The analysis of electromyographic (EMG) signals detected during muscle contraction provides important information to aid in the diagnosis and characterization of neuromuscular disorders. One important analysis measures neuromuscular jitter, which is the variability of the time intervals between two muscle fibre potentials (MFPs) belonging to the same motor unit over a set of discharges. Conventionally, neuromuscular jitter is measured using single fibre (SF) EMG techniques, which can identify individual MFPs by using a SF needle electrode. However, SF electrodes are expensive, very sensitive to needle movement and not easy to operate in practise. <br /><br /> A method is studied in this thesis for automatically measuring neuromuscular jitter in motor unit potentials (MUP), it measures jitter using routine EMG techniques, which detect MUPs using a concentric needle (CN) electrode. The method is based on the detection of near MFP contributions, which correspond to individual muscle fibre contributions to MUPs, and the identification of individual MFP pairs. The method was evaluated using simulated EMG data. After an EMG signal is decomposed into MUP trains, a second-order differentiator, McGill filter, is applied to detect near MFP contributions to MUPs. Then, using nearest neighbour clustering and minimum spanning tree algorithms, the sets of available filtered MUPs can be selected and individual MFPs can be identified according to the features of their shapes. Finally, individual MFP pairs are selected and neuromuscular jitter is measured. <br /><br /> Using the McGill filter, near MFP contributions to detected CN MUPs can be consistently detected across an ensemble of successive firings of a motor unit. The method is an extension of the work Sheng Ma, compared to previous works, more efficient algorithms are used which have demonstrated acceptable performance, and which can consistently measure neuromuscular jitter in a variety of EMG signals.

The analysis of electromyographic (EMG) signals detected during muscle contraction provides important information to aid in the diagnosis and characterization of neuromuscular disorders. One important analysis measures neuromuscular jitter, which is the variability of the time intervals between two muscle fibre potentials (MFPs) belonging to the same motor unit over a set of discharges. Conventionally, neuromuscular jitter is measured using single fibre (SF) EMG techniques, which can identify individual MFPs by using a SF needle electrode. However, SF electrodes are expensive, very sensitive to needle movement and not easy to operate in practise. <br /><br /> A method is studied in this thesis for automatically measuring neuromuscular jitter in motor unit potentials (MUP), it measures jitter using routine EMG techniques, which detect MUPs using a concentric needle (CN) electrode. The method is based on the detection of near MFP contributions, which correspond to individual muscle fibre contributions to MUPs, and the identification of individual MFP pairs. The method was evaluated using simulated EMG data. After an EMG signal is decomposed into MUP trains, a second-order differentiator, McGill filter, is applied to detect near MFP contributions to MUPs. Then, using nearest neighbour clustering and minimum spanning tree algorithms, the sets of available filtered MUPs can be selected and individual MFPs can be identified according to the features of their shapes. Finally, individual MFP pairs are selected and neuromuscular jitter is measured. <br /><br /> Using the McGill filter, near MFP contributions to detected CN MUPs can be consistently detected across an ensemble of successive firings of a motor unit. The method is an extension of the work Sheng Ma, compared to previous works, more efficient algorithms are used which have demonstrated acceptable performance, and which can consistently measure neuromuscular jitter in a variety of EMG signals.