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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

O papel funcional do miR-155 no controle pós-transcricional de mRNAs envolvidos no desenvolvimento de timócitos / The functional role of miR-155 in post-transcriptional control of mRNAs involved in thymocyte development

Felício, Rafaela de Freitas Martins 14 December 2016 (has links)
O timo é um órgão linfóide primário, responsável pela indução da tolerância imunológica central. Histologicamente esse órgão é formado por um estroma composto por células tímicas epiteliais (TECs) além de outros tipos celulares. Dentre as TECs encontramos as células tímicas epiteliais corticais (cTECs) e as células tímicas epiteliais medulares (mTECs), as quais são responsáveis pela seleção positiva e seleção negativa dos timócitos em desenvolvimento, respectivamente. Durante seu desenvolvimento intra-tímico, os timócitos modulam da expressão de genes de marcadores de diferenciação, os chamados clusters de diferenciação (CDs) além de outros genes. Neste projeto nós nos interessamos por este aspecto, ou seja, o controle da expressão gênica durante a diferenciação dos timócitos. Como os microRNAs (miRNAs) são elementos essenciais de controle fino da expressão gênica, atuando ao nível pós-transcricional de RNAs mensageiros (mRNAs) de células eucarióticas, nosso interesse foi o de estudar este tipo de controle em timócitos. Dentre as centenas de miRNAs já descritos no camundongo, o miRNA 155 (miR-155) é o mais expresso no timo e no baço sendo que seu papel foi já foi demonstrado em células T maduras periféricas, mas ainda não se estudou seu possível papel em timócitos em desenvolvimento. A partir das evidências do papel do miR-155 nas células T maduras, nós elaboramos a hipótese de que esse miRNA também atua no desenvolvimento de timócitos. Para testar essa hipótese, nós utilizamos a estratégia de silenciamento do miR-155 por meio de eletroporação (eletrotransfecção) do antagonista Anti-miR-155 diretamente no timo de camundongos BALB/c. Os timócitos de camundongos controle e silenciados foram então separados por citometria de fluxo e amostras de RNA dessas células foram então analisadas por meio de qRT-PCR para nos certificarmos da eficiência do silenciamento do miR-155 e por hibridizações com microarrays de mRNAs para a análise do transcriptoma. Observamos que o silenciamento do miR-155 provoca a modulação de um grande conjunto de mRNAs, os quais foram analisados com auxílio do banco de dados do \"Immunogical Genome Project\" (ImmGen) quanto aos seus aspectos funcionais focando no desenvolvimento de timócitos. Os mRNAs modulados e envolvidos neste processo, foram ainda reanalisados quanto sua capacidade de interagir por hibridização com o miR-155 (hibridização miRNA-mRNA) por meio da ferramenta computacional RNA-Hybrid. Por meio destas estratégias, conseguimos repertoriar um conjunto de mRNAs que codificam proteínas importantes para o desenvolvimento de timócitos e que são potencialmente controlados por miR-155. / The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ responsible for the induction of central immune tolerance. Histologically this organ is formed by a thymic stroma composed of thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and other cell types. The TEC cells are subdivided into cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs) and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), which are responsible for positive selection and negative selection of developing thymocytes, respectively. During its intra-thymic development, thymocytes modulate the gene expression of differentiation markers, so-called clusters of differentiation (CD) and other genes. In this project we are interested in the control of gene expression during the differentiation of thymocytes. As microRNAs (miRNAs) are essential elements of fine control of gene expression, acting at the post-transcriptional level of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of eukaryotic cells, our interest was to study this type of control in thymocytes. Among the hundreds of miRNAs been described in mice, miRNA 155 (miR-155) is strongly expressed in the thymus and spleen and its role was already demonstrated in peripheral mature T cells, but has not yet been studied during the thymocyte development. Taking into account the evidence for the role of miR-155 in mature T cells, we raise the hypothesis that this miRNA is also active in developing thymocytes. To test this, we use the miR-155 silencing strategy by using electroporation (electrotransfection) of anti-miR-155 antagonist directly into the thymus of BALB/c mice. The thymocytes of control or silenced mice were then separated by flow cytometry and RNA samples from these cells were initially analyzed by qRT-PCR to make sure of miR-155 silencing efficiency and then by hybridization with microarrays for mRNA transcriptomeanalysis. We note that miR- 155 silencing cause modulation of a large set of mRNAs, which were analyzed through \"Immunological Genome Project\" (ImmGen) database focusing on developing thymocytes. The modulated mRNAs that were involved in this process were also retested for their ability to interact with miR-155 (miRNA-mRNA hybridization) by means of RNA-Hybrid computational tool. Through these strategies we were able to found a set of mRNAs encoding proteins important for the development of thymocytes that are potentially controlled by miR-155.
32

