Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia de projeto para células digitais MOS Current-Mode Logic (MCML) e faz um estudo da utilização destes circuitos, frente à utilização de células CMOS tradicionais. MCML é um estilo lógico desenvolvido para ser utilizado em circuitos de alta frequência e tem como princípio de funcionamento o direcionamento de uma corrente de polarização através de uma rede diferencial. Na metodologia proposta o dimensionamento inicial da célula lógica é obtido a partir do modelo quadrático de transistores e através de simulações SPICE analisa-se o comportamento da célula e se redimensiona a mesma para obter as especificações desejadas. Esta metodologia considera que todos os pares diferencias da rede de pull-down possuem o mesmo dimensionamento. O objetivo através desta metodologia é encontrar a melhor frequência de operação para uma dada robustez da célula digital. Dimensionamos células lógicas MCML de até três entradas para três tecnologias (XFAB XC06, IBM130 e PTM45). Comparamos os resultados da metodologia proposta com o software comercial de otimização de circuitos, Wicked™, o qual obteve uma resposta de atraso 20% melhor no caso da tecnologia XFAB XC06 e 3% no caso do processo IBM130. Através de simulações de osciladores em anel, demonstramos que a topologia MCML apresenta vantagens sobre as células digitais CMOS estáticas, em relação à dissipação de potência quando utilizada em circuitos de alta frequência e caminhos de baixa profundidade lógica. Também demonstramos, através de divisores de frequência, que estes circuitos quando feitos na topologia MCML podem atingir frequências de operação que em geral são o dobro das apresentadas em circuitos CMOS, além do mais atingem este desempenho com uma dissipação de potência menor que circuitos CMOS. A natureza analógica das células MCML as torna susceptíveis às variações de processo. Variações globais são compensadas pelo aumento dos transistores da PDN, já casos de descasamentos, por não terem um método de compensação, acabam por degradar a confiabilidade do circuito. Na avaliação da área ocupada por célula, a topologia MCML mostrou consumir mais área do que a topologia CMOS. / This work proposes a simulation-based methodology to design MOS Current-Mode Logic (MCML) gates and addresses the tradeoffs of the MCML versus static CMOS circuits. MCML is a design style developed focusing in a high-speed logic circuit. This logic style works with the principle of steering a constant bias current through a fully differential network of input transistors. The proposed methodology uses the quadratic transistor model to find the first design solution, through SPICE simulations, make decisions and resizes the gate to obtain the required solution. The method considers a uniform sizing of the pull-down network transistors. The target solution is the best propagation delay for a predefined gate noise margin. We design MCML gates for three different process technologies (XFAB XC06, IBM130 and PTM45), considering gates up to three inputs. We compare the solutions of the proposed methodology against commercial optimization software, Wicked™, that considers different sizing for PDN differential pairs. The solutions of the software results in a 20% of improvement, when compared to the proposed methodology, in the worst case input delay for the XFAB XC06 technology, and 3% in IBM130. We demonstrate through ring oscillators simulations that MCML gates are better for high speed and small logic path circuits when compared to the CMOS static gates. Moreover, by using MCML frequency dividers we obtained a maximum working frequency that almost doubles the frequency achieved by CMOS frequency dividers, dissipating less power than static CMOS circuits. We demonstrate through a reliability analysis that the analog behavior of MCML gates makes them susceptible to PVT variations. The global variations are compensated by the bias control circuits and with the increase of the PDN transistor width. This procedure compensates the gain loss of these transistors in a worst case variation. In other hand, this increasing degrades the propagation delay of the gates. The MCML gates reliability is heavily affected by the mismatching effects. The difference of the mirrored bias current and the mismatching of the differential pairs and the PUN degrade the design yield. The results of the layout extracted simulations demonstrate that MCML gates performs a better propagation delay performance over gates that depend on complexes pull-up networks in standard CMOS implementation, as well as multi-stages static CMOS gates. Considering the gate layout implementation we demonstrate that the standard structures of pull-up and bias current mirror present in the gate are prejudicial for the MCML gate area.

