Ce travail de thèse, développé en partenariat avec la Société Mavela et l'INRA de Corse, est axé autour de l'étude de deux plantes traditionnellement utilisées en Corse pour la préparation de spiritueux (liqueur et eau de vie) : le myrte commun (Myrtus communis L.) et le cédrat (Citrus medica L). Le mémoire de thèse se décline en deux parties principales : * Une partie fondamentale visant à établir une méthodologie d'analyse des spiritueux par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse, d'une part, et à définir et à réunir en un même corpus les règles de fragmentation des flavonoïdes, d'autre part. * Une partie appliquée dont l'objectif est de contribuer à la définition d'une qualité en termes de compositions volatile et phénolique. Ainsi, nous avons étudié la variabilité intraspécifique des baies de myrte récoltées en Corse et nous avons caractérisé différentes variétés de cédrats. La composition volatile des baies de myrte est dominée par le couple α-pinène/1,8-cinéole alors que la composition phénolique est riche en myricétine, myricétine-3-O-arabinoside, myricétine-3-O-galactoside et en épigallocatéchine. Cette " empreinte " chimique des baies est retrouvée dans les liqueurs et les eaux de vie correspondantes. En outre, les huiles essentielles ont une composition homogène pour l'ensemble des lieux d'échantillonnage. L'étude des caractéristiques morphologiques, génétiques, et chimiques de 24 variétés de cédrat a permis de différencier les variétés " ancestrales " et les variétés " hybrides ". Sur la base de l'analyse de la diversité morphologique et génétique, 13 variétés dont le cédrat de Corse (Citrus medica var. corsican) sont considérées comme des cédrats ancestraux alors que les 11 autres cultivars sont assimilés à des hybrides entre les cédratiers et d'autres espèces du genre Citrus. Au niveau de la composition chimique des huiles essentielles, les cédratiers ancestraux se distinguent des autres variétés par des chimiotypes à limonène/néral/géranial ou limonène/nérol/géraniol pour les feuilles et à limonène/ץ-terpinène ou limonène/néral/géranial pour les zestes. Au niveau des composés phénoliques, la distinction entre les cédrats ancestraux et hybrides n'a pas pu être mise en évidence. L'étude de la composition chimique des liqueurs élaborées à partir du cédrat de Corse a permis d'étudier l'influence de la maturité des fruits sur la qualité des spiritueux. Il apparait que la date de récolte n'a pas d'impact sur la composition en volatils. A contrario, les concentrations en acides phénoliques et en leurs dérivés diminuent fortement au cours du développement du fruit. En outre, nous avons défini la qualité de la liqueur en fonction des conditions expérimentales de sa préparation. Enfin, ce travail de doctorat est la première étape de la mise en place d'un programme de protection de l'origine géographique et botanique de ces productions identitaires.

This paper attempts to estimate the change in sales associated with pharmaceutical patent expiration. Using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and patent expiration information from historical Orange Book publications, I estimated monthly sales associated with choice pharmaceutical patents. I then used a fixed-effects model to estimate the average change in sales before and after initial patent expiration, controlling for patent extension factors. My findings support that pharmaceutical patent expiration results in a statistically significant drop in sales by 38% on average within this sample, and further, that patent extensions had a negligible effect on this relationship. The question of patent expiration’s effect on sale is economically important for the sake of evaluating the efficacy of pharmaceutical patent law in protecting the interests of brand-name and generic drug manufacturers as well as paying consumers.

No description available.