The "Mir iskusstva" group and Russian art, 1898-1912

Kennedy, Janet, January 1977 (has links)
Thesis--Columbia, 1976. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [383]-390).
33

O papel funcional do miR-155 no controle pós-transcricional de mRNAs envolvidos no desenvolvimento de timócitos / The functional role of miR-155 in post-transcriptional control of mRNAs involved in thymocyte development

Rafaela de Freitas Martins Felício 14 December 2016 (has links)
O timo é um órgão linfóide primário, responsável pela indução da tolerância imunológica central. Histologicamente esse órgão é formado por um estroma composto por células tímicas epiteliais (TECs) além de outros tipos celulares. Dentre as TECs encontramos as células tímicas epiteliais corticais (cTECs) e as células tímicas epiteliais medulares (mTECs), as quais são responsáveis pela seleção positiva e seleção negativa dos timócitos em desenvolvimento, respectivamente. Durante seu desenvolvimento intra-tímico, os timócitos modulam da expressão de genes de marcadores de diferenciação, os chamados clusters de diferenciação (CDs) além de outros genes. Neste projeto nós nos interessamos por este aspecto, ou seja, o controle da expressão gênica durante a diferenciação dos timócitos. Como os microRNAs (miRNAs) são elementos essenciais de controle fino da expressão gênica, atuando ao nível pós-transcricional de RNAs mensageiros (mRNAs) de células eucarióticas, nosso interesse foi o de estudar este tipo de controle em timócitos. Dentre as centenas de miRNAs já descritos no camundongo, o miRNA 155 (miR-155) é o mais expresso no timo e no baço sendo que seu papel foi já foi demonstrado em células T maduras periféricas, mas ainda não se estudou seu possível papel em timócitos em desenvolvimento. A partir das evidências do papel do miR-155 nas células T maduras, nós elaboramos a hipótese de que esse miRNA também atua no desenvolvimento de timócitos. Para testar essa hipótese, nós utilizamos a estratégia de silenciamento do miR-155 por meio de eletroporação (eletrotransfecção) do antagonista Anti-miR-155 diretamente no timo de camundongos BALB/c. Os timócitos de camundongos controle e silenciados foram então separados por citometria de fluxo e amostras de RNA dessas células foram então analisadas por meio de qRT-PCR para nos certificarmos da eficiência do silenciamento do miR-155 e por hibridizações com microarrays de mRNAs para a análise do transcriptoma. Observamos que o silenciamento do miR-155 provoca a modulação de um grande conjunto de mRNAs, os quais foram analisados com auxílio do banco de dados do \"Immunogical Genome Project\" (ImmGen) quanto aos seus aspectos funcionais focando no desenvolvimento de timócitos. Os mRNAs modulados e envolvidos neste processo, foram ainda reanalisados quanto sua capacidade de interagir por hibridização com o miR-155 (hibridização miRNA-mRNA) por meio da ferramenta computacional RNA-Hybrid. Por meio destas estratégias, conseguimos repertoriar um conjunto de mRNAs que codificam proteínas importantes para o desenvolvimento de timócitos e que são potencialmente controlados por miR-155. / The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ responsible for the induction of central immune tolerance. Histologically this organ is formed by a thymic stroma composed of thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and other cell types. The TEC cells are subdivided into cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs) and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), which are responsible for positive selection and negative selection of developing thymocytes, respectively. During its intra-thymic development, thymocytes modulate the gene expression of differentiation markers, so-called clusters of differentiation (CD) and other genes. In this project we are interested in the control of gene expression during the differentiation of thymocytes. As microRNAs (miRNAs) are essential elements of fine control of gene expression, acting at the post-transcriptional level of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of eukaryotic cells, our interest was to study this type of control in thymocytes. Among the hundreds of miRNAs been described in mice, miRNA 155 (miR-155) is strongly expressed in the thymus and spleen and its role was already demonstrated in peripheral mature T cells, but has not yet been studied during the thymocyte development. Taking into account the evidence for the role of miR-155 in mature T cells, we raise the hypothesis that this miRNA is also active in developing thymocytes. To test this, we use the miR-155 silencing strategy by using electroporation (electrotransfection) of anti-miR-155 antagonist directly into the thymus of BALB/c mice. The thymocytes of control or silenced mice were then separated by flow cytometry and RNA samples from these cells were initially analyzed by qRT-PCR to make sure of miR-155 silencing efficiency and then by hybridization with microarrays for mRNA transcriptomeanalysis. We note that miR- 155 silencing cause modulation of a large set of mRNAs, which were analyzed through \"Immunological Genome Project\" (ImmGen) database focusing on developing thymocytes. The modulated mRNAs that were involved in this process were also retested for their ability to interact with miR-155 (miRNA-mRNA hybridization) by means of RNA-Hybrid computational tool. Through these strategies we were able to found a set of mRNAs encoding proteins important for the development of thymocytes that are potentially controlled by miR-155.
34

