Introduction Caput radii fractures vary from non-dislocated to complex comminuted fractures and are oftenclassified by the Mason Classifications system from 1954. Most caput radii-fractures aresuccessfully treated non-surgical although some need surgery. Several surgical methods havebeen developed and surgical treatment is increasing. Aim Primary aim is to assess the Mason classification correlation to choice of treatment.Secondary aims are to describe the epidemiology, treatment frequency including surgical andnon-surgical as well as reoperation rate. Results Correlation between Mason classification and surgical/non-surgical treatment showed asignificant positive correlation (rs=0.403, p<0.001). Of 315 patients 95.2% were treated nonsurgical,4,8% received acute surgery. The estimated incidence was 3.25 per 10 000 per year,for women 4.09 and men 2.41 per 10 000 per year. Median age was 49 years (IQR 33-60), 54for women and 36 years for men respectively. Of the patients with Mason I did 0.4% receiveacute surgery, Mason II 3.4%, Mason III 66.7% and Mason IV 36.4%. Multiple surgicalmethods were used, Open reduction and internal fixation with plate and screw was mostfrequent. Four patients in the surgical treatment-group (23.5%) were reoperated. Two patients(0.7%) had late surgery due to complications. Conclusions Surgical treatment was more often used in more advanced fractures according to the Masonclassification although the correlation was fair and there were patients in each class that weresurgery treated. Surgical methods varied and reoperation rate was high. Women had higherincidence and a higher median age then men at time of injury.

La récupération d'énergie par élément piézoélectrique est une technique prometteuse pour les futurs systèmes électroniques nomades autoalimentés. L'objet de ce travail est d’analyser des approches simples et agiles d’optimisation de la puissance produite par un générateur piézoélectrique. D'abord le problème de l’optimisation de l’impédance de charge d’un générateur piézoélectrique sismique est posé. Une analyse du schéma équivalent global de ce générateur a été menée sur la base du schéma de Mason. Il est démontré que la puissance extraite avec une charge complexe adaptée puisse être constante quelle que soit la fréquence et que de plus elle est égale à la puissance extraite avec la charge résistive adaptée du même système sans pertes. Il est montré toutefois que la sensibilité de cette adaptation à la valeur de la réactance de la charge la rend difficilement réaliste pour une application pratique. Une autre solution pour améliorer l’énergie extraite est de considérer un réseau de générateurs positionnés en différents endroits d’une structure. Des simulations sont proposées dans une configuration de récupération d’énergie de type directe sur une plaque encastrée. Les générateurs piézoélectriques, associés à la technique SSHI, ont été reliés selon différentes configurations. Les résultats attestent que l’énergie produite ne dépend pas de façon critique de la manière dont sont connectés les éléments. Toutefois l’utilisation d’un seul circuit SSHI pour l’ensemble du réseau dégrade l’énergie extraite du fait des interactions entre les trop nombreuses commutations. Enfin une nouvelle approche non-linéaire est étudiée qui permet l’optimisation de l’énergie extraite tout en gardant une grande simplicité et des possibilités d’auto alimentation. Cette technique appelée S3H pour « Synchronized Serial Switch Harvesting » n’utilise pas d’inductance et consiste en un simple interrupteur en série avec l’élément piézoélectrique. La puissance récupérée est le double de celle extraite par les méthodes conventionnelles et reste totalement invariante sur une large gamme de résistances de charge. / Piezoelectric energy harvesting is a promising technique for battery-less miniature electronic devices. The object of this work is to evaluate simple and robust approaches to optimize the extracted power. First, a lightweight equivalent circuit derived from the Mason equivalent circuit is proposed. It’s a comprehensive circuit, which is suitable for piezoelectric seismic energy harvester investigation and power optimization. The optimal charge impedance for both the resistive load and complex load are given and analyzed. When complex load type can be implemented, the power output is constant at any excitation frequency with constant acceleration excitation. This power output is exactly the maximum power that can be extracted with matched resistive load without losses. However, this wide bandwidth optimization is not practical due to the high sensitivity the reactive component mismatch. Another approach to improve power extraction is the capability to implement a network of piezoelectric generators harvesting on various frequency nodes and different locations on a host structure. Simulations are conducted in the case of direct harvesting on a planar structure excited by a force pulse. These distributed harvesters, equipped with nonlinear technique SSHI (Synchronized Switching Harvesting on Inductor) devices, were connected in parallel, series, independently and other complex forms. The comparison results showed that the energy output didn’t depend on the storage capacitor connection method. However, only one set of SSHI circuit for a whole distributed harvesters system degrades the energy scavenging capability due to switching conflict. Finally a novel non-linear approach is proposed to allow optimization of the extracted energy while keeping simplicity and standalone capability. This circuit named S3H for “ Synchronized Serial Switch Harvesting” does not rely on any inductor and is constructed with a simple switch. The power harvested is more than twice the conventional technique one on a wide band of resistive load.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