The condition of multimorbidity — the presence of two or more medical conditions in an individual — is a growing phenomenon worldwide. In the United States, multimorbid patients represent more than a third of the population and the trend is steadily increasing in an already aging population. There is thus a pressing need to understand the patterns in which multimorbidity occurs, and to better understand the nature of the care that is required to be provided to such patients. In this thesis, we use data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) from the years 2011 to 2015 to identify combinations of multiple chronic conditions (MCCs). We first quantify the significant heterogeneity observed in these combinations and how often they are observed across the five years. Next, using two criteria associated with each combination -- (a) the annual prevalence and (b) the annual median expenditure -- along with the concept of non-dominated Pareto fronts, we determine the degree of impact each combination has on the healthcare system. Our analysis reveals that combinations of four or more conditions are often mixtures of diseases that belong to different clinically meaningful groupings such as the metabolic disorders (diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia); musculoskeletal conditions (osteoarthritis, spondylosis, back problems etc.); respiratory disorders (asthma, COPD etc.); heart conditions (atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction); and mental health conditions (anxiety disorders, depression etc.). Next, we use unsupervised learning techniques such as association rule mining and hierarchical clustering to visually explore the strength of the relationships/associations between different conditions and condition groupings. This interactive framework allows epidemiologists and clinicians (in particular primary care physicians) to have a systematic approach to understand the relationships between conditions and build a strategy with regards to screening, diagnosis and treatment over a longer term, especially for individuals at risk for more complications. The findings from this study aim to create a foundation for future work where a more holistic view of multimorbidity is possible.

Doctor of Education / Department of Educational Leadership / Michael Holen / Facing the rapidly increasing globalization of world economies and a steadily diversifying domestic consumer base, U.S. corporations have embraced the benefits of hiring more employees with diverse perspectives and experiences. Particularly in industries dependent upon knowledge of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, recognition has grown that the American work force is seriously constrained by the clear underrepresentation of minority participants. In engineering, the most prevalent attempt to address these issues is through the establishment of multicultural engineering programs (MEPs), often designed as partnerships between universities and major corporate entities. These programs strive to identify, recruit, retain, educate and ultimately employ significant numbers of students of color to strengthen industry innovation and competitiveness. This investigation was initiated to expand the limited research literature on MEPs and the nature of their partnerships with industry. Using qualitative methodology, an exploratory viewpoint, and the lens of the Commitment-Trust Key Mediating Variable Model (KMV) of Relationship Marketing, the relationships of five mature and highly regarded university MEPs and one of their self identified primary industry partners were examined. Leaders of the National Association of Multicultural Engineering Program Advocates, the national representative body for MEPs, identified exemplary MEPs in the organization’s five regions; using a selection paradigm, five institutions were chosen for study selected from four of the regions. Each institution then identified a primary industry partner. Participants responded to in-depth interviews (MEPs) and questionnaires (industry) with respect to the nature, benefits, and challenges to both entities in the partnerships. Documents were reviewed for each program and industry. Responses were coded, crosschecked, and analyzed for patterns and themes. In particular, the study explored the issue of how commitment and trust are established in these partnership relationships. Twenty-four patterns and three themes emerged. Clearly, university-industry multicultural engineering partnerships are viewed as engendering important employment opportunities for underrepresented program graduates, promoting a well-developed pipeline of minority employee talent for industry, and increasing funding both for university multicultural programming and minority student support. The study also reports on the broad range of activities these partnerships practice. It suggests avenues for further study to enhance university-industry engagement.