Avaliação da expressão dos microRNAs-184, -190a-5p e -493-3p e sua correlação com o controle das crises epilépticas em pacientes operados por Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal Mesial / Evaluation of the microRNAs 184, -190a-5p and -493-3p expression and its correlation with epileptic crises control in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy operated patients

Silvestre, Renata Nacasaki 23 May 2016 (has links)
Introdução: A epilepsia pode ser considerada uma desordem neurológica causada pela anormalidade da transmissão de impulsos nervosos, devido ao aumento da excitação nervosa e/ou diminuição da sua inibição. Dentre as síndromes epilépticas, destaca-se a Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal Mesial (ELTM) devido a sua alta prevalência e refratariedade ao tratamento medicamentoso. Com intuito de implementar novas possibilidades de tratamento torna-se necessário uma maior compreensão das bases moleculares da ELTM. Dentro desta perspectiva, destacam-se os microRNAs, que possuem papel regulatório nas células, inclusive as do Sistema Nervoso Central. Com base em dados da literatura e num experimento de microarray, realizado no laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, foram escolhidos 3 dos 10 microRNAs, cujos alvos preditos estão relacionados à epileptogênese e que se apresentam diferencialmente expressos em hipocampos de pacientes com ELTM. Objetivos: avaliar a expressão diferencial de três microRNAs de interesse em hipocampos de pacientes operados por ELTM refratária ao tratamento clínico a fim de correlacionar os resultados em relação aos controles das crises epilépticas após a cirurgia. Metodologia: Foram utilizadas 15 amostras de hipocampo de pacientes com ELTM classificados como Engel I (boa evolução - nenhuma ou poucas crises convulsivas após lobectomia temporal parcial) e 15 amostras de hipocampos de pacientes classificados como Engel III/IV (má evolução - sem melhora evidente após tratamento cirúrgico). Como controles, foram utilizadas 10 amostras de hipocampo de pacientes sem doenças neurológicas, obtidas de necropsias do Serviço de Patologia do Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP). Por meio de técnica de PCR quantitativo em tempo real (RT-qPCR) foram realizadas as avaliações das expressões diferenciais dos seguintes microRNAs: miR-184, miR-190a-5p e miR-493-3p. Resultados: Em relação aos controles, o miR-184 e o miR190a-5p apresentaram-se, respectivamente, com redução significativa (p = 0,001) e com tendência a baixa expressão (p = 0,24) nos hipocampos de pacientes com ELTM. No que se refere ao controle das crises, o miR-184 apresentou-se significativamente mais expresso nos hipocampos de pacientes com pior evolução (Engel III/IV vs Engel I, p = 0,003). A expressão do miR-493-3p não se correlacionou com o controle de crises com significância estatística. Conclusão: Dentro os microRNAs avaliados, a expressão do miR-184, que possui importante papel na regulação de componentes celulares relacionados a apoptose e morte celular, correlacionou-se inversamente com o controle das crises após cirurgia (mais expresso em pacientes com má evolução) tornando-se potencial biomarcador e com valor preditivo / Introduction: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder caused by nerve impulse transmission abnormalities, by increasing nerve excitation and/or decreasing nerve inhibition. Among the epileptic syndromes, one of the most important ones is Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (MTLE) due to its high prevalence and resistance to drug treatment. A greater understanding of the epilepsy molecular basis is necessary aiming to implement new treatments possibilities. Within this field of study, it is possible to highlight the microRNA molecules, which have a regulatory role in cell regulation including in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Based on literature data and in an microarray experiment, performed in the Anatomy and Surgery Departament Molecular Biology laboratory of the Ribeirao Preto Medical School, we have chosen three out of ten microRNAs, with predicted targets related to epileptogenesis and that presented themselves differencially expressed in patients hippocampus with MTLE. Objective: To evaluate three microRNAs of interest which were differentially expressed in the hippocampus of MTLE drug-resistant operated patients in order to correlate the results with the clinical evolution based on the seizures control after surgery. Methodology: Fifteen hippocampus samples from patients with MTLE classified as Engel I (good evolution - without seizures or few seizures after surgical resection) and 15 samples from patients classified as Engel III/IV (bad evolution - no evident improvement after surgery) were used in this study. In the control group, we used ten samples of hippocampus fragments from patients without neurological diseases, that were obtained from the Ribeirao Preto Clinical Hospital Pathology and Legal Medicine Service. The differential expression validation from microRNAs-184, -190a-5p and -493-3p were performed by quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) technique. Results: Regarding the controls, miR-184 and miR- 190a-5p showed, respectively, a significant expression reduction (p=0,001) and a decreased expression tendency (p=0,24) in MTLE patients. If we consider seizure control, miR-184 presented itself significantly upregulated in bad evolution hippocampus patients (Engel III/IV vs Engel I, p=0,003). miR-493-3p did not show expression differences with statistical significance. Conclusions: After evaluating the expression of these microRNAs, it was possible to conclude that microRNA-184, which regulates cellular death and apoptosis related components, was the best molecule that could differentiate the patients regarding seizure control after surgery, and that fact makes this microRNA a potential biomarker with predictive value
35