The relationship between Lowell Mason (1792–1872) and the Boston Handel and Haydn Society (est. 1815) has long been recognized as a crucial development in the history of American music. In 1821, Mason and the HHS contracted to publish a collection of church music that Mason had edited. While living in Savannah, GA, Mason had imported several recent British collections that adapted for church tunes works by Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, and Ignaz Pleyel. His study with German émigré Frederick L. Abel allowed him to harmonize older tunes in standard counterpoint. In the historiography of American music, the collection has ever since been named as one of the chief forces establishing standard counterpoint in the mainstream of American music. The collection’s profits also helped the HHS survive the next several years, and the prestige of eventually being known as the collection’s editor helped launch Mason’s influential career in church music, music education, and music publishing. In 1827, that career took a dramatic turn when Mason returned to Boston to assume the presidency of the HHS and the care of music in several churches. This project shows that the social ties between Mason and the HHS begin earlier and are far more indebted to Calvinist orthodox Christianity than previous studies have shown. With special attention to Mason’s personal papers housed at Yale University, to the HHS records held at the Boston Public Library, and to newly indexed Savannah newspapers, it shows that Mason’s relationship with the Society grew from relationships begun before he left his native Massachusetts in 1812. The depth of the relationship grew steadily until 1827, marked at first by indirect contact and in 1821 by Mason’s trip to Boston. Mason’s 1827 return to Boston, often surprising to scholars, appears here as a logical consequence of the support given by the Society’s previous president, Amasa Winchester, for Mason’s work in church music. Mason’s departure from the Society seems to be based on his zeal, closely related to his evangelical goals, for universal music education.

Vespidae possui aproximadamente 5000 espécies, sendo 3500 dessas são eumeníneos. Zethus é o maior gênero de Eumeninae, com mais de 250 espécies no mundo. Atualmente, encontra-se dividido em quatro subgêneros: Z. (Zethus), Z. (Zethusculus), Z. (Zethoides) e Z. (Madecazethus). Z. (Zethoides), com 42 espécies, se destaca por construir ninhos expostos e apresentar comportamento subsocial. Essas espécies encontram-se divididas em oito grupos, cada qual uma unidade filogenética natural que, porém, foram criados sem qualquer análise filogenética. Exemplares de 18 espécies de Z. (Zethoides), correspondentes aos grupos foram examinadas junto com terminais de outras linhagens de Zethus, Zethini e Eumeninae para elaboração de uma análise cladística afim de averiguar as divisões elaboradas. Todos os grupos de espécies foram recuperados como monofiléticos, exceto Z. bilgumis, que é parafilético em relação ao grupo Z. clypearis. Z. (Zethoides), apesar de monofilético, junto com Z. (Madecazethus), situa-se dentro de Zethus s. s. Z. (Zethusculus) também não foi recuperado como monofilético. Zethus é parafilético em relação aCtenochilus. Assim, o grupo Z. clypearisnão foi recuperado e seus integrantes pertencem agora ao grupo Z. biglumis, e as seguinte sinonímias serão propostas: Ctenochilus (=Zethus); Z. (Madecazethus) (=Z. (Zethus)); Z. (Zethoides) (=Z. (Zethus)). / Vespidae has approximately 5000 species, of which 3500 are eumenines. Zethus is the largest genus in Eumeninae, with over 250 species. Currently, it is divided in four subgenera: Z. (Zethus), Z. (Zethusculus), Z. (Zethoides) and Z. (Madecazethus). Z. (Zethoides), with 42 species, stands out for building exposed nests and presenting subsocial behavior. These species are further divided in eight groups, each considered a phylogenetic unit that were created without any phylogenetic analysis. Eighteen species of Z. (Zethoides) corresponding to different groups were examined, altogether with terminals fromdistict lineages of Zethus, Zethini and Eumenine, in order to elaborate a cladistics analysis to verify the proposed divisions. All species groups were monophyletic except for the Z. biglumis group, that is paraphyletic in relation to the Z. clypearis group. Z. (Zethoides), although monophyletic as Z. (Madecazethus), is placed within Zethus s. s. Z. (Zethusculus) was also retrieved paraphyletic. Thus, the Z. clypearis group is dismantled, and its integrates are incorporated in the Z. biglumis group. Also, the following synonymies will be proposed: Ctenochilus (=Zethus); Z. (Madecazethus) (=Z. (Zethus)); Z. (Zethoides) (=Z. (Zethus)).

