Since the 1960’s there has been a marked increase in the number of known conversions from Islam to Christianity. This thesis asks whether certain of these ex-Muslim Christians engage in the process of theology-making and, if so, it asks what these theologies claim to know about God and humans’ relation to God. Utilizing the dialectic of contextuality-contextualization of Shoki Coe, and the sociology of theological knowledge of Robert Schreiter, the thesis seeks to answer these questions by the use of two case studies and an examination of some of the texts written by ex-Muslim Christians. Lewis Rambo’s theory of religious conversion and Steven Lukes’ theory of power will be used to clarify the changing dynamics of power which have helped to foster modern contexts wherein an unprecedented number of Muslims are both exposed to the Christian message and, if they choose to do so, able to appropriate it through religious conversion. The two case studies are of a Christian community which founded a Muslim-background church in the Arabophone world and some Iranian Christian congregations in the USA and UK Diaspora. Aspects of the contexts of these believers are investigated in some detail, including motives for religious conversion, numbers and locations of the converts, how apostates may be treated by Muslims, changes in migration and communications, and the Christian concept of religious conversion. The concept of inculturation which helps to describe the meeting of a specific community with the Christian message will aid in analyzing the communities and individuals being studied. The final chapter brings together the various threads which have been raised throughout the thesis and argues that ex-Muslim Christians are engaged in theology-making, that areas of interest to them include theology of the church, salvation and baptism, and that the dominant metaphor in these theologies is a conceptualization of love and power that sees the two divine traits as inseparable from each other; they represent a knowledge about who God is and what he is like, which, in their understanding, is irreconcilable with their former religion, Islam.

Over the past few decades, vast majority of industrial and academic research throughout the world has witnessed the emergence of materials that can serve as ideal candidates for potential utility in desired applications, and these materials are known as Metal Organic Framework (MOFs). This exceptional new family of porous materials is fabricated by linkage of metal ions or clusters and organic linkers via strong bonds. MOFs have been awarded with remarkable interest and widely studied due to their inherent structural methodology (e.g. use of various metals, expanded library of organic building blocks with different geometry and functionality particularly frameworks designed from carboxylate organic linkers) and unquestionably unique structural and chemical features for many practical applications. (i.e. gas storage/separation, catalysis, drug delivery etc). Simply, metal organic frameworks epitomize the beauty of porous chemical structures. From a design perspective, the introduction of the Molecular Building Block (MBB) approach is actively being pursued pathway by researchers toward the construction of MOFs by employing inorganic building blocks and organic linkers and taking advantage of not only their multiple coordination modes and geometries but also the way in which they are reticulated to generate final framework. In this thesis, research studies will be directed toward (i) the investigation of the relationship between experimental parameters and synthesis of well-known fcu –MOF, (ii) rational design and synthesis of new rare earth (RE) based MOFs, (ii) isoreticular materials based on particular MBB ([M3O(RCO2)6]), M= p-and d-block metals, and (iv) zeolite- like metal organic framework assembled from single-metal ion based MBB ([MN2(CO2)4]) via 2-, 3-,and 4-connected organic linkers. Consequently, the porosity, chemical and thermal stability, and gas sorption properties will be evaluated and detailed.

Synthesis of materials with certain properties for targeted applications is an ongoing challenge in materials science. One of the most interesting classes of solid-state materials that have been recently introduced with the potential to address this is metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). MOFs chemistry offers a higher degree of control over materials to be synthesized utilizing various new design strategies, such as the molecular building blocks (MBBs) and the supermolecular building layers (SBLs) approaches. Depending on using predetermined building blocks, these strategies permit the synthesis of MOFs with targeted topologies and enable fine tuning of their properties. This study examines a number of aspects of the design and synthesis of MOFs while exploring their possible utilization in two diverse fields related to energy and pharmaceutical applications. Concerning MOFs design and synthesis, the work presented here explores the rational design of various MOFs with predicted topologies and tunable cavities constructed by pillaring pre-targeted 2-periodic SBLs using the ligand-to-axial and six-connected axial-to-axial pillaring strategies. The effect of expanding the confined spaces in prepared MOFs or modifying their functionalities, while preserving the underlying network topology, was investigated. Additionally, The MBBs approach was employed to discover new modular polynuclear rare earth (RE)-MBBs in the presence of different angular polytopic ligands containing carboxylate and nitrogen moieties with the aid of a modulator. The goal was to assess the diverse possible coordination modes and construct highly-connected nets for utility in the design of new MOFs and enhance the predictability of structural outcomes. The effect of adjusting ligands’ length-to-width ratio on the prepared MOFs was also evaluated. As a result, the reaction conditions amenable for reliable formation of the unprecedented octadecanuclear, octanuclear and double tetranuclear RE-MBBs were isolated, and their corresponding MOFs were successfully synthesized and characterized. Regarding the applications of MOFs, gas sorption behavior of the novel prepared MOFs was studied to establish structure-property relationships that elucidate the effect of using different metals and/or ligands on tuning various properties of the prepared compounds. Furthermore, the magnetic properties of selected MOFs were investigated. Besides, as a proof-of-concept, known neutral and anionic MOFs were considered as potential drug delivery carriers.