Avaliação da expressão dos microRNAs-184, -190a-5p e -493-3p e sua correlação com o controle das crises epilépticas em pacientes operados por Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal Mesial / Evaluation of the microRNAs 184, -190a-5p and -493-3p expression and its correlation with epileptic crises control in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy operated patients

Renata Nacasaki Silvestre 23 May 2016 (has links)
Introdução: A epilepsia pode ser considerada uma desordem neurológica causada pela anormalidade da transmissão de impulsos nervosos, devido ao aumento da excitação nervosa e/ou diminuição da sua inibição. Dentre as síndromes epilépticas, destaca-se a Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal Mesial (ELTM) devido a sua alta prevalência e refratariedade ao tratamento medicamentoso. Com intuito de implementar novas possibilidades de tratamento torna-se necessário uma maior compreensão das bases moleculares da ELTM. Dentro desta perspectiva, destacam-se os microRNAs, que possuem papel regulatório nas células, inclusive as do Sistema Nervoso Central. Com base em dados da literatura e num experimento de microarray, realizado no laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, foram escolhidos 3 dos 10 microRNAs, cujos alvos preditos estão relacionados à epileptogênese e que se apresentam diferencialmente expressos em hipocampos de pacientes com ELTM. Objetivos: avaliar a expressão diferencial de três microRNAs de interesse em hipocampos de pacientes operados por ELTM refratária ao tratamento clínico a fim de correlacionar os resultados em relação aos controles das crises epilépticas após a cirurgia. Metodologia: Foram utilizadas 15 amostras de hipocampo de pacientes com ELTM classificados como Engel I (boa evolução - nenhuma ou poucas crises convulsivas após lobectomia temporal parcial) e 15 amostras de hipocampos de pacientes classificados como Engel III/IV (má evolução - sem melhora evidente após tratamento cirúrgico). Como controles, foram utilizadas 10 amostras de hipocampo de pacientes sem doenças neurológicas, obtidas de necropsias do Serviço de Patologia do Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP). Por meio de técnica de PCR quantitativo em tempo real (RT-qPCR) foram realizadas as avaliações das expressões diferenciais dos seguintes microRNAs: miR-184, miR-190a-5p e miR-493-3p. Resultados: Em relação aos controles, o miR-184 e o miR190a-5p apresentaram-se, respectivamente, com redução significativa (p = 0,001) e com tendência a baixa expressão (p = 0,24) nos hipocampos de pacientes com ELTM. No que se refere ao controle das crises, o miR-184 apresentou-se significativamente mais expresso nos hipocampos de pacientes com pior evolução (Engel III/IV vs Engel I, p = 0,003). A expressão do miR-493-3p não se correlacionou com o controle de crises com significância estatística. Conclusão: Dentro os microRNAs avaliados, a expressão do miR-184, que possui importante papel na regulação de componentes celulares relacionados a apoptose e morte celular, correlacionou-se inversamente com o controle das crises após cirurgia (mais expresso em pacientes com má evolução) tornando-se potencial biomarcador e com valor preditivo / Introduction: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder caused by nerve impulse transmission abnormalities, by increasing nerve excitation and/or decreasing nerve inhibition. Among the epileptic syndromes, one of the most important ones is Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (MTLE) due to its high prevalence and resistance to drug treatment. A greater understanding of the epilepsy molecular basis is necessary aiming to implement new treatments possibilities. Within this field of study, it is possible to highlight the microRNA molecules, which have a regulatory role in cell regulation including in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Based on literature data and in an microarray experiment, performed in the Anatomy and Surgery Departament Molecular Biology laboratory of the Ribeirao Preto Medical School, we have chosen three out of ten microRNAs, with predicted targets related to epileptogenesis and that presented themselves differencially expressed in patients hippocampus with MTLE. Objective: To evaluate three microRNAs of interest which were differentially expressed in the hippocampus of MTLE drug-resistant operated patients in order to correlate the results with the clinical evolution based on the seizures control after surgery. Methodology: Fifteen hippocampus samples from patients with MTLE classified as Engel I (good evolution - without seizures or few seizures after surgical resection) and 15 samples from patients classified as Engel III/IV (bad evolution - no evident improvement after surgery) were used in this study. In the control group, we used ten samples of hippocampus fragments from patients without neurological diseases, that were obtained from the Ribeirao Preto Clinical Hospital Pathology and Legal Medicine Service. The differential expression validation from microRNAs-184, -190a-5p and -493-3p were performed by quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) technique. Results: Regarding the controls, miR-184 and miR- 190a-5p showed, respectively, a significant expression reduction (p=0,001) and a decreased expression tendency (p=0,24) in MTLE patients. If we consider seizure control, miR-184 presented itself significantly upregulated in bad evolution hippocampus patients (Engel III/IV vs Engel I, p=0,003). miR-493-3p did not show expression differences with statistical significance. Conclusions: After evaluating the expression of these microRNAs, it was possible to conclude that microRNA-184, which regulates cellular death and apoptosis related components, was the best molecule that could differentiate the patients regarding seizure control after surgery, and that fact makes this microRNA a potential biomarker with predictive value
36

Détermination sur tissu endométrial néoplasique de profils d'expression de micro-ARNs associés à l'envahissement ganglionnaire dans le cancer de l'endomètre de type endométrioïde de stade précoce / Identification of microRNA expression profile related to lymph node status in women with early-stage grade 1-2 endometrial cancer

