Post-apartheid South African fiction has been the subject of much heated debate. One specific aspect of this debate has revolved around the role of history in this fiction. This is linked to general concerns in the country around ways of understanding history, especially in relation to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s research into the past. Tracing the lines of debate which emerged out of the discussions around the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, this research report focuses on the way history is presented in two novels from the post-apartheid period. These novels are This Day and Age by Mike Nicol and The Heart of Redness by Zakes Mda. Each of the two novels concerns a specific incident from the past of South Africa, the Bulhoek massacre and the Xhosa cattle-killing respectively. Through tracing their intertextual relations with mainstream accounts of the historical events, the research shows how they interrogate these accounts. Detailed examination of the portrayal of history in each of the novels leads to conclusions being drawn about the way in which the novels conceive of such historical ideas as causality, linearity and responsibility. Finally, the research examines the role of prophecy in the novels, showing how in both of the texts prophecy can be read as an alternative explanation for events. The research endeavours ultimately to contribute to the body of critical thought concerning the analysis of post-apartheid South African fiction.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

L'objet de la présente thèse est de caractériser, quantifier et modéliser les flux d'eau au sein de la Réserve Naturelle Nationale de la Tourbière des Dauges, située en Limousin (Massif Central, France) et qui inclue une tourbière acide de fond de vallon et son bassin versant. Un ensemble de techniques, incluant la description de coupes superficielles existantes, la réinterprétation de sondages géologiques profonds, la tomographie de résistivité électrique et une modélisation de la distribution spatiale des formations affleurantes, ont été utilisées pour caractériser la nature et la géométrie des formations d'altération du granite. Les dépôts alluviaux et tourbeux ont été caractérisés et cartographiés par sondage à la tarière et à la tige filetée, et leur conductivité hydraulique estimée par choc hydraulique. Les précipitations, les paramètres météorologiques nécessaires au calcul de l'évapotranspiration potentielle, les débits et niveaux dans les ruisseaux, et les niveaux piézométriques dans la tourbe et les formations minérales sous jacentes ont été mesurés en continu pendant trois ans. Le modèle hydrologique distribué à base physique MIKE SHE / MIKE 11 a été utilisé pour modéliser les écoulements et les niveaux piézométriques au sein de la tourbière et de son bassin versant avec un pas de temps quotidien et une résolution spatiale de IO m. Il est montré que les apports souterrains issus de la zone fissurée du granite et suintant au travers du dépôt tourbeux constituent une part quantitativement importante et fonctionnellement essentielle de la balance hydrique de la zone humide. La présence d'une nappe affleurante entraîne une évacuation rapide vers les cours d'eau des apports par ruissellement ou par précipitation directe du fait de la saturation des histosols. Toutefois, il est montré que le fonctionnement hydrologique à l'échelle locale peut s'éloigner de ce schéma général du fait d'une grande hétérogénéité du taux d'humification et de la conductivité hydraulique de la tourbe, de la présence de dépôts alluviaux très perméables sous ou au sein du dépôt tourbeux et de perturbations anthropiques passées. Une fois calibré, le modèle hydrologique, qui représente la zone fissurée du socle granitique comme un milieu poreux équivalent, donne des résultats satisfaisants à très bons selon les indicateurs de performance utilisés: il est capable de reproduire les débits dans les cours d'eau au niveau des quatre stations de jaugeage disponibles, et le niveau de la nappe dans la plupart des piézomètres installés. A l'échelle du bassin versant étudié, le niveau moyen de la nappe simulé par le modèle montre une très bonne concordance avec la distribution observée des végétations de zone humide, cartographiée de manière indépendante. Les analyses de sensibilité ont montré que la porosité efficace et la conductivité hydraulique horizontale de la zone fissurée du granite sont les paramètres auxquels les débits et les niveaux de nappe (y compris dans la tourbe) simulés par le modèle sont les plus sensibles, ce qui démontre l'importance d'une meilleure caractérisation des formations d'altération du granite dans tout le bassin versant pour la compréhension et la modélisation du fonctionnement hydrologique de ce type de zone humide. Le modèle a été utilisé pour simuler l'impact potentiel d'un changement d'occupation des sols au sein du bassin versant sur la balance hydrique et les niveaux de nappe dans la zone humide, ainsi que sur les débits dans les cours d'eau. Le modèle suggère que le remplacement des végétations conduirait à une réduction substantielle des apports de surface et souterrains à la tourbière et à un abaissement conséquent des niveaux de nappe dans les histosols en période estivale. / This thesis identifies, quantifies and models water fluxes within the Dauges National Nature Reserve, an acidic valley mire in the French Massif Central. A range of techniques were used to investigate the nature and geometry of granite weathering formations and of peat deposits. Rainfall, reference evapotranspiration, stream discharge, stream stage, groundwater table depths and piezometric heads were monitored over a three-year period. The distributed, physics-based hydrological model MIKE SHE / MIKE 11 was used to model water flow within the mire and its catchment. lt was shown that the mire is mostly fed by groundwater flowing within the densely fissured granite zone and upwelling through the peat deposits. Upwelling to the peat layer and see page to overland flow were highest along the mire boundaries. However hydrological functioning differs from this general conceptual model in some locations due to the high variability of the peat hydraulic characteristics, the presence of highly permeable alluvial deposits of past human interference including drainage. The equivalent porous medium approach used to mode groundwater flow within the fissured granite zone gave satisfactory results : the model was able to reproduce discharge at several locations within the high-relief catchment and groundwater table depth in most monitoring points. Sensitivity analyses showed that the specific yield and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the fissured zone are the parameter to which simulated stream discharge and groundwater table depth, including in peat, are most sensitive. The model was forced with new vegetation pararneters to assess the potential impacts of changes in catchment land use on the mire hydrological conditions. Replacement of the broad leaf woodlands that currently cover most of the catchment with conifer plantations would lead to a substantial reduction in surface and groundwater intlows to the mire and to a substantial drop in summer groundwater table depths, particularly along the mire margins.