Nous développons un modèle basé agents pour reproduire deux anomalies fréquemment observées sur les marchés financiers : distribution leptokurtique des rendements et ampleur de la volatilité irrégulière mais persistante de ces mêmes rendements. Notre but est de montrer de façon probante que ces anomalies pourraient être attribuées à une formation mimétique des anticipations des intervenants sur les marchés. Nous nous éloignons des développements récents dans le domaine des modèles modèles basés agents en finance pour proposer un modèle très simple, estimé à partir des traits statistiques saillants de l’indice français journalier CAC 40. L’hypothèse d’anticipations mimétiques peut ainsi être testée : elle n’est pas rejetée dans notre modélisation. / We develop an agent-based model to replicate two frequently observed anomalies in the financial markets: the fat tails and the clustered volatility of the distribution of the returns. Our goal is to show conclusively that these anomalies could be attributed to a mimetic formation of the expectations of the stakeholders in the markets. We did not follow the rencent developpments in the field of the ACE model in the finance, but we propose a very simple model which is estimated from the stylized facts of the French daily index CAC 40. The hypothesis of mimetic anticipations can thus be tested: it is not rejected in our modeling.

This thesis provides the findings of an explanatory case study that utilized elements of ethnographic research to discover effective evangelistic methods being practiced among Palestinian Muslims in the West Bank. With the assistance of gatekeepers, twenty-four former Muslims were asked to explain how they were evangelized, with a particular focus on evangelistic methodology, the barriers to faith the respondents encountered, solutions to those barriers, and motivations to consider conversion. This qualitative study follows the research model of Thom Rainer (2001) by asking those who have actually converted to describe the things that were helpful in the process of their coming to faith. For a theoretical framework it utilizes a nuance of McKnight’s (2002) theory of conversion with an emphasis on crisis providing an intersection of the natural and supernatural for the purpose of conversion. This thesis investigates examples of effective evangelism within the context of the West Bank, giving thorough consideration to Palestinian Nationalism and Islam as overarching cultural influences. It considers fruitful practices being practiced globally among Muslims, comparing those with what was found being practiced in the West Bank. The advocates represented in this report were primarily Palestinians born and raised in the West Bank, with the exception of three messianic Jewish Israelis and an American missionary. Additionally, they were evangelicals who generally utilized a contextually sensitive, traditional mission approach rather than an Insider model. The end result is a knowledge base that can be helpful for future evangelism of Muslims in the West Bank or other similar contexts. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Science of Religion and Missiology / unrestricted

Already in its Education Strategy, adopted by the Executive Board in 2007, UNICEF fully obligates to the international commitment to universal education and defines its contribution to national efforts to fulfil children’s right to education. In September 2010, UNICEF further published a special report on a study showing that an equity-focused approach to child survival and development is the most practical and cost-effective way of meeting the health MDGs for children. For the modelling process of the research a simulation was run employing the Marginal Budgeting for Bottlenecks (MBB) model, jointly developed by the World Bank and UNICEF. This model has been widely used in international public health research to design and test development strategies. In its consistency with the human-right based approach, the MBB model addresses bottlenecks in the capacity of duty-bearers to fulfil human-rights as well as barriers of the capacity of right-holders to claim their rights. Using the MBB model, policymakers and researchers can simulate varying configurations of service delivery modes to expand access of coverage and measures to encourage usage. For each strategy, the model generates the predicted impact on intervention coverage and outcomes, overall cost and cost-effectiveness. UNICEF’s global refocus on equity and the most disadvantaged children makes it necessary to introduce improved planning and monitoring instruments. In this context, the MBB model is used as a budgeting and simulation tool for UNICEF interventions in health and nutrition. UNICEF aims to use harmonized tools across different sectors to reduce transaction costs and to improve comparison and sharing of lessons learned between the different sectors. However, it is also important to adapt and develop instruments based on the diverse needs of different sectors to ensure best results. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to find an answer to following question: Can, and if so, how can the Marginal Budgeting for Bottlenecks model, developed for the health sector, be adapted for planning, costing and budgeting allocations in the education sector? An adapted Marginal Budgeting for Bottleneck model for education could be applied for a comprehensive sector analysis, comparing intervention alternatives and setting policy goals and strategies. It could further be used to monitor the implementation of major sector reforms with regard to the comparison of potential versus actual impact of interventions on learning achievements. Applying two production functions, the MBB model applies the basic principle of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, comparing the costs of education interventions with the corresponding expected impact on increased service coverage. However, detailed inputs, outputs, outcomes and impacts and the corresponding correlations would need to be defined for an Service Production Function (inputoutput) and an Education Production Function (output-outcome/impact). Further, a selection of globally proved remedial actions to overcome sector bottlenecks need to be specified. Education interventions largely depend on the country context and different countries and regions apply different remedial actions. Since the relationship of input and impact is not as linear as the illness-treatment relationship in health, international research and comparison of effective interventions would need to be conducted. The MBB model is applying service coverage determinants of both, supply and demand side. Therefore the approach could be a helpful instrument in the context of the Human Rights-based Approach as used within programming of the United Nations and UNICEF. However, applying further analysis on humanitarian aspects of programming always depends on the availability of disaggregated information. Based on the outline of the Service Coverage Concept and the Marginal Budgeting for Bottlenecks model and the conceptual adaptation of the MBB model for its use in education, following suggestions can be made for the Service Delivery Modes and Service Coverage Determinants: Overall, an MBB model in education could have added value for education planning, budgeting and impact simulation. However, it has to be considered that applying the model requires extensive data input for all six Service Coverage Determinants for each of the five Service Deliver Modes. Although, the MBB model could be adjusted to only cover a certain sub-sector within Quality Education for All. Five Service Delivery Modes Ten Sub-Packages 1. Pre-School Education 1.1 Public Early Childhood Education 1.2 Private Early Childhood Education 2. Formal Basic Education 2.1 Public Formal Basic Education 2.2 Private Basic Education 3. Non-Formal Basic Education 3.1 Public Non-Formal Basic Education 3.2 Private Non-Formal Basic Education 4. (Lower) Secondary Education 4.1 Public Secondary Education 4.2 Private Secondary Education 5. Adult Literacy, Continuing Education 5.1 Youth and Adult Literacy Interventions 5.2 Continuing Education Six Service Coverage Determinants Indicator Supply side 1. Availability of essential commodities Pupil-Classroom Ratio by grade Pupil-Textbook Ratio 2. Availability of human resources Pupil-Teacher Ratio (or Pupilqualified Teacher Ratio) by grade 3. Geographic and financial accessibility School-Distance School-Costs by grade Demand side 4. Initial Utilization Net-Enrolment Ratio (or Gross- Enrolment Ratio) by grade 5. Continuous Utilization Survival Rate by grade 6. Effective Utilization Graduation Ratio Graduation Test Scores Overall, an MBB model in education could have added value for education planning, budgeting and impact simulation. However, it has to be considered that applying the model requires extensive data input for all six Service Coverage Determinants for each of the five Service Deliver Modes. Although, the MBB model could be adjusted to only cover a certain sub-sector within Quality Education for All.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal. / L'interaction moléculaire de la cyclosporine A (CsA) avec ses deux cibles pharmacologiques principales, la P-glycoprotéine (P-gp) et la cyclophiline A (CypA), a été examinée au cours de cette étude. Dans une première approche, nous avons évalué l'efficacité avec laquelle la CsA et ses différents analogues interagissent avec la P-gp par deux méthodes. La première méthode utilisée consiste à mesurer l'activité ATPasique de la P-gp en présence de la CsA et de ses analogues. La P-gp a été solubilisée par une extraction séquentielle au CHAPS à partir des membranes des cellules d'ovaires d'hamster chinois résistantes à la colchicine (CHRC5). Ensuite, l'activité ATPasique de la P-gp solubilisée a été mesurée en absence ou en présence de la CsA et de ses analogues par une méthode continue où on mesure le taux d'oxydation de NADH