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur les miels de Corse commercialisés sous l’AOC et l’AOP « Miel de Corse-Mele di Corsica » et classés en six catégories variétales : « printemps », « maquis de printemps », « miellat du maquis », « maquis d’été », « châtaigneraie » et « maquis d’automne ». Notre objectif principal était de caractériser la composition volatile des miels de Corse et de développer une approche interdisciplinaire en vue de compléter la caractérisation de ces productions par la recherche de nouveaux critères pour la qualification de l’origine botanique et/ou géographique. Les travaux ont donc consisté à croiser les données obtenues par la méthode conventionnelle basée sur les analyses polliniques, sensorielles et physico-chimiques avec celles issues de l’analyse chimique de la fraction volatile des miels.Dans une première partie, 195 miels de nectar ont été caractérisés au niveau pollinique, physico-chimique ainsi que par leurs compositions volatiles. L’analyse pollinique a permis de certifier l’origine Corse et de mettre en évidence les principales espèces nectarifères de chaque gamme variétale et/ou les associations végétales caractéristiques des miellées. L’analyse de la fraction volatile par MEPS, CPG et CPG/SM a conduit à l’identification des marqueurs chimiques des diverses variétés de miels, à savoir la 2-aminoacétophénone (« châtaigneraie ») ; le p-anisaldéhyde et le 4-n-propylanisole (« maquis de printemps ») ; l’isophorone et le 3,4,5-triméthylphénol (« maquis d’automne ») ; les isomères de lilac aldéhyde et du p-menthèn-9-al (« printemps typé clémentinier »). De plus, une étude interdisciplinaire (analyse mélissopalynologique, physico-chimique et fraction volatile) basée sur l’utilisation de traitements statistiques des données multifactorielles a été menée sur chacune des catégories variétales. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de mieux cerner l’origine botanique des miels « quasi-monofloraux » ; de proposer des hypothèses sur les autres apports nectarifères et/ou miellatifères dans les miels à taxon dominant de type sur-représenté (« châtaigneraie ») et normal (« maquis de printemps ») ; de déterminer les différentes contributions nectarifères dans les miels dont l’espèce dominante à un taxon de type sous-représenté (« printemps » et « maquis d’automne ») et dans ceux ayant une origine botanique complexe (« maquis d’été »).Dans la seconde partie de nos travaux, nous avons caractérisé la fraction volatile de 74 miels des gammes « miellat du maquis » et « miel de Corse ». L’analyse statistique de la variabilité chimique a permis de distinguer les miellats de Metcalfa par la teneur en 3-furaldéhyde. Par ailleurs, nous avons pu qualifier l’origine botanique des miels dit « génériques » (mélange « miel de miellat »/« miel de nectar »), notamment les apports significatifs de « châtaigneraie » (molécule marqueur : 2-aminoacétophénone) et/ou de « maquis de printemps » (p-anisaldéhyde et 4-n-propylanisol).Enfin, ces travaux ont permis de développer une approche innovante basée sur une approche multifactorielle (polliniques, physico-chimiques et volatils) afin de mieux qualifier la complexité des origines botaniques des miels de Corse. / This thesis was focused on the Corsican honeys under the AOC and AOP appellation “Miel de Corse-Mele di Corsica”. The Corsican honey was classified in six varietal categories: “spring”, “spring maquis”, “honeydew”, “summer maquis”, “chestnut grove” and “automne maquis”. The aim of this work was to characterize the volatile composition of Corsica honey and to develop an interdisciplinary approach to complete the characterization of Corsican honey and the qualification of the botanical and/or geographical origin. In the first part, 195 nectar honeys were characterized by melissopalynological, physico-chemical and volatile analyses. Pollen analysis allowed the certification of Corsican origin and highlights the main nectariferous species and/or characteristic plant associations of each varietal range. Thus, the volatile analysis by SPME, GC and GC/MS allowed the identification of some chemical markers of honey, namely 2-aminoacetophenone (“chestnut grove”); p-anisaldehyde and 4-n-propylanisole (“spring maquis”); isophorone and 3,4,5-trimethylphenol (“automne maquis”); isomers of lilac aldehydes and p-menth-1-en-9-al (“spring clementine”).For each honey range, an interdisciplinary study was carried out by using statistical analysis of multifactorial data (melissopalynological, physico-chemical and volatile data). These results allowed us to identify the “monofloral” honey samples; to