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude théorique de la fragmentation de petits agrégats carbonés et d’hydrocarbures neutres par le modèle statistique Micarocanonical Metropolis Monte Carlo (MMMC). Ce modèle décrit, à contrainte d’énergie fixée, l’espace des phases associé à tous les degrés de liberté accessibles au système (partitions des masses, mouvements de translation et de rotation, spin et moment angulaire des fragments, etc.). Les ingrédients de base du modèle (énergies de dissociation, géométries, fréquences de vibration etc.) doivent être obtenus par un calcul ab initio. Ils ont été calculés à l’aide de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT) au niveau de calcul B3LYP/6-311+G(3df). Les probabilités obtenues des voies de fragmentation en fonction de l’énergie d’excitation, ont été comparées aux données expérimentales obtenues auprès du Tandem. Des faisceaux de haute vitesse (projectile de Cn+ à v = 2.6 u.a. et de CnH+ à v = 4.5 u.a.) entraient en interaction avec les noyaux d’hélium. Tous les rapports de branchement des voies de fragmentation des Cn (n ≤ 9) et des CnH (n ≤ 4) résultant de capture électroniques ont été mesurés. La distribution d’énergie d’excitation de l’agrégat parent a du être ajustée pour que les mesures expérimentales soient reproduites d’une façon optimale, à l’aide de deux algorithmes : Non-Negative Least Squares et backtracing Bayesien. La comparaison des probabilités théoriques et expérimentales montre un bon accord global. Les deux algorithmes de minimisation ont convergé vers des distributions d’énergie déposée présentant des pics. Ces pics pourraient être la signature d’états moléculaires spécifiques jouant un rôle dans la fragmentation du cluster. / This thesis deals with the theoretical study of the fragmentation of small neutral carbon and hydrocarbon clusters using a statistical model called Microcanonical Metropolis Monte Carlo (MMMC). This model describes, at a given energy, the phase space associated with all the degrees of freedom accessible to the system (partition of the mass, translation and rotation, spin and angular momentum of the fragments, etc.). The basic ingredients of the model (cluster geometries, dissociation energies, harmonic frequencies, etc.) are obtained, for both the parent cluster and the fragments, by an ab initio calculation. These parameters were calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df) level. The results obtained for the probabilities of the fragmentation channels as a function of the excitation energy, were compared with the experimental data obtained at the Orsay Tandem. High velocity cluster beams (v = 2.6 u.a. Cn+ and v = 4.5 u.a. CnH+ projectiles) interacted with helium atoms. All the branching ratios of the fragmentation channels of Cn (n ≤ 9) and CnH (n ≤ 4) resulting from electron captures were measured. The deposited energy distributions were adjusted so that the experimental measurements were optimally reproduced. Two algorithms were used: Non-Negative Least Squares and Bayesien backtracing. The comparison of the theoretical and experimental probabilities shows a good global agreement. Both algorithms result in deposited energy distributions showing peaks. These peaks could be the signatures of specific molecular states which may play a role in the cluster fragmentation.

Die Realstruktur des perowskitischen Modellsystems SrTiO3, welches in der Raumgruppe Pm-3m kristallisiert, wird durch die Sauerstoffvakanz als wichtigstem Defekt dominiert. Durch Temperaturbehandlung unter reduzierenden Bedingungen können Sauerstoffvakanzen in die Kristallstruktur eingebracht werden. Aufgrund ihrer positiven Ladung relativ zum Kristallgitter bewegen sie sich im elektrischen Feld entlang des TiO6-Oktaedernetzwerkes. Die Elektroformierung folgt dabei einem Arrheniuszusammenhang, wobei sowohl die Aktivierungsenergie als auch die Mobilität eine deutliche Abhängigkeit von der Kristallorientierung zeigen. Die Umverteilung der Sauerstoffvakanzen führt zu lokalen reversiblen Strukturänderungen, welche die Ausbildung einer neuen migrationsinduzierten feldstabilisierten polaren (MFP) Phase verursachen. In Abhängigkeit von der elektrischen Feldstärke zeichnet sie sich strukturell durch eine tetragonale Verzerrung der ursprünglich kubischen Elementarzelle aus und geht mit dem Verlust der Inversionssymmetrie einher. Die Polarisation in der Struktur wird durch die erwiesene Pyroelektrizität bestätigt und gilt als Grundlage, um anhand eines kristallographischen Symmetrieabstieges die Herleitung der Raumgruppe P4mm zu ermöglichen. Der durch die Migration hervorgerufene intrinsische Defektkonzentrationsgradient ruft eine elektromotorische Kraft hervor, deren Verwendung in einem elektrochemischen Energiespeicher experimentell nachgewiesen wurde. Diese neuen Funktionalitäten sind durch die Anwendung defektchemischer und kristallphysikalischer