en fonction du temps. La deuxième méthode utilisée consiste à mesurer l'accumulation de la rhodamine 123 à l'intérieur des cellules CHRC5 en présence de la CsA et de ses analogues. L'activité ATPasique de la P-gp a été inhibée par la CsA, par ses analogues et par ses métabolites à des concentrations de l'ordre du nM. Les métabolites de la CsA (AM1C, AM1, AM1C9 et AM9) ainsi que les métabolites de la CsG (GM4N, GM1 et GM9) causent une inhibition similaire de l'activité ATPasique de la P-gp. Parmi les analogues de la CsA étudiés, le PSC-833, une molécule non immunosuppressive, a été le meilleur inhibiteur de l'activité ATPasique de la P-gp. Le peptolide 280-446, un peptide cyclique non apparenté, a été presqu'aussi efficace que le PSC-833. Ces résultats révèlent que l'interaction des analogues de la CsA avec la P-gp n'est pas en corrélation avec leur activité immunosuppressive et que les modifications de la CsA en position 1 et 2 sont critiques pour leur interaction avec la P-gp. Dans une deuxième approche, nous avons caractérisé la CypA qui semble être présente dans les membranes à bordure en brosse (MBB) préparées à partir du cortex rénal de rat. Nous avons tenté de caractériser la nature de son attachement membranaire et de déterminer la quantité de la CypA dans les MBB. Nous avons également étudié les conditions où la CypA membranaire est relarguée, ainsi que son interaction avec la CsA. La CypA semble se trouver dans les MBB et dans la fraction soluble à une concentration de 4,9 et 3,6 g/mg de protéines, respectivement. Nous avons observé une extraction complète de la CypA des MBB par le Na2CO3 et par le CHAPS mais non par le NaC1, indiquant son attachement membranaire par des interactions hydrophobes. Nous avons aussi tenté de vérifier l'effet de différentes substances sur le relargage de la CypA des MBB. Ainsi, la CsA et le P-mercaptoéthanol n'ont pas entraîné un relargage de la CypA des MBB in vitro. Par contre, le substrat pour mesurer l'activité de peptidyle prolyle cis trans isomérase (PPIase) de la CypA, le peptide succinyl-alanine-alanine-cis-proline-phényl-pnitroanilide, cause un relargage significatif de la CypA associée aux MBB. Le photomarquage de la CypA relarguée et de la CypA qui reste membranaire suite à une centrifugation par un analogue photoactivable de la CsA (Diazérine-CsA) (Dz-CsA), démontre que la CypA relarguée est photomarquée plus efficacement que la CypA qui reste attachée aux MBB. La présence de la CypA au niveau des MBB, nous a incité à vérifier si la CypA recombinante pourrait se transférer dans les MBB in vitro. Ainsi, lorsque nous avons incubé la CypA recombinante en présence de MBB, elle se transfère à 40 % dans les MBB. Suite à cette observation, nous avons analysé l'effet de la formation des complexes CypA recombinante-CsA et CypA recombinante-CsA-Calcineurine sur la translocation de la CypA recombinante dans les MBB. Nos résultats révèlent que la translocation de la CypA recombinante dans les MBB diminue de 9 et de 38 %, lorsqu'elle se trouve sous une forme complexée avec la CsA ou avec la CsA/Calcineurine, respectivement. Afin de vérifier si la translocation de la CypA recombinante dans les MBB se fait par l'interaction avec une ou plusieurs autre(s) protéine(s) membranaire(s), nous avons procédé à la translocation de la CypA recombinante dans les MBB chauffées, dans les MBB prétraitées avec des concentrations croissantes de trypsine et dans des protéoliposomes préparés à partir des MBB. Nos résultats démontrent que le chauffage des MBB ne diminue pas la translocation de la CypA recombinante, et que la CypA recombinante se transfère au même taux dans les MBB que dans les protéoliposomes préparés à partir des MBB. Par contre, la translocation de la CypA recombinante diminue considérablement, lorsque les MBB sont prétraitées avec des concentrations croissantes de trypsine. Le relargage de la CypA associée aux MBB, ainsi que la translocation de la CypA recombinante dans les MBB a lieu de façon maximale à un pH proche du pH physiologique, soit aux pH 7 et 8, suggérant un équilibre dynamique entre la CypA cytosolique et la CypA membranaire dans les conditions physiologiques. Enfin, nous avons étudié l'effet des différents métaux divalents sur le photomarquage de la CypA des MBB, de la fraction soluble et de la CypA recombinante par un analogue photoactivable de la CsA (Dz-CsA). Parmi les métaux divalents étudiés (Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Zn2+ et Cis-Pt2+), seulement le Zn2+ a démontré une inhibition significative du photomarquage de la CypA des MBB, de la fraction soluble et de la CypA recombinante par la Dz-CsA. Cette inhibition causée par le Zn2+, est dépendante de la concentration et est de l'ordre du pM. Les agents réducteurs, le Hg2+ et le 13-mercaptoéthano1, ont aussi diminué le photomarquage de la CypA des MBB et de la fraction soluble par la Dz-CsA, tandis que la CypA recombinante, prétraitée avec le Hg2+ et le 13-mercaptoéthano1, démontre une augmentation du photomarquage par la Dz-CsA.