Music from the True Vine: Mike Seeger’s Life & Musical Journey. By Bill C. Malone. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011. pp. xii, 235.)

Groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDEs), including wetlands and river baseflow systems, are a topic of substantial scientific study. The degradation of GDEs due to urbanization has been well documented. An altered hydrologic regime, through increased impervious area resulting in a flashier hydrologic regime with lower troughs, higher peaks, and quicker changes, has been recognized as a main factor affecting ecological condition. Yet studies on GDEs rarely include a hydrologic modelling component. In this study, the conjunctive hydrologic model MIKE SHE was used to simulate the Lovers Creek subwatershed near Barrie, ON. The hydrologic regime was simulated for pre-development (natural), current (urbanized), and various low-impact development (LID) land use scenarios. The results were linked to the ecological condition via the TQmean metric, which has been used in the literature to relate the hydrologic and ecological conditions of streams. The highest percentage LID scenario restored, on average, 11% of the reduction in TQmean that occurred from pre-development to urbanized conditions, indicating that LID has the potential to protect GDEs in urbanized watersheds. It is expected that the effect of LID would be amplified if considered on a more local scale within a predominantly high density urban area. Recommendations for future modelling efforts to evaluate GDEs and represent LID are made.

Thesis (M.F.A.)--College of Fine Arts, University of new South Wales, 1999. / Bibliography: p. 113-115. Also available online.

The aim of this thesis is to clarify the impact various flood control in extreme rainfall-runoff situations in an interest basin. For this purpose, for the catchment of Kopaninsky river has been set up hydrological model in Mike SHE application. Also have been executed scenarios of different flood control, which passed through the simulation in model Mike SHE. The resulting data from simulations serve as a basis for evaluating the effectiveness and applicability of scenarios for the catchment.