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia de projeto para células digitais MOS Current-Mode Logic (MCML) e faz um estudo da utilização destes circuitos, frente à utilização de células CMOS tradicionais. MCML é um estilo lógico desenvolvido para ser utilizado em circuitos de alta frequência e tem como princípio de funcionamento o direcionamento de uma corrente de polarização através de uma rede diferencial. Na metodologia proposta o dimensionamento inicial da célula lógica é obtido a partir do modelo quadrático de transistores e através de simulações SPICE analisa-se o comportamento da célula e se redimensiona a mesma para obter as especificações desejadas. Esta metodologia considera que todos os pares diferencias da rede de pull-down possuem o mesmo dimensionamento. O objetivo através desta metodologia é encontrar a melhor frequência de operação para uma dada robustez da célula digital. Dimensionamos células lógicas MCML de até três entradas para três tecnologias (XFAB XC06, IBM130 e PTM45). Comparamos os resultados da metodologia proposta com o software comercial de otimização de circuitos, Wicked™, o qual obteve uma resposta de atraso 20% melhor no caso da tecnologia XFAB XC06 e 3% no caso do processo IBM130. Através de simulações de osciladores em anel, demonstramos que a topologia MCML apresenta vantagens sobre as células digitais CMOS estáticas, em relação à dissipação de potência quando utilizada em circuitos de alta frequência e caminhos de baixa profundidade lógica. Também demonstramos, através de divisores de frequência, que estes circuitos quando feitos na topologia MCML podem atingir frequências de operação que em geral são o dobro das apresentadas em circuitos CMOS, além do mais atingem este desempenho com uma dissipação de potência menor que circuitos CMOS. A natureza analógica das células MCML as torna susceptíveis às variações de processo. Variações globais são compensadas pelo aumento dos transistores da PDN, já casos de descasamentos, por não terem um método de compensação, acabam por degradar a confiabilidade do circuito. Na avaliação da área ocupada por célula, a topologia MCML mostrou consumir mais área do que a topologia CMOS. / This work proposes a simulation-based methodology to design MOS Current-Mode Logic (MCML) gates and addresses the tradeoffs of the MCML versus static CMOS circuits. MCML is a design style developed focusing in a high-speed logic circuit. This logic style works with the principle of steering a constant bias current through a fully differential network of input transistors. The proposed methodology uses the quadratic transistor model to find the first design solution, through SPICE simulations, make decisions and resizes the gate to obtain the required solution. The method considers a uniform sizing of the pull-down network transistors. The target solution is the best propagation delay for a predefined gate noise margin. We design MCML gates for three different process technologies (XFAB XC06, IBM130 and PTM45), considering gates up to three inputs. We compare the solutions of the proposed methodology against commercial optimization software, Wicked™, that considers different sizing for PDN differential pairs. The solutions of the software results in a 20% of improvement, when compared to the proposed methodology, in the worst case input delay for the XFAB XC06 technology, and 3% in IBM130. We demonstrate through ring oscillators simulations that MCML gates are better for high speed and small logic path circuits when compared to the CMOS static gates. Moreover, by using MCML frequency dividers we obtained a maximum working frequency that almost doubles the frequency achieved by CMOS frequency dividers, dissipating less power than static CMOS circuits. We demonstrate through a reliability analysis that the analog behavior of MCML gates makes them susceptible to PVT variations. The global variations are compensated by the bias control circuits and with the increase of the PDN transistor width. This procedure compensates the gain loss of these transistors in a worst case variation. In other hand, this increasing degrades the propagation delay of the gates. The MCML gates reliability is heavily affected by the mismatching effects. The difference of the mirrored bias current and the mismatching of the differential pairs and the PUN degrade the design yield. The results of the layout extracted simulations demonstrate that MCML gates performs a better propagation delay performance over gates that depend on complexes pull-up networks in standard CMOS implementation, as well as multi-stages static CMOS gates. Considering the gate layout implementation we demonstrate that the standard structures of pull-up and bias current mirror present in the gate are prejudicial for the MCML gate area.