Canlorbe, Geoffroy 13 October 2017 (has links)
La classification du cancer de l'endomètre, basée sur l'histologie, conditionne la prise en charge thérapeutique alors qu'elle ne montre pas une pertinence suffisante pour prédire l'envahissement ganglionnaire. La détermination de profils d'expression biologiques corrélés au statut ganglionnaire et à d'autres facteurs pronostiques majeurs tels que les emboles apparait donc fondamentale pour mieux adapter la prise en charge. Nous avons montré, par une analyse de puce à partir des ARNs extraits de tissus sous paraffine de cancer de l'endomètre de type endométrioide, de grade 1-2, supposé limité à l'utérus, que les niveaux d'expression de cinq micro-ARNs (miR-34c-5p, -375, -184, -34c-3p, et -34b-5p) étaient plus faibles dans les tissus tumoraux avec envahissement ganglionnaire. Les niveaux d'expression de trois micro-ARNs (miR-34c-5p, -23b-5p, et -23c) étaient plus faibles dans les tissus tumoraux avec emboles lymphovasculaires. Une analyse par RT-qPCR a permis de déterminer des seuils de micro-ARNs corrélés aux facteurs pronostiques. Les patientes avec seuil d'expression du micro-ARN-184 <0,30 avaient un envahissement ganglionnaire dans 60% des cas, contre 11,5% pour les patientes avec un seuil d'expression de micro-ARN-184 >0,30, p=0,006. Les patientes avec seuil d'expression du micro-ARN-34c-5p <0,15 avaient un risque plus élevé d'avoir des emboles (92,3%) que les patientes avec un seuil d'expression de micro-ARN-34c-5p >0,15 (0,0%), p<0,001. Ces profils d'expression de micro-ARNs fournissent les bases pour de nouvelles études sur la fonction des micro-ARNs dans le cancer de l'endomètre et pourraient constituer un nouvel outil au diagnostic du statut ganglionnaire. / Current histological classification of early-stage endometrial cancer (EC) may show insufficient accuracy to precisely predict lymph node metastases leading to potential over or under treatment. Hence, additional highly sensitive and specific molecular prognostic biomarkers correlated with prognostic factors, such as nodal involvement and lymphovascular space involvement (LVSI), are needed to better adapt surgical management and adjuvant therapies. We fstudied by microarray analysis microRNA expression profiles of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded grade 1–2 supposed early-stage endometrioid adenocarcinomas specimen. The expression levels of 5 microRNAs (miR-34c-5p, -375, -184, -34c-3p, et -34b-5p) were lower in the EC with positive nodal status compared to those with negative nodal status. The expression levels of 3 microRNAs (miR-34c-5p, -23b-5p, et -23c) were lower in the EC with positive LVSI compared to those with negative LVSI. A quantitative reverse transcriptase–PCR assay was used to determine micro-RNAs thresholds correlated with prognostic factors. Women with a microRNA-184-fold change <0.30 were more likely to have positive lymph node (n=6; 60.0%) compared with those with a microRNA-184-fold change >0.30 (n=3; 11.5%), p=0.006. Women with a microRNA-34c-5p fold change <0.15 were more likely to have positive LVSI status (n=12; 92.3%) compared with those with a microRNA-34c-5p fold change >0.15 (n=0; 0.0%), p<0.001. These microRNA expression profiles may provide a basis for further studies of the micro-RNA function in endometrioid adenocarcinoma, and be used as a diagnostic tool.