Konzepte infolge gezielter Materialmodifizierung unter Einfluss von Temperatur und elektrischem Feld zu verstehen. / The real structure of the perovskite-type model system SrTiO3, crystallizing in space group Pm-3m, is dominated by oxygen vacancies as most important defects. They are introduced in the crystal structure through heat-treatment under reducing conditions. Because of their positive charge relative to the crystal lattice, oxygen vacancies move in an electric field along the TiO6 octahedron network. This electroformation process follows an Arrhenius behavior. Both the activation energy and the mobility show an obvious dependence on the crystal orientation. Redistribution of oxygen defects causes local reversible structural changes, which involve the formation of a migration-induced field-stabilized polar (MFP) phase. In dependence on the electric field strength, this is structurally marked by a tetragonal distortion of the original cubic unit cell and accompanied by a loss of inversion symmetry. The polarisation in the crystal structure is confirmed by the proven pyroelectricity and serves for the argumentation to derive the space group P4mm by means of a crystallographic symmetry descent. The migration-induced intrinsic concentration gradient of oxygen vacancies leads to an electromotive force, whose application as electrochemical energy storage was proven experimentally. These new functionalities are explainable using defect chemistry and crystal physics in consequence of specific material modifications under the influence of temperature and external electric fields.

Die Realstruktur des perowskitischen Modellsystems SrTiO3, welches in der Raumgruppe Pm-3m kristallisiert, wird durch die Sauerstoffvakanz als wichtigstem Defekt dominiert. Durch Temperaturbehandlung unter reduzierenden Bedingungen können Sauerstoffvakanzen in die Kristallstruktur eingebracht werden. Aufgrund ihrer positiven Ladung relativ zum Kristallgitter bewegen sie sich im elektrischen Feld entlang des TiO6-Oktaedernetzwerkes. Die Elektroformierung folgt dabei einem Arrheniuszusammenhang, wobei sowohl die Aktivierungsenergie als auch die Mobilität eine deutliche Abhängigkeit von der Kristallorientierung zeigen. Die Umverteilung der Sauerstoffvakanzen führt zu lokalen reversiblen Strukturänderungen, welche die Ausbildung einer neuen migrationsinduzierten feldstabilisierten polaren (MFP) Phase verursachen. In Abhängigkeit von der elektrischen Feldstärke zeichnet sie sich strukturell durch eine tetragonale Verzerrung der ursprünglich kubischen Elementarzelle aus und geht mit dem Verlust der Inversionssymmetrie einher. Die Polarisation in der Struktur wird durch die erwiesene Pyroelektrizität bestätigt und gilt als Grundlage, um anhand eines kristallographischen Symmetrieabstieges die Herleitung der Raumgruppe P4mm zu ermöglichen. Der durch die Migration hervorgerufene intrinsische Defektkonzentrationsgradient ruft eine elektromotorische Kraft hervor, deren Verwendung in einem elektrochemischen Energiespeicher experimentell nachgewiesen wurde. Diese neuen Funktionalitäten sind durch die Anwendung defektchemischer und kristallphysikalischer Konzepte infolge gezielter Materialmodifizierung unter Einfluss von Temperatur und elektrischem Feld zu verstehen. / The real structure of the perovskite-type model system SrTiO3, crystallizing in space group Pm-3m, is dominated by oxygen vacancies as most important defects. They are introduced in the crystal structure through heat-treatment under reducing conditions. Because of their positive charge relative to the crystal lattice, oxygen vacancies move in an electric field along the TiO6 octahedron network. This electroformation process follows an Arrhenius behavior. Both the activation energy and the mobility show an obvious dependence on the crystal orientation. Redistribution of oxygen defects causes local reversible structural changes, which involve the formation of a migration-induced field-stabilized polar (MFP) phase. In dependence on the electric field strength, this is structurally marked by a tetragonal distortion of the original cubic unit cell and accompanied by a loss of inversion symmetry. The polarisation in the crystal structure is confirmed by the proven pyroelectricity and serves for the argumentation to derive the space group P4mm by means of a crystallographic symmetry descent. The migration-induced intrinsic concentration gradient of oxygen vacancies leads to an electromotive force, whose application as electrochemical energy storage was proven experimentally. These new functionalities are explainable using defect chemistry and crystal physics in consequence of specific material modifications under the influence of temperature and external electric fields.