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia de projeto para células digitais MOS Current-Mode Logic (MCML) e faz um estudo da utilização destes circuitos, frente à utilização de células CMOS tradicionais. MCML é um estilo lógico desenvolvido para ser utilizado em circuitos de alta frequência e tem como princípio de funcionamento o direcionamento de uma corrente de polarização através de uma rede diferencial. Na metodologia proposta o dimensionamento inicial da célula lógica é obtido a partir do modelo quadrático de transistores e através de simulações SPICE analisa-se o comportamento da célula e se redimensiona a mesma para obter as especificações desejadas. Esta metodologia considera que todos os pares diferencias da rede de pull-down possuem o mesmo dimensionamento. O objetivo através desta metodologia é encontrar a melhor frequência de operação para uma dada robustez da célula digital. Dimensionamos células lógicas MCML de até três entradas para três tecnologias (XFAB XC06, IBM130 e PTM45). Comparamos os resultados da metodologia proposta com o software comercial de otimização de circuitos, Wicked™, o qual obteve uma resposta de atraso 20% melhor no caso da tecnologia XFAB XC06 e 3% no caso do processo IBM130. Através de simulações de osciladores em anel, demonstramos que a topologia MCML apresenta vantagens sobre as células digitais CMOS estáticas, em relação à dissipação de potência quando utilizada em circuitos de alta frequência e caminhos de baixa profundidade lógica. Também demonstramos, através de divisores de frequência, que estes circuitos quando feitos na topologia MCML podem atingir frequências de operação que em geral são o dobro das apresentadas em circuitos CMOS, além do mais atingem este desempenho com uma dissipação de potência menor que circuitos CMOS. A natureza analógica das células MCML as torna susceptíveis às variações de processo. Variações globais são compensadas pelo aumento dos transistores da PDN, já casos de descasamentos, por não terem um método de compensação, acabam por degradar a confiabilidade do circuito. Na avaliação da área ocupada por célula, a topologia MCML mostrou consumir mais área do que a topologia CMOS. / This work proposes a simulation-based methodology to design MOS Current-Mode Logic (MCML) gates and addresses the tradeoffs of the MCML versus static CMOS circuits. MCML is a design style developed focusing in a high-speed logic circuit. This logic style works with the principle of steering a constant bias current through a fully differential network of input transistors. The proposed methodology uses the quadratic transistor model to find the first design solution, through SPICE simulations, make decisions and resizes the gate to obtain the required solution. The method considers a uniform sizing of the pull-down network transistors. The target solution is the best propagation delay for a predefined gate noise margin. We design MCML gates for three different process technologies (XFAB XC06, IBM130 and PTM45), considering gates up to three inputs. We compare the solutions of the proposed methodology against commercial optimization software, Wicked™, that considers different sizing for PDN differential pairs. The solutions of the software results in a 20% of improvement, when compared to the proposed methodology, in the worst case input delay for the XFAB XC06 technology, and 3% in IBM130. We demonstrate through ring oscillators simulations that MCML gates are better for high speed and small logic path circuits when compared to the CMOS static gates. Moreover, by using MCML frequency dividers we obtained a maximum working frequency that almost doubles the frequency achieved by CMOS frequency dividers, dissipating less power than static CMOS circuits. We demonstrate through a reliability analysis that the analog behavior of MCML gates makes them susceptible to PVT variations. The global variations are compensated by the bias control circuits and with the increase of the PDN transistor width. This procedure compensates the gain loss of these transistors in a worst case variation. In other hand, this increasing degrades the propagation delay of the gates. The MCML gates reliability is heavily affected by the mismatching effects. The difference of the mirrored bias current and the mismatching of the differential pairs and the PUN degrade the design yield. The results of the layout extracted simulations demonstrate that MCML gates performs a better propagation delay performance over gates that depend on complexes pull-up networks in standard CMOS implementation, as well as multi-stages static CMOS gates. Considering the gate layout implementation we demonstrate that the standard structures of pull-up and bias current mirror present in the gate are prejudicial for the MCML gate area.