Stormwater ponds (SWPs) are becoming increasingly important due to the negative impacts on flood mitigation and water quality control that results from rapid urbanization. These ponds are not only designed to control the discharge of large precipitation and snow melt events, but also to mitigate the water quality of the retained stormwater. Consequently, improper design and maintenance may lead to hypoxic conditions in SWPs, which result in poor water quality and generation of noxious gases. Riverside South Stormwater Pond II (RSPII) in Ottawa periodically experiences low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and subsequently hypoxic conditions at depth in the pond, especially during summer days with less precipitation and winter ice covered periods. Hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) has been generated and released into the ambient atmosphere during these periods of lesser water quality. Hence, there is a need to understand how DO spatial distribution and seasonal change trigger and affect H2S production. The conventional shallow design criteria of SWPs likely cause these systems to be susceptible to wind conditions. Very few research has demonstrated the correlation between wind-driven hydraulic performance and detained stormwater quality. Hence an understanding of pond-scale mixing generated by wind-induced flow and the subsequent correlation to DO concentrations and stratification in SWPs are important to understanding the water quality and performance of these systems, especially in a wind-induced flow dominated SWPs. The overall research objective is to develop a comprehensive understanding of hypoxic conditions of SWPs and to investigate the impact of wind induced hydraulics on DO seasonal characteristics and the subsequent production of H2S. RSPII was shown to experience lower DO and longer hypoxic conditions than an adjacent reference pond (RSPI) at both non-ice covered and ice covered months. In addition, hypoxia was shown to be initiated at the outlet of RSPII where the depth of the pond was a maximum. Interestingly, chlorophyll-α blooms were observed during ice covered conditions in the study, with synurids, tabellaria, and asterionella being identified as the dominant species. A bottom-mount acoustic Doppler current profiler (aDcp) was used to collect small wind-generated currents in RSPII. The three-dimensional current and DO model produced by MIKE 3 (DHI software) suggests a conclusive result of pond scale mixing produced by wind-driven flow as well as countercurrents near the bed opposite to wind direction. A wind dominated circulation was shown to be generated even with moderate wind speed, and with a higher wind condition pond-scale complete DO mixing was created. The MIKE 3 simulation further provided a comprehensive understanding of the correlation between wind-induced hydraulics and DO concentrations distribution in a shallow stormwater pond. Therefore, this research demonstrates that wind is an essential hydraulic driver in shallow ponds, which also likely affects water quality by initiating pond mixing.

An integrated flow and transport model using MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 software was developed to predict the flow and transport of mercury, Hg(II), under varying environmental conditions. The model analyzed the impact of remediation scenarios within the East Fork Poplar Creek watershed of the Oak Ridge Reservation with respect to downstream concentration of mercury. The numerical simulations included the entire hydrological cycle: flow in rivers, overland flow, groundwater flow in the saturated and unsaturated zones, and evapotranspiration and precipitation time series. Stochastic parameters and hydrologic conditions over a five year period of historical hydrological data were used to analyze the hydrological cycle and to determine the prevailing mercury transport mechanism within the watershed. Simulations of remediation scenarios revealed that reduction of the highly contaminated point sources, rather than general remediation of the contaminant plume, has a more direct impact on downstream mercury concentrations.

The Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company, SKB, is planning to construct a deep geological repository for spent nuclear fuel in Forsmark, Sweden. Leakage of groundwater into the repository during the construction and operational phases might cause a groundwater drawdown that in turn may affect the hydrological conditions in sensitive habitats in the area. The sensitive habitats in question are wetlands, home to several protected species. SKB has planned to take mitigation measures in the case variations of the surface-water elevation are identified for the concerned wetlands. The mitigations measures consists in infiltrating water in the ground in the direct vicinity to the wetland to create a higher groundwater pressure that then will propagate to the surface-water. This study describes the modelling of a pilot-study of such a measure and aims at serving as one of the background materials for the planning and design of the pilot study. The aims of the pilot study are to show that the surface-water level in a wetland can be controlled and to gain knowledge and experiences regarding artificial groundwater recharge for this purpose. The pilot study would take place before the construction of the repository so the undisturbed case is considered. The results show that an infiltration facility can control the surface-water level in a wetland. It is also shown that an infiltration rate of 0.5 L/s is enough to manipulate the surface-water level in the undisturbed condition.