propose some hypotheses about the nectar and/or honeydew contribution in honeys with dominant over-represented (“chestnut grove”) and normal taxon (“spring maquis”); and to determine the role of different nectariferous and/or polleniferous species in honeys with underrepresented taxon (“spring” and “autumn maquis”) and those with complex botanical origin (“summer maquis”).In the second part of our work, the volatile fraction of 74 Corsican honeydews and blend honeys has also been investigated. Statistical analysis of the volatile composition has distinguished Metcalfa honeydew by a high abundance of 3-furaldehyde. Otherwise, the other honey samples were characterized by a high abundance of 2-aminoacetopheneone (marker of “chestnut grove” honey) and/or p-anisaldehyde and 4-n-propylanisol (characteristic compounds of “spring maquis" honey). These observations could be explained by the nectar contribution of Castanea sativa and/or Erica arborea in the honeydew samples. Finally, this work has allowed us to develop an innovative approach based on multifactorial approach (pollen analysis, physic-chemical parameters, volatile composition) to obtain discriminant information for the determination of the floral origin from Corsican honeys. / U Mele di Corsica hè un pruduttu sputicu di l’isula. E prime vistighe di l’apicultura inCorsica si ritrovanu in l’Antichità più anziana ma l’arte di a bugna è di u mele vene tralasciatadopu a Sigonda guerra mundiale. Cù a mossa idintitaria di l’anni sittanta (XXu seculu),s’urganizeghjanu i prufiziunali ed ottenenu una Appillazione d’Origine Cuntrullata (AOC) inlu 1998 po una Appillazione d’Origine Prutetta (AOP) in lu 2000. Fatta fine chì a pruduzzioneoghjinca (300 à 350 tunnillate/annu), cummircializata cù a sugillata « Miel de Corse-Mele diCorsica » si spachja sigondu sei catigurie variitesche : « veranu », « machja viraninca », «milata di u machjetu », « machja d’istate », « castagnetu » è « machja auturnale ».In lu quatru di e norme naziunale (AOC) ed eurupee (AOP), u metudu cunvinziunaleda cirtificà l’origine geugrafica è butanica s’arremba à e caratteristiche pulliniche, fiscuchimicheè urganulettiche di i meli. U fine principale di sta tesi dutturale hè di caratterizà avariabbilità chimica di ste pruduzzione di modu à prupone criterii novi di qualifichera.U studiu di a frazzione vulatile di 269 campioni di meli (inclusuci e sei catigurievariitesche), hà permessu d’invinturià, pè a prima volta, a custituzione in cumposti vulatili di imeli di Corsica. I nostri travagli sò sbuccati dinò nantu à l’idintificazione di i marcadorichimichi in leia diretta cù e spicificità di i rughjoni di pruduzzione. Per quessa, un accostuinterdisciplinariu – appaghjendusi i dati di i metudi cunvinziunali cun quelli di a tippulugiavulatile- hè statu prupostu da pudè diterminà l’origine fiurale.Cusì sò stati idintificati i marcadori chimichi di parechje variità di mele, vene à dì u 2-aminoacetofenune (« castagnetu ») ; u p-anisaldeide è u 4-n-prupilanisole (« machja viraninca») ; l’isoforunu è u 3,4,5- trimetilfenule (« machja auturnale ») ; l’isomeri di lilace aldeide è diu p-menten-9-al (« veranu tippu clementinu »).Sta prima caratterizazione multifatturiale di i meli di Corsica hè propiu d’opu pèl’apicultori in lu quatru di l’evuluzione spaziu-tempurale di e pruduzzione isulane in funzionedi e cundizione di u mezu (variazione bioclimatiche, mudifica di u prucessu di e milate, rigiruapaghju).

O crescimento da população mundial e a expansão industrial são fatores que atualmente desencadeiam um aumento no consumo de produtos e geração de resíduos. Frequentemente utilizados na medicina tradicional e veterinária, os antibióticos são classificados como uma classe emergente de poluentes, pois, devido à sua baixa taxa de degradação e à ineficácia dos sistemas de tratamentos de água, encontram-se disseminados no meio ambiente e nos alimentos. Em consequência desse fato, estudos para o desenvolvimento de novos materiais e métodos que removam estes contaminantes utilizando menor quantidade de consumíveis químicos e a baixo custo, têm sido um campo em desenvolvimento na química analítica. Inserido nesse contexto encontra-se o grafeno, que devido à sua estrutura de anéis aromáticos com elétrons π deslocalizados e elevada área superficial (3600 m2/g), pode favorecer fenômenos de sorção, elevando a eficiência na extração de contaminantes presentes em matrizes complexas. O objetivo do projeto foi sintetizar e caracterizar novas fases sorventes à base de grafeno para atuar no preparo da amostra avaliando a eficácia destas na remoção de tetraciclinas presentes em leite. Para isso, utilizou-se da microextração por sorvente empacotado MEPS como método de preparo de amostra com posterior análise por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas HPLC-MS/MS. A caracterização dos materiais foi feita através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura MEV e espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho IV revelando eficácia na síntese das folhas de óxido de grafeno, assim como, no recobrimento das partículas de sílica com os novos materiais. Foram avaliadas as fases extratoras: G, GO-SIL, G-Sil e C18-G-Sil com relação a eficiência na extração das tetraciclinas. A fase G-Sil mostrou-se a mais apropriada para continuidade do estudo, pois apresentou os melhores resultados. Com o objetivo de otimizar a etapa de preparo de amostra, foi feito um planejamento fatorial fracionário 24-1 avaliando as variáveis químicas: solvente de eluição, força iônica, pH da solução de lavagem e inclusão de EDTA na solução tampão de Mcllvaine (pH 4.2). Posteriormente foi feito um planejamento fatorial completo 23 visando a otimização dos ciclos de extração da MEPS, possibilitando determinar a condição ótima de extração do método. Baseando-se no documento: ICH - Q2 (R1) guideline, a metodologia foi submetida a testes para avaliar as figuras de mérito referentes a validação analítica. O método apresentou faixa linear de 15 - 110 µg/L, LQ entre 0,05 e 0,9 µg/L e boa seletividade. A precisão foi avaliada intra e inter-dia apresentando desvio padrão relativo - RSD abaixo de 18%. Ao final do desenvolvimento do estudo foram analisadas onze amostras reais incluindo leite bovino, caprino, ovino e leite em pó. A aplicação em amostras de diferentes espécies reforça a versatilidade do método desenvolvido, além de evidenciar o elevado potencial dos novos materiais de grafeno para atuar como sorvente no preparo da amostra. / Nowadays, the rise of world population and industrial expansion are leading to an increase in consumption and consequently waste generation. Large quantities of chemical residues are released into the environment affecting humans and wildlife. Among these residues, antibiotics used in medicine and veterinary are classified as an emerging contaminant due to their low degradation rate, ineffectiveness of wastewater treatment and consequently water and food contamination. An effort has been made to develop microextraction techniques to remove these drugs using reduce volume of solvent and chemical consumable and researches of new sorbent phases are increasing due the high potential to improve these microextraction techniques. Recent studies pinpoint graphene (G) as an effectively sorbent phase to act in sample preparation. G has a structure composed by carbon nanosheets arranged in a honeycomb pattern with large surface area (3600 m2 /g) and delocalized π-electrons system that suggests good interaction between them and contaminants compounds such as veterinary drugs, pesticides, personal care products etc. This study focuses to evaluate sorbent phases based upon graphene particle supported on silica to analyze Tetracycline residues present in milk. For this purpose, was used microextraction by packed sorbent - MEPS as sample preparation method with analysis by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The characterization of synthesized materials was performed by scanning electron microscopy - SEM and vibrational spectroscopy in infrared region - FTIR. The results suggest that synthesis of graphene\'s particles as well as the coating of silica surface with these materials were both performed. To evaluate extraction efficiency each sorbent material: GO-Sil, G-Sil, G, C18-GO-Sil were tested in MEPS and confronted to commercial phases: C8 and C18. By the results, G-Sil was choose to application as sorbent phase. MEPS extractions were optimized and the effect of some factors was investigated by application of experimental design. Firstly, a factorial experimental design 2(4-1) was executed to evaluate chemistry variables such as elution solvent, washing solution, media ionic strength and inclusion of EDTA salt in Mcllvaine solution. After, an experimental design 23 was made in order to estimate the cycles of MEPS extraction like sampling, washing and elution steps. By the results, an optimized extraction conditional was achieved and evaluation of validation parameters was carried out on sequence based on the ICH - Q2 (R1) guide. The method showed linearity ranging from 15 - 110 µg/L, LOQ values from 0,05 to 0,9 µg/L and good selectivity. Precision showed relative standard deviation RSD less than 18% to intra and inter-day analysis. The developed method was applied in analysis of eleven milk samples including bovine, caprine and ovine milk and milk powder. Application in samples from different species enhances the versatility of this analytical method and show the great potential for graphene\'s particles to act as sorbent phase in sample preparation.