The tremendous advancement in VLSI technologies in the past decade has fueled the need for intricate tradeoffs among speed, power dissipation and area. With gigahertz range microprocessors becoming commonplace, it is a typical design requirement to push the speed to its extreme while minimizing power dissipation and die area. Multipliers are critical components of many computational intensive circuits such as real time signal processing and arithmetic systems. The increasing demand in speed for floating-point co-processors, graphic processing units, CDMA systems and DSP chips has shaped the need for high-speed multipliers. The focus of our research for modern digital systems is two fold. The first one is to analyze a relatively unexplored logic style called MOS Current Mode Logic (MCML), which is a promising logic technique for the design of high performance arithmetic circuits with minimal power dissipation. The second one is to design high-speed arithmetic circuits, in particular, gigahertz-range multipliers that exploit the many attractive features of the MCML logic style. A small library of MCML gates that form the core components of the multiplier were designed and optimized for high-speed operation. The three 8-bit MCML multiplier architectures designed and simulated in TSMC 0.18 mm CMOS technology are: 3-2-tree architecture with ripple carry adder (Architecture I), 4-2-tree design with ripple carry adder (Architecture II) and 4-2-tree architecture with carry look-ahead adders (Architecture III). Architecture I operates with a maximum throughput of 4.76 GHz (4.76 Billion multiplications per second) and a latency of 3.78 ns. Architecture II has a maximum throughput of 3.3 GHz and a latency of 3 ns and Architecture III has a maximum throughput of 2 GHz and a latency of 3 ns. Architecture I achieves the highest throughput among the three multipliers, but it incurs the largest area and latency, in terms of clock cycle count as well as absolute delay. Although it is difficult to compare the speed of our multipliers with existing ones, due to the use of different technologies and different optimization goals, we believe our multipliers are among the fastest found in contemporary literature. / Master of Science

MOS current mode logic (MCML) offers low noise digital circuits that reduce noise that can cripple analog components in mixed-signal integrated circuits, when compared to CMOS digital circuits. An MCML standard cell library was developed for the Cadence Virtuoso Integrated Circuit (IC) design software that gives IC designers the ability to design complex, low noise digital circuits for use in mixed-signal and noise sensitive systems at a high level of abstraction, allowing them to get superior products to market faster than competitors. The MCML standard cell library developed and presented here allows for fast development of mixed signal circuits by providing quiet digital building block gates that reduce the simultaneous switching noise (SSN) by an order of magnitude over conventional CMOS based designs [3]. This thesis project developed the following digital gates in MCML as a standard cell library for general-purpose low noise and very low noise applications: inverter, buffer, NAND, AND, NOR, OR, XOR, NXOR, 2:1 MUX, CMOS to MCML, MCML to CMOS, and double edge triggered flip-flop (DETFF).

Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are widely used in the field of medical biophysics, particularly for modelling light propagation in biological tissue. The iterative nature of MC simulations and their high computation time currently limit their use to solving the forward solution for a given set of source characteristics and tissue optical properties. However, applications such as photodynamic therapy treatment planning or image reconstruction in diffuse optical tomography require solving the inverse problem given a desired light dose distribution or absorber distribution, respectively. A faster means for performing MC simulations would enable the use of MC-based models for such tasks. In this thesis, a gold standard MC code called MCML was accelerated using two distinct hardware-based approaches, namely designing custom hardware on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and programming commodity graphics processing units (GPUs). Currently, the GPU-based approach is promising, offering approximately 1000-fold speedup with 4 GPUs compared to an Intel Xeon CPU.

Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are widely used in the field of medical biophysics, particularly for modelling light propagation in biological tissue. The iterative nature of MC simulations and their high computation time currently limit their use to solving the forward solution for a given set of source characteristics and tissue optical properties. However, applications such as photodynamic therapy treatment planning or image reconstruction in diffuse optical tomography require solving the inverse problem given a desired light dose distribution or absorber distribution, respectively. A faster means for performing MC simulations would enable the use of MC-based models for such tasks. In this thesis, a gold standard MC code called MCML was accelerated using two distinct hardware-based approaches, namely designing custom hardware on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and programming commodity graphics processing units (GPUs). Currently, the GPU-based approach is promising, offering approximately 1000-fold speedup with 4 GPUs compared to an Intel Xeon CPU.