Thesis (S.T.M.)--Dallas Theological Seminary, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-85).

abstract: Full-duplex communication has attracted significant attention as it promises to increase the spectral efficiency compared to half-duplex. Multi-hop full-duplex networks add new dimensions and capabilities to cooperative networks by facilitating simultaneous transmission and reception and improving data rates. When a relay in a multi-hop full-duplex system amplifies and forwards its received signals, due to the presence of self-interference, the input-output relationship is determined by recursive equations. This thesis introduces a signal flow graph approach to solve the problem of finding the input-output relationship of a multi-hop amplify-and-forward full-duplex relaying system using Mason's gain formula. Even when all links have flat fading channels, the residual self-interference component due to imperfect self-interference cancellation at the relays results in an end-to-end effective channel that is an all-pole frequency-selective channel. Also, by assuming the relay channels undergo frequency-selective fading, the outage probability analysis is performed and the performance is compared with the case when the relay channels undergo frequency-flat fading. The outage performance of this system is performed assuming that the destination employs an equalizer or a matched filter. For the case of a two-hop (single relay) full-duplex amplify-and-forward relaying system, the bounds on the outage probability are derived by assuming that the destination employs a matched filter or a minimum mean squared error decision feedback equalizer. For the case of a three-hop (two-relay) system with frequency-flat relay channels, the outage probability analysis is performed by considering the output SNR of different types of equalizers and matched filter at the destination. Also, the closed-form upper bounds on the output SNR are derived when the destination employs a minimum mean squared error decision feedback equalizer which is used in outage probability analysis. It is seen that for sufficiently high target rates, full-duplex relaying with equalizers is always better than half-duplex relaying in terms of achieving lower outage probability, despite the higher RSI. In contrast, since full-duplex relaying with MF is sensitive to RSI, it is outperformed by half-duplex relaying under strong RSI. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2016