O crescimento da população mundial e a expansão industrial são fatores que atualmente desencadeiam um aumento no consumo de produtos e geração de resíduos. Frequentemente utilizados na medicina tradicional e veterinária, os antibióticos são classificados como uma classe emergente de poluentes, pois, devido à sua baixa taxa de degradação e à ineficácia dos sistemas de tratamentos de água, encontram-se disseminados no meio ambiente e nos alimentos. Em consequência desse fato, estudos para o desenvolvimento de novos materiais e métodos que removam estes contaminantes utilizando menor quantidade de consumíveis químicos e a baixo custo, têm sido um campo em desenvolvimento na química analítica. Inserido nesse contexto encontra-se o grafeno, que devido à sua estrutura de anéis aromáticos com elétrons π deslocalizados e elevada área superficial (3600 m2/g), pode favorecer fenômenos de sorção, elevando a eficiência na extração de contaminantes presentes em matrizes complexas. O objetivo do projeto foi sintetizar e caracterizar novas fases sorventes à base de grafeno para atuar no preparo da amostra avaliando a eficácia destas na remoção de tetraciclinas presentes em leite. Para isso, utilizou-se da microextração por sorvente empacotado MEPS como método de preparo de amostra com posterior análise por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas HPLC-MS/MS. A caracterização dos materiais foi feita através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura MEV e espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho IV revelando eficácia na síntese das folhas de óxido de grafeno, assim como, no recobrimento das partículas de sílica com os novos materiais. Foram avaliadas as fases extratoras: G, GO-SIL, G-Sil e C18-G-Sil com relação a eficiência na extração das tetraciclinas. A fase G-Sil mostrou-se a mais apropriada para continuidade do estudo, pois apresentou os melhores resultados. Com o objetivo de otimizar a etapa de preparo de amostra, foi feito um planejamento fatorial fracionário 24-1 avaliando as variáveis químicas: solvente de eluição, força iônica, pH da solução de lavagem e inclusão de EDTA na solução tampão de Mcllvaine (pH 4.2). Posteriormente foi feito um planejamento fatorial completo 23 visando a otimização dos ciclos de extração da MEPS, possibilitando determinar a condição ótima de extração do método. Baseando-se no documento: ICH - Q2 (R1) guideline, a metodologia foi submetida a testes para avaliar as figuras de mérito referentes a validação analítica. O método apresentou faixa linear de 15 - 110 µg/L, LQ entre 0,05 e 0,9 µg/L e boa seletividade. A precisão foi avaliada intra e inter-dia apresentando desvio padrão relativo - RSD abaixo de 18%. Ao final do desenvolvimento do estudo foram analisadas onze amostras reais incluindo leite bovino, caprino, ovino e leite em pó. A aplicação em amostras de diferentes espécies reforça a versatilidade do método desenvolvido, além de evidenciar o elevado potencial dos novos materiais de grafeno para atuar como sorvente no preparo da amostra. / Nowadays, the rise of world population and industrial expansion are leading to an increase in consumption and consequently waste generation. Large quantities of chemical residues are released into the environment affecting humans and wildlife. Among these residues, antibiotics used in medicine and veterinary are classified as an emerging contaminant due to their low degradation rate, ineffectiveness of wastewater treatment and consequently water and food contamination. An effort has been made to develop microextraction techniques to remove these drugs using reduce volume of solvent and chemical consumable and researches of new sorbent phases are increasing due the high potential to improve these microextraction techniques. Recent studies pinpoint graphene (G) as an effectively sorbent phase to act in sample preparation. G has a structure composed by carbon nanosheets arranged in a honeycomb pattern with large surface area (3600 m2 /g) and delocalized π-electrons system that suggests good interaction between them and contaminants compounds such as veterinary drugs, pesticides, personal care products etc. This study focuses to evaluate sorbent phases based upon graphene particle supported on silica to analyze Tetracycline residues present in milk. For this purpose, was used microextraction by packed sorbent - MEPS as sample preparation method with analysis by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The characterization of synthesized materials was performed by scanning electron microscopy - SEM and vibrational spectroscopy in infrared region - FTIR. The results suggest that synthesis of graphene\'s particles as well as the coating of silica surface with these materials were both performed. To evaluate extraction efficiency each sorbent material: GO-Sil, G-Sil, G, C18-GO-Sil were tested in MEPS and confronted to commercial phases: C8 and C18. By the results, G-Sil was choose to application as sorbent phase. MEPS extractions were optimized and the effect of some factors was investigated by application of experimental design. Firstly, a factorial experimental design 2(4-1) was executed to evaluate chemistry variables such as elution solvent, washing solution, media ionic strength and inclusion of EDTA salt in Mcllvaine solution. After, an experimental design 23 was made in order to estimate the cycles of MEPS extraction like sampling, washing and elution steps. By the results, an optimized extraction conditional was achieved and evaluation of validation parameters was carried out on sequence based on the ICH - Q2 (R1) guide. The method showed linearity ranging from 15 - 110 µg/L, LOQ values from 0,05 to 0,9 µg/L and good selectivity. Precision showed relative standard deviation RSD less than 18% to intra and inter-day analysis. The developed method was applied in analysis of eleven milk samples including bovine, caprine and ovine milk and milk powder. Application in samples from different species enhances the versatility of this analytical method and show the great potential for graphene\'s particles to act as sorbent phase in sample preparation.