37

Effects of the microRNA cluster 132/212 in primary dopaminergic neurons

Schünemann, Jonas Sebastian 25 March 2021 (has links)
No description available.
38

Functional Interrogation of microRNA-375 in Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Abraham, KARAN 15 August 2013 (has links)
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but highly aggressive neuroendocrine cutaneous cancer whose molecular biology is poorly characterized. Our broad research objective is to identify microRNAs (miRNA) that are biologically and/or clinically important in MCC. While attempting to establish an MCC-specific miRNA signature, we observed that microRNA-375 was the most highly expressed miRNA in primary MCC tumours relative to normal skin – an observation that I propose reflects miR-375’s specific association with neuroendocrine (NE) and secretory subpopulations within normal tissues. Here, I report that miR-375 is strikingly elevated in a range of NE tumour types compared with tissue-matched cancers of non-neuroendocrine origin. Furthermore, I show that miR-375 is expressed abundantly in a subset of MCC cell lines that possess the biochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics of NE cells, but is silenced in cell lines that fail to retain these markers. I demonstrate that the enforced expression of miR-375 induces a NE gene expression signature – a phenomenon that is mechanistically driven by the post-transcriptional repression of multiple Notch pathway components by miR-375. This work identifies the Notch pathway as a novel mechanistic link between the association of miR-375 and a NE cell fate, provides new insights into the cellular ancestry of MCC, and suggests that miR-375 could facilitate clinicopathological diagnosis of MCC and other NE tumours as a novel biomarker. miR-375 is silenced in “variant” MCC cell lines, and inversely correlates with cell doubling time and overall aggressiveness. Therefore, despite its high expression in most MCC tumours, I propose that miR-375 is an endogenous tumour suppressor. I show that the enforced expression of miR-375 inhibits cell viability, impairs cell migration and invasion, can oppose survival under stress, and represses the AKT pro-survival signaling pathway. Only siRNA-mediated inhibition of Notch2 and Recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region (RBPJ) phenocopied the effects of miR-375 overexpression. Because variant (miR-375low) cell lines originate from more aggressive tumours in both MCC and small cell lung carcinoma, I postulate that miR-375 silencing occurs in a subset of MCC patients and might predispose them to a highly virulent clinical course through the disinhibition of Notch signaling. / Thesis (Master, Pathology & Molecular Medicine) -- Queen's University, 2013-08-15 09:59:09.832
39