Vespidae possui aproximadamente 5000 espécies, sendo 3500 dessas são eumeníneos. Zethus é o maior gênero de Eumeninae, com mais de 250 espécies no mundo. Atualmente, encontra-se dividido em quatro subgêneros: Z. (Zethus), Z. (Zethusculus), Z. (Zethoides) e Z. (Madecazethus). Z. (Zethoides), com 42 espécies, se destaca por construir ninhos expostos e apresentar comportamento subsocial. Essas espécies encontram-se divididas em oito grupos, cada qual uma unidade filogenética natural que, porém, foram criados sem qualquer análise filogenética. Exemplares de 18 espécies de Z. (Zethoides), correspondentes aos grupos foram examinadas junto com terminais de outras linhagens de Zethus, Zethini e Eumeninae para elaboração de uma análise cladística afim de averiguar as divisões elaboradas. Todos os grupos de espécies foram recuperados como monofiléticos, exceto Z. bilgumis, que é parafilético em relação ao grupo Z. clypearis. Z. (Zethoides), apesar de monofilético, junto com Z. (Madecazethus), situa-se dentro de Zethus s. s. Z. (Zethusculus) também não foi recuperado como monofilético. Zethus é parafilético em relação aCtenochilus. Assim, o grupo Z. clypearisnão foi recuperado e seus integrantes pertencem agora ao grupo Z. biglumis, e as seguinte sinonímias serão propostas: Ctenochilus (=Zethus); Z. (Madecazethus) (=Z. (Zethus)); Z. (Zethoides) (=Z. (Zethus)). / Vespidae has approximately 5000 species, of which 3500 are eumenines. Zethus is the largest genus in Eumeninae, with over 250 species. Currently, it is divided in four subgenera: Z. (Zethus), Z. (Zethusculus), Z. (Zethoides) and Z. (Madecazethus). Z. (Zethoides), with 42 species, stands out for building exposed nests and presenting subsocial behavior. These species are further divided in eight groups, each considered a phylogenetic unit that were created without any phylogenetic analysis. Eighteen species of Z. (Zethoides) corresponding to different groups were examined, altogether with terminals fromdistict lineages of Zethus, Zethini and Eumenine, in order to elaborate a cladistics analysis to verify the proposed divisions. All species groups were monophyletic except for the Z. biglumis group, that is paraphyletic in relation to the Z. clypearis group. Z. (Zethoides), although monophyletic as Z. (Madecazethus), is placed within Zethus s. s. Z. (Zethusculus) was also retrieved paraphyletic. Thus, the Z. clypearis group is dismantled, and its integrates are incorporated in the Z. biglumis group. Also, the following synonymies will be proposed: Ctenochilus (=Zethus); Z. (Madecazethus) (=Z. (Zethus)); Z. (Zethoides) (=Z. (Zethus)).

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology has been in use for well over one century. In the last few decades, due to its low cost and high performance, this technology has been widely adopted in modern wireless communication systems, to build filtering devices at radio frequency (RF). SAW filters and duplexers can be virtually found inside every mobile handset. SAW devices are traditionally recognized as passive devices with high linear signal processing behavior. However, recent deployments of third generation (3G) and fourth generation (4G) mobile networks require the handsets to handle an increasing number of frequency bands with more complex modulation /demodulation schemes and higher data rate for more subscribers. These requirements directly demand more stringent linearity specifications on the front end devices, including the SAW duplexers. In the past, SAW duplexer design was based on empirically obtained design rules to meet the linearity specifications. Lack of predictability and an understanding of the root cause of the nonlinearity have limited the potential applications of SAW duplexers. Therefore, research on the nonlinearity characterization and an accurate modeling of SAW nonlinearity for mobile device applications are very much needed. The Ph.D. work presented here primarily focuses on developing a general nonlinear model for SAW resonators/duplexers. Their nonlinear characteristics were investigated by measuring the harmonic and intermodulation distortions of resonators. A nonlinear Mason model is developed and the characterization results are integrated into SAW duplexer design flows to help to simulate the nonlinear effects accurately and improve the linearity performance of the products. iv In this dissertation, first, a novel nonlinear Mason equivalent circuit model including a third order nonlinear coefficient in the wave propagation is presented. Next, the nonlinear distortions of SAW resonators are analyzed by measuring large-signal harmonic and intermodulation spurious emission on resonators using a wafer probe station. The influence of the setups on the measurement reliability and reproducibility is discussed. Further, the nonlinear Mason model is validated by comparing its simulation results with harmonic and intermodulation measurements on SAW resonators and a WCDMA Band 5 duplexer. The Mason model developed and presented here is the first and only nonlinear physical model for SAW devices based on the equivalent circuit approach. By using this new model, good simulation measurement agreements are obtained on both harmonic and intermodulation distortions for SAW resonators and duplexers. These outcomes demonstrate the validity of the research on both the characterization and modeling of SAW devices. The result obtained confirms that the assumption of the representation of the 3 rd order nonlinearity in the propagation by a single coefficient is valid

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