Att vara vacker och smal är ett modernt skönhetsideal. Massmedia har kommit att spela en grundläggande roll i det moderna samhället. Ständigt påminns individen om idealet via bilder av vackra och smala människor. Begreppet självbild är omfattande, och en människas självbild är sammansatt av många faktorer såsom vissa individuella drag i utseendet, särskilda karaktärsegenskaper och tidiga livserfarenheter. Barns arbete med att hitta sig själva i tillvaron börjar så fort de fötts. Under tonåren är individen särskilt sårbar, eftersom det är under den här perioden som individen söker sin identitet. Syftet med studien var att studera om påverkan från massmedia samt motionsvanor relaterar till ungdomars självbild avseende den egna kroppen. Vi valde att genomföra en enkätstudie bland elever i årskurs 1 på gymnasiet, där 126 elever besvarade enkäten. Ett häpnadsväckande resultat var att de som tittade mer på TV var mer nöjda med sitt liv i olika avseenden. Resultatet i den här studien visade även att det inte fanns lika stor relation mellan påverkan från massmedia och respondenternas självbild som tidigare studier har visat. En tänkbar anledning till det här resultatet kan vara att majoriteten av respondenterna bestod av pojkar medan mycket av tidigare forskning är gjord på flickor. Slutsatsen av den här studien är att det behövs mer forskning på pojkars självbild kopplat till massmedias påverkan samt att skolan är en viktig arena att arbeta för att stärka individens kritiska tänkande kring massmedias budskap.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka inställningar till framtida tandvårdsbesök hos 19-åringar samt se om det fanns några skillnader mellan tankar om fortsatta tandvårdsbesök, kunskaper om karies, DMFT/DSa, etnicitet och kön. Studien ägde rum på nio Folktandvårdskliniker i Malmö stad där ett frågeformulär lämnades till en grupp 19-åringar. Komplettering av vissa kliniska variabler ur ordinarie journalanteckningar gjordes också. Totalt deltog 81 personer i studien. Resultaten visade att många av ungdomarna tycker det är viktigt att uppsöka tandvården regelbundet. Man såg även att ungdomarna hade relativt goda kunskaper om karies samt en positiv syn till att teckna frisktandvård. Statistiskt signifikanta skillnader framkom gällande inställningar till fortsatta tandvårdsbesök och föräldrarnas etnicitet. Det är viktigt att ungdomarna kommer regelbundet till tandvården istället för att endast söka tandvård vid besvär. Det är även viktigt att information samt motivation ges om vad det finns för alternativ efter den organiserade barn- och ungdomstandvården. The aim of the study was to find out what attitude towards future dental care 19-year-olds have and to see if there were any differences between thoughts on continuing dental visits, knowledge about caries, DMFT/DSa, ethnicity and gender. The study took place at nine Public Dental Clinics in the city of Malmö. A questionnaire was handed out to 19-year-olds and certain clinical variables were collected from the regular journal notes. Totally 81 individuals participated. The results showed that many of the participants think that it is important to seek dental care on a regular basis. The youth had relatively good knowledge about caries and had a positive attitude towards subscription dental care. There were significant differences when it came to attitude towards future dental care visits and the parents’ ethnicity. It is important that young adults have regular dental visits instead of seeking dental care only when problems occur. It is also important that information and motivation is given about what options there are for future dental care after the governmental funded dental care period expires.

Background: Most acts of violence in a psychiatric ward are directed towards the nursing staff. Aggressive behaviour often stems from feelings of frustration and powerlessness in patients while committed and therefore having limited liberties. To avoid an escalation of a hostile situation, it is important that the nursing staff applies the kind of encounter that will yield a positive outcome. Aim: The aim of this literary study is to elucidate the possible encounter the nursing staff can apply when encountering a hostile patient in psychiatric care. Method: The literary study is based on twelve scientific articles. The articles were analysed by means of content analysis in which different categories emerged and were subsequentially labelled. Result: The study resulted in three main category labels and six sub-category labels. The main category labels are: Situation Adaption and Flexibility, Creating Assurance and The Importance of Self-Determination. Conclusion: More time and resources are needed for training nursing personnel in psychiatric care to adapt to situations and rely on their own abilities and knowledge.

Aim: Through the review of scientific articles, this study aimed to identify which oral health-related quality of life instruments that have been used in studies to measure the oral health-related quality of life in older individuals and the application of such instruments. Method: The study is based on a systematic literature review, where 14 articles have been chosen and evaluated against a checklist. Result: The oral health-related quality of life instruments that have been used on individuals, 65 years and older, are OHIP-49, OHIP-14, OHIP-20 or OHIP-EDENT, GOHAI and OIDP. The instruments are used to examine factors associated with the oral health-related quality of life. Significant associations have been identified, among other things, between the number of teeth in static occlusion, dry mouth and the quality of the dentures, and oral health-related quality of life. Social and cultural associations have also been revealed. Conclusions: Today there exist several well functioning instruments that are used for research purposes. There is, however, a need for additional research. Research in longitudinal studies is needed to see if the instruments can indicate which treatment is the most effective. Furthermore, the instruments must be simplified so that they can be used in clinical settings.