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'étude théorique de la fragmentation de petits agrégats carbonés et d'hydrocarbures neutres par le modèle statistique Micarocanonical Metropolis Monte Carlo (MMMC). Ce modèle décrit, à contrainte d'énergie fixée, l'espace des phases associé à tous les degrés de liberté accessibles au système (partitions des masses, mouvements de translation et de rotation, spin et moment angulaire des fragments, etc.). Les ingrédients de base du modèle (énergies de dissociation, géométries, fréquences de vibration etc.) doivent être obtenus par un calcul ab initio. Ils ont été calculés à l'aide de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT) au niveau de calcul B3LYP/6-311+G(3df). Les probabilités obtenues des voies de fragmentation en fonction de l'énergie d'excitation, ont été comparées aux données expérimentales obtenues auprès du Tandem. Des faisceaux de haute vitesse (projectile de Cn+ à v = 2.6 u.a. et de CnH+ à v = 4.5 u.a.) entraient en interaction avec les noyaux d'hélium. Tous les rapports de branchement des voies de fragmentation des Cn (n ≤ 9) et des CnH (n ≤ 4) résultant de capture électroniques ont été mesurés. La distribution d'énergie d'excitation de l'agrégat parent a du être ajustée pour que les mesures expérimentales soient reproduites d'une façon optimale, à l'aide de deux algorithmes : Non-Negative Least Squares et backtracing Bayesien. La comparaison des probabilités théoriques et expérimentales montre un bon accord global. Les deux algorithmes de minimisation ont convergé vers des distributions d'énergie déposée présentant des pics. Ces pics pourraient être la signature d'états moléculaires spécifiques jouant un rôle dans la fragmentation du cluster.

Ce manuscrit présente une étude de la susceptibilité d’un amplificateur faible bruit (LNA)AsGa aux agressions électromagnétiques de forte puissance. La notion d’agressionélectromagnétique de forte puissance définit, du point de vue de la CEM, un environnementélectromagnétique particulier où les niveaux de champ électromagnétique sont tels qu’ilspeuvent engendrer une dégradation physique des composants électroniques du systèmevictime. Ces champs peuvent être générés par des systèmes particuliers appelés AED EM(arme à énergie dirigée électromagnétique).Cette étude s’intéresse ainsi non seulement à l’explication des effets physiques observés surles composants cibles, mais également à l’influence des paramètres de la sourceélectromagnétique sur la susceptibilité du composant.Cette thèse a été encadrée par les équipes du laboratoire IMS de l’université de Bordeauxd’une part, et du CEA Gramat d’autre part. / In this PhD thesis dissertation, a study of a GaAs low-noise amplifier (LNA) susceptibility tohigh power electromagnetic interference is presented.The term high power electromagnetic interference refers to a particular electromagneticenvironment in which E-field and H-field levels are high enough to cause physical damage tothe victim’s system electronic components.Such high level fields can be generated by dedicated systems, called electromagneticdirected energy weapons (DEW).The study presented in this document focuses not only on explaining failure mechanismstriggered by such interference, but also shows discussion on electromagnetic sourcesparameters trimming influence on component’s susceptibility.

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In my thesis, I will focus on outsourcing the way it may be applied from global perspective. I will precisely define specific types of outsourcing, it`s versatility and summarize current trends in outsourcing business. Besides outsourcing, focus has also been put on managed service known as managed ICT services. Looking into these, particular interest is given to outsourcing of printing services and managed desktop services. As a result, deep dive into current situation of a concrete company was done, listing analysis of actual printing devices and desktop devices, ending with closing summary recommending the best way to implement new solution and smart ways of financing.