Understanding the role of MiR-16-5p in prion-induced neurodegeneration

Burak, Kristyn 03 February 2017 (has links)
Neurodegenerative diseases are a diverse group of progressive diseases that include Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and prion disease. Although these diseases differ in etiology, they share a number of similarities at the molecular level. For instance, microRNA (miRNA), small RNA molecules that post-translationally regulate gene expression, are often differentially regulated during disease. A previous study identified key miRNA that are dysregulated during prion disease in the hippocampus. Of these miRNA, miR-16-5p is of particular interest, as it has also been found to be dysregulated in AD. The objective of this thesis is to characterize the role of miR-16-5p within hippocampal neurons in order to understand its function during neurodegeneration. It is hypothesized that hippocampal miR-16-5p, given its induction in hippocampal neurons during preclinical disease, plays a role in regulating the dendritic remodeling and synaptic pruning that is the earliest pathological feature of neuronal degeneration in prion disease. To address this hypothesis, primary hippocampal neurons were dissected from embryonic day 18 mice and treated with a lentiviral vector at maturity. This vector either encoded miR-16 or miRZIP-16, causing overexpression or knockdown of miR-16, respectively. Immunoprecipitation of the miRNA-16 enriched RISC complex was then performed, and the co-immunoprecipitated target mRNA was subjected to a whole genome microarray. Analysis of microarray data in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis pinpointed 181 genes involved in neuronal morphology and neurological disease targeted by miR-16. In particular, the MAPK/ERK pathway was targeted at TrkB, MEK1 and c-Raf. This is of interest, as we know that this pathway is disrupted in other neurodegenerative diseases and is directly implicated in neuronal morphology. Subsequent morphological analysis revealed that overexpression of miR-16 in neuronal cells decreased neurite length and branching, consistent with the downregulation of components of the MAPK/ERK pathway. In conclusion, miR-16 targets many mRNA transcripts within the hippocampus that are important members of pathways involved in neuronal development and neurodegeneration, including the MAPK/ERK pathway. / February 2017
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MicroRNAs em plasticidade muscular: efeitos da superexpressão do miR-29c na modulação da massa muscular esquelética. / MicroRNAs in muscle plasticity: overexpression of miR-29c in modulation of skeletal muscle mass.