Due to an increasing amount of people being put on a sick-list the issue of work health has come to receive a lot more attention. To confront the problem, different varieties of keep-fit measures have been launched in the workplace. A prime example of such a measure can be found at Centralsjukhuset Kristianstad, which this survey is investigating. The primary goal of this study is to investigate the use of the Keep-fit measures program and to identify what motivates the employees to utilize this program. Further we would like to investigate if the program, through motivation and learning, generates improvement and retention of the individuals’ health. The collection of data involved the distribution of 790 questionnaires. The overall response was 61.1 percent which resulted in 483 completed questionnaires. The results showed that 45.9 percent used the program. Individual interest, discount and benefits were the most motivating factors found in those who use the program. The inclusion of motivation and education when using the program indicates a change in lifestyle. From a health education perspective, the conclusion from this study is that the use and development of health promotion at Centralsjukhuset Kristianstad should consist of long term planning as well as participation.

The workplace is a good arena for healthy activities because of its ability to reach big target groups. A preventive health care program prevents ill-health and since 2001 Centralsjukhuset Kristianstad has a health care program, “Främja hälsan”. Leadership is important in the health promotion work when to get the collaborators motivated and involved in the health care program. The aim of the cross-sectional study was to investigate the collaborators opinion about the managers’ pedagogical role in the health promotion work at Centralsjukhuset Kristianstad. According to the result half of the staff used the program and the majority thought they had a good health. Some results were contradictory but we drew a conclusion that the manager can promote health in his/hers way to act but that doesn’t mean he/she is involved or versed in the program. When the result was put together the manager’s role in the preventive health care program seemed not so important in relation to how much the collaborators used the program. We discussed that perhaps it’s not the managers task to motivate and involve the collaborators to use the program, maybe it’s someone elses role.

The aim of this study was to investigate patients’ experiences of pain during dental hygienist treatment and scaling. The study is based on a questionnaire and includes 129 patients, from four dental clinics in Skåne, Sweden. The questionnaire consisted of ten questions with a Visual Analogue Scale as a main question. Questions about age, gender and dental anxiety were also included. The mean of VAS was overall 2.2. Among the questions about what kind of scaling instrument that causes most pain, the results were ambiguous. If only one kind of instrument was used, the handinstrument was most painful. If both instruments were used, the ultrasonic scaler proved to be more painful than the hand instrument. The results of this study show that women experienced a higher level of pain than men, but there were no statistical significant difference. The reason to why the patients experienced more pain from the ultrasonic scaler, when both ultrasonic scaler and handinstrument were used, could be that the patients had the opportunity to compare the different instruments. Another reason to the higher level of pain could be the discomfort of sound and water from the ultrasonic scaler. The conclusion of this study is that a visit to a dental hygienist, including scaling, is not very painful, independent of instrument being used and whether you experience dental anxiety or not.

Background/Literature: Workplace environment has a significant influence on the livelihood of many in today’s world. In Sweden one million employees feel the effects of ill-health due to a dissatisfactory workplace environment. Consequently there has been a recent focus on the promotion of health in the workplace with an emphasis on physical activities. However scientific research has shown that psychological and social aspects need to be addressed in addition to the physical aspects. A new perspective within the health sector is emerging; Salutogenics, whereby the determinants that promote health are observed (health factors) rather than determinates of ill-health. One theme in Salutogenics is participation; and its significance as a health factor. Aim: Increase comprehension of participation as a health factor. Method: Qualitative research interviews were prepared. A structured interview guide was used as a foundation for the interviews. Result: Different determinants were revealed on how participation can promote health in the workplace. Relationships and communication were the most overall meaningful health factors. Organisation, leadership and workgroups were further contributing health factors in promoting healthy workplace environments. Discussion: Occupational health is related to the employee’s opportunity to participate in shaping their workplace environment and functional relationships. The conclusion takes focus on the future development of psychological and social aspects, and their respective health factors.

The aim of the study was to examine plaqueindex, gingivalindex and oral hygiene measure among patients between 20-26 years of age, who were treated at the Dental Hygienist Programme at the University of Kristianstad. The study was performed as a dental record. All 126 subjects with records in this age were including in the study. Sixteen records (13 %) were excluded because the criteria were not fulfilled. Plauqeindex, gingivalindex and oral hygiene measures were registered from 110 records. In 55 of 110 patients at least two plaqueindex were taken during the treatment period. The result shows that the value for gingivalindex was 24 % (range 0-89 %), the value for the first plaqueindex (PI 1) was 56 % (range 15-100 %) and the last plaqueindex (PI 2) in the treatment was 53 % (range 11-100 %). Eighty five percent had got some kind of oral hygiene instruction. The most usually oral hygiene measure was instruction by toothbrush (60 %). The least usually measure was instruction in toothpick (n = 1). The conclusion was that the patients had a high plaqueindex, both at the first and least occasion. The recommendations at own care were fairly low despite the high plaqueindex.

The aim of this study was to examine the differences in experience of the dental hygienist education between newly examined dental hygienists born abroad and born in Sweden. A quantitative study was performed. The questionnaire was sent out to all dental hygienist (n=162) examined in Sweden 2006, except newly examined dental hygienists in Karlstad University which is a distance education. The number who answered after the reminder was 102 respondents, 24 born abroad and 78 born in Sweden. The questionnaire contained 20 open and closed questions. The result of this study showed that there was no significant difference between respective groups concerning the experiences of the dental hygienist education. The majority answered that the teachers were accommodating and that a good solidarity existed between the classmates. The respondents stated that the communications between the teachers and classmates were positive. Most of the respondents in respective group find that the education fulfilled there expectations. The conclusion of this study was that the majority of the newly examined dental hygienists 2006 had a positive vision about the dental hygienist education.