No description available.

La Corse est riche en Plantes à Parfum, Aromatiques et Médicinales (PPAM) dont les huiles essentielles sont susceptibles d'être utilisées dans différents domaines. La composition de ces dernières permet de les caractériser, d'en évaluer la qualité, de mettre en évidence une éventuelle spécificité locale et, ce faisant, de les valoriser. Deux objectifs majeurs ont été fixés à ce travail de thèse portant sur les huiles essentielles et les fractions volatiles de trois plantes des littoraux de Corse et de Sardaigne : Chamaemelum mixtum, Anthemis maritima et Eryngium maritimum : (i) Un objectif fondamental : accroître notre connaissance des constitutions chimiques des huiles essentielles et fractions volatiles des trois espèces, en adaptant en tant que de besoin, la méthodologie d'analyse adoptée au laboratoire ; méthodologie basée sur la complémentarité de diverses techniques (CC, CPG/DIF, CPG/SM-IE, CPG/SM-IC et RMN 1D et 2D). (ii) Un objectif plus appliqué : évaluer le potentiel de valorisation à travers l'étude des variabilités des huiles essentielles, mais également, à travers la recherche d'activités antibactériennes et antifongiques. Dans l'huile essentielle de Chamaemelum mixtum qui présente une composition chimique différente des huiles essentielles du Maroc décrites dans la littérature, nous avons isolé et identifié une nouvelle cétone linéaire la (Z)-heptadéc-9,16-adièn-7-one. La composition chimique de l'huile essentielle d'Anthemis maritima riche en esters de chrysanthényle est ici rapportée pour la première fois. Après avoir élaboré une stratégie d'analyse originale, nous avons décrit une série de 14 esters des cis- et trans-chrysanthénol. Un grand nombre d'entre eux n'avaient encore jamais été décrits en RMN. L'huile essentielle d'Eryngium maritimum est, également, décrite pour la première fois de façon aussi exhaustive. Nous avons identifié : le 4-muurol-9-èn-15-ol, le 4-cadin-9-èn-15-ol et le 4-cadin-9-èn-15-al, composés naturels jamais décrits jusque là, ainsi que le 4-muurol-9-èn-15-al dont les données RMN sont rapportées ici pour la première fois. Les trois huiles essentielles et plus particulièrement celle de Chamaemaelum mixtum se sont avérées actives contre un panel de micro-organismes impliqués dans les infections nosocomiales et alimentaires. L'étude de variabilité liée à la géographie, montre la présence de plusieurs groupes statistiques pour chacune des trois plantes et plus spécifiquement pour Anthemis maritima qui admet deux types de compositions chimiques tranchés. Les compositions chimiques des huiles essentielles et fractions volatiles captées par MEPS des divers organes de chaque plante ont également été décrites. Nos résultats confortent la MEPS comme outil analytique rapide et fiable d'acquisition du profil chimique d'une fraction volatile.