de silício do motor original e estatores de núcleo maciço com dados das ligas experimentadas fabricadas através da metalurgia do pó. A fabricação destes núcleos consiste nas misturas da liga, compactação utilizando matriz para formato desejado, sinterização e acabamentos através de usinagem e eletroerosão. Foi utilizada uma furadeira manual comercial, testada em bancada para levantamento detalhado a fim de caracterizar as propriedades que definem a eficiência do equipamento com o estator original. Os mesmos testes foram conduzidos apenas substituindo o estator, agora de núcleo maciço. Processo de fabricação através da metalurgia do pó permite um menor consumo de material e energia, sendo este um processo muito mais eficiente quando comparado ao processo de fabricação das chapas laminadas de ferro silício. / This study will identify the advantages of using a fabricated stator using the technology of powder metallurgy, identifying its advantages and disadvantages. The electric motor used is a universal type motor, originally the stator core of this machine are made of laminated plates, this was replaced by a stator core with solid block , keeping the remaining parts of the original machine, ie these tests the wound rotor continued to use rolled sheet and original brushes. Electric motors were developed in the early of 19th century, and has since been used in large scale with little significant changes in its constructive form, materials and manufacturing process. This work has as main goal the development of a stator core for universal motor from the processes of powder metallurgy (M/P). Simulations with the FEMM software identified the behavior of various alloys (Fe-P, Fe -Si and Fe-Ni) .After data analysis of the simulation was selected Fe1%P, for having presented the best results for the application in the electric machine in question. The computer simulations of electromagnetic parameters and comparisons torque between stator plates using the original silicon motor stators and solid core of data experienced alloys manufactured by powder metallurgy. The manufacture of these core constitutes mix league, using compression matrix to desired shape, sintering and finishing by machining and EDM. Trade manual drill was used, tested on bench for detailed study to characterize the properties that define the efficiency of the equipment to the original stator. The same tests were conducted just by replacing the stator, now solid core. Manufacturing process by powder metallurgy allow less consumption of material and energy, this is a much more efficient process compared to the process of manufacturing the laminated silicon iron sheets.

Este trabalho trata do estudo da eletrodeposição de filmes finos e nanofios magnéticos compostos de cobalto, níquel e molibdênio. Foi avaliada a influência da composição química das soluções utilizadas nas propriedades do material obtido. O uso de uma célula de Hull com eletrodo cilíndrico rotativo permitiu também que fosse estudado com mais detalhe o mecanismo de eletrodeposição da liga CoNiMo. Os filmes finos magnéticos de CoNi e CoNiMo foram eletrodepositados galvanostaticamente utilizando soluções contento citrato ou glicina como aditivo. Composição, microestrutura, morfologia e propriedades magnéticas dos depósitos foram analisados e a influência da composição das soluções e das densidades de corrente aplicadas foi avaliada. Soluções contendo citrato e/ou baixo pH não resultaram em filmes com boas propriedades. O uso de glicina e pH 7 resultou em filmes amorfos e com melhores propriedades magnéticas: magnetização de saturação de 1,2 T e coercividade de 50 Oe. Com o uso da célula de Hull rotativa foi possível avaliar como variava a composição da liga e as densidades de corrente parciais de cada um dos elementos. Notou-se que a deposição de Ni era menor quanto maior a concentração de Co+2 na solução e que o aumento na concentração de glicina favorece a deposição de Co e Mo e prejudica a deposição de Ni. Além disso, a deposição de Mo foi mais influenciada pela concentração de Co+2 do que pela de Ni+2. Tais observações podem ser analisadas com base nos mecanismos já propostos para deposição de Co, Ni e Mo. Nanofios das ligas CoNi e CoNiMo foram preparados através de eletrodeposição potenciostática utilizando membranas comerciais de alumina como molde. Glicina foi utilizada como agente complexante nos eletrólitos. Fios amorfos com diâmetro médio de 200 nm e até 50 &#181;m de comprimento foram obtidos. Em comparação com os filmes finos estudados previamente, os nanofios apresentaram maiores coercividade e cristalinidade. A coercividade medida foi de 220 Oe com o campo magnético aplicado em paralelo aos fios e de 350 Oe com o campo aplicado perpendicularmente. A presença do molibdênio não afetou as características magnéticas dos nanofios. / This work focuses on the electrodeposition of CoNi and CoNiMo thin films and nanowires. The influence of the chemical composition of several tested solutions over the properties of the material were evaluated. A rotating cylinder Hull cell allowed a more detailed study of the deposition mechanism. The thin films were galvanostatic electrodeposited from solutions containing either citrate or glycine as additives. The composition, microstructure, morphology and magnetic properties of the deposits were analyzed and related with the different bath compositions used and the applied current densities. Baths containing citrate and/or at low pH are not suitable conditions to produce magnetic films with reasonable good properties to be used in magnetic devices. Generally, use of glycine in the bath and pH 7 yielded better films. Magnetic saturation values around 1.2 T and coercivities as low as 50 Oe were obtained for films prepared using baths containing glycine. Films electrodeposited with the citrate containing baths showed higher coercivity: 125 Oe. The investigation of a wide variation of parameters the electrodeposition of the CoNiMo alloys was performed using a rotating cylinder Hull cell. Alloy composition, current efficiency and partial currents of each metal were analyzed. The nickel deposition rate decreased by increasing Co ions and glycine in the electrolyte. The latter also resulted in na augmented concentration of Ni-Gly complexed species. Molybdenum induced codeposition was verified for both excess Ni and excess Co electrolytes. The results indicate that Mo reduction was affected by the Co/Ni ratio in the electrolyte. With an excess Ni in solution, Mo wt. % increased with an increase in cobalt ion electrolyte concentration. On the other hand, with an excess of cobalt in solution, Mo wt. % was not significantly affected by nickel ion concentration. These results were analysed based on the current proposed mechanisms for Co, Ni and Mo deposition. CoNi and CoNiMo nanowires were electrodeposited using commercial alumina templates and a pH 7 glycine-ammonia electrolyte. The resulting magnetic properties and composition were compared with thin film counterparts. The nanowires had larger coercivity (220 Oe) and more crystallinity than the thin. The presence of molybdenum had no significant influence over the coercivity and remanence in the nanowires, unlike thin films.