Silva, William José da 11 April 2019 (has links)
O músculo esquelético é o tecido mais abundante do organismo, é importante em diversas habilidades básicas nas atividades de vida diária, como: movimento, postura corporal e respiração, além de outros processos fisiológicos importantes para manutenção do equilíbrio metabólico e defesa imunológica. Para se manter em adequado funcionamento, o músculo esquelético possui uma alta plasticidade, remodelando sua estrutura e função de acordo com as exigências do ambiente. Os microRNAs são pequenos RNAs não codificadores de proteínas que podem regular a expressão gênica a nível pós-transcricional. Nas últimas décadas o conhecimento dos microRNAs na biologia do músculo esquelético vem abrindo portas para novas abordagens que visam otimizar a boa saúde da musculatura esquelética. Neste trabalho, nosso principal objetivo foi identificar e caracterizar microRNAs com potencial de modulação da regeneração e massa muscular esquelética. Utilizamos uma análise in silico para identificar os microRNAs que tem como alvo predito genes associados a vias que regulam a regeneração e massa muscular, em seguida manipulamos in vitro (células C2C12) e in vivo (camundongos C57BL/6) a expressão desses microRNAs, analisando a expressão desses genes e as consequências nas células e no tecido muscular. Na primeira parte deste trabalho, analisamos a hipótese de que certos microRNAs poderiam regular a expressão de MuRF1 e MuRF2 (E3-ligase importantes para o processo de regeneração muscular). Identificamos os microRNAs miR-29c e miR-101a que têm como alvo predito MuRF1, e miR-133a e miR-133b que tem como alvo predito MuRF2. MuRF1 é induzido nos primeiros estágios do processo de regeneração muscular e seus miRs potencialmente reguladores são reprimidos durante esse processo. A superexpressão de miR-29c e miR-101a reduz a expressão de MuRF1 em células C2C12, enquanto que, em um ensaio de luciferase, validamos MuRF1 como alvo direto apenas do miR-29c. Além disso, a superexpressão de miR-29c durante a diferenciação de células C2C12 promove a miogênese, com aumento do diâmetro e índice de fusão de miotubos, enquanto que a superexpressão do miR-101a provocou uma redução no diâmetro dos miotubos. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, identificamos in silico o miR-29c como um potencial regulador da massa muscular esquelética, em seguida através de um método de entrega gênica por meio de eletroporação, superexpressamos o miR-29c no músculo de camundongos. A superexpressão do miR-29c, promoveu um aumento da massa e do número de sarcomeros em serie, com ganho de força e função no músculo e esse efeito foi acompanhado de um remodelamento tecidual com aumento do número de células satélite ativadas. Tomados juntos, nossos resultados revelam que o miR-29c tem um efeito hipertrófico com ganho de função. A superexpressão deste microRNA pode ser uma ferramententa útil para futuras abordagens terapêuticas que visem a manipulação da massa muscular esquelética. / The skeletal muscle is the body most abundant tissue. It plays an important role in daily life activities, such as movement, posture, and breathing. In addition, this tissue is crucial at physiological processes like metabolic equilibrium and immune defense. The substantial adaptability in response to environmental change marks skeletal muscle as a plastic organ. This plasticity could be coordinated by microRNAs, those are small non-protein-coding RNAs that regulate post-transcriptional gene expression. This knowledge has fostered new approaches that aim to optimize the skeletal muscle health. Thus, in this work, we intended to identify and characterize microRNAs that modulate the muscle mass and the regeneration process. An in silico analyses has allowed the identification of microRNAs who possibly bind genes from pathways of skeletal muscle mass control and regeneration. After, we manipulated the expression of those microRNAs on C2C12 cells and C57BL/6 mice. Finally, we measured the transcriptional levels of target genes and the impact of these alterations on the cells and on muscle tissue. In the first section of this work, we hypothesized that microRNAs could regulate MURF1 and MURF2 expression, both E3-ligases important for the regeneration process. In our analysis, MURF1 was a predictable target of miR-29c and miR-101a while for MURF2 were identified miR-133a and 133b. During the regeneration process, MURF1 is up-regulated and its predicted target microRNAs are downregulated. In this context the hyperexpression of both miR-29c and miR-101a in C2C12 cells induced MURF1 down-regulation. Furthermore, miR-29c promotes myogenesis with an increase in myotubes diameter and fusion index. In contrast, miR-101a expression reduces myotubes diameter with no change at the fusion index. Lastly, luciferase assay validated only miR-29c directly target MURF1 3`UTR. In the second section of this work, we identified miR-29c as a potential regulator of skeletal muscle mass. Then through gene delivery by electroporation, we induce miR-29c overexpression in mice skeletal muscle. This procedure promoted an increase in muscle mass as well as a gain in strength, endurance and sarcomere number, furthermore the number of activated satellite cells. Taken together our results found that miR-29c has a hypertrophic effect with gain in muscle function. Thus, the overexpression of this microRNA could be a useful tool for future therapeutics that manipulate muscle mass.

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