Modelos numéricos de equações primitivas, tais como BRAMS, apresentam erros intrínsecos em suas soluções. Esses erros têm várias causas, entre as quais se pode citar: imperfeição do método numérico que aproxima as equações diferenciais por equações de diferenças finitas, resolução da grade, dificuldade em representar os termos não lineares das equações do modelo, entre outros. Neste trabalho são comparados dois métodos de pós-processamento estatístico, Model Outuput Statistics (MOS) e Model Outuput Calibration (MOC) para avaliar se é necessário e em caso afirmativo qual é o mais adequado para ser utilizado juntamente com o modelo BRAMS em execução no Laboratório de Meteorologia e Qualidade do Ar (LMQA/CEPSRM/UFRGS). Essas duas técnicas se mostram muito eficientes em compensar erros, porém a primeira tem a desvantagem de requerer uma grande base de dados e ainda a necessidade de alterar as equações quando ocorrem modificações no Modelo. O outro método difere do primeiro por calcular o erro da variável, e não o seu valor, e utilizar dados recentes para calcular a equação de regressão. Foram geradas previsões com saídas de 3 em 3h para o período de 01 de janeiro de 2008 até 31 dezembro de 2009, período de treinamento do MOS, e de 29 de maio até 31 de julho de 2010, período de treinamento do MOC e teste dos dois métodos. No trabalho é feita uma análise detalhada dos dois métodos em oito localidades do Rio Grande do Sul, para as variáveis temperatura da superfície, umidade relativa do ar em superfície, pressão à superfície e chuva acumulada em 1h. Os resultados obtidos com a utilização dos métodos estatísticos aumentaram a acurácia da previsão em relação às previsões do modelo BRAMS para temperatura, umidade e pressão. Em um dos resultados obtidos, em Vacaria, o MOC consegue acompanhar uma grande variação na pressão e melhora 49,12% a saída do modelo, enquanto o MOS apresenta resultado negativo (-767,97%). Em outro caso, na cidade de Santa Maria, os dois métodos conseguem melhorar 86% a pressão. / Some variables predicted by Weather Numerical Models are frequently influenced by errors. Such errors occurs not only to the assumptions used in the construction of the model equations of physics/dynamics, but also by the topography used. This work compares two statistical post-processing methods Model Outuput Statistics (MOS) and Model Outuput Calibration (MOC) to evaluate which is most suitable to calibrate the model (BRAMS) running in Meteorology and Air Quality Laboratory (LMQA/CEPSRM/UFRGS). These two techniques proved very effective in compensating errors, but first has the disadvantage of requiring a large database and need to modify the equations when changes occur. Other method differs from the first to calculate error of the variable, not its value properly and use recent data to calculate the regression equation. Predictions were generated during 3hs intervals from January 1st, 2008 to December 31, 2009 to MOS training period. MOC training period and testing occurs from May 29 until July 31, 2010. This work goal is a detailed analysis of the two methods in eight locations of Rio Grande do Sul State to temperature, humidity, pressure and preciptation. The results are satisfactory to first of 3 variables. In Vacaria city, MOC follow a wide variation in pressure and reached an improvement by 49.12%, while MOS, achieved 767.97% down. In another case, Santa Maria city, two methods can improve 86 % pressure results.

Modelos numéricos de equações primitivas, tais como BRAMS, apresentam erros intrínsecos em suas soluções. Esses erros têm várias causas, entre as quais se pode citar: imperfeição do método numérico que aproxima as equações diferenciais por equações de diferenças finitas, resolução da grade, dificuldade em representar os termos não lineares das equações do modelo, entre outros. Neste trabalho são comparados dois métodos de pós-processamento estatístico, Model Outuput Statistics (MOS) e Model Outuput Calibration (MOC) para avaliar se é necessário e em caso afirmativo qual é o mais adequado para ser utilizado juntamente com o modelo BRAMS em execução no Laboratório de Meteorologia e Qualidade do Ar (LMQA/CEPSRM/UFRGS). Essas duas técnicas se mostram muito eficientes em compensar erros, porém a primeira tem a desvantagem de requerer uma grande base de dados e ainda a necessidade de alterar as equações quando ocorrem modificações no Modelo. O outro método difere do primeiro por calcular o erro da variável, e não o seu valor, e utilizar dados recentes para calcular a equação de regressão. Foram geradas previsões com saídas de 3 em 3h para o período de 01 de janeiro de 2008 até 31 dezembro de 2009, período de treinamento do MOS, e de 29 de maio até 31 de julho de 2010, período de treinamento do MOC e teste dos dois métodos. No trabalho é feita uma análise detalhada dos dois métodos em oito localidades do Rio Grande do Sul, para as variáveis temperatura da superfície, umidade relativa do ar em superfície, pressão à superfície e chuva acumulada em 1h. Os resultados obtidos com a utilização dos métodos estatísticos aumentaram a acurácia da previsão em relação às previsões do modelo BRAMS para temperatura, umidade e pressão. Em um dos resultados obtidos, em Vacaria, o MOC consegue acompanhar uma grande variação na pressão e melhora 49,12% a saída do modelo, enquanto o MOS apresenta resultado negativo (-767,97%). Em outro caso, na cidade de Santa Maria, os dois métodos conseguem melhorar 86% a pressão. / Some variables predicted by Weather Numerical Models are frequently influenced by errors. Such errors occurs not only to the assumptions used in the construction of the model equations of physics/dynamics, but also by the topography used. This work compares two statistical post-processing methods Model Outuput Statistics (MOS) and Model Outuput Calibration (MOC) to evaluate which is most suitable to calibrate the model (BRAMS) running in Meteorology and Air Quality Laboratory (LMQA/CEPSRM/UFRGS). These two techniques proved very effective in compensating errors, but first has the disadvantage of requiring a large database and need to modify the equations when changes occur. Other method differs from the first to calculate error of the variable, not its value properly and use recent data to calculate the regression equation. Predictions were generated during 3hs intervals from January 1st, 2008 to December 31, 2009 to MOS training period. MOC training period and testing occurs from May 29 until July 31, 2010. This work goal is a detailed analysis of the two methods in eight locations of Rio Grande do Sul State to temperature, humidity, pressure and preciptation. The results are satisfactory to first of 3 variables. In Vacaria city, MOC follow a wide variation in pressure and reached an improvement by 49.12%, while MOS, achieved 767.97% down. In another case, Santa Maria city, two methods can improve 86 % pressure results.

Modelos numéricos de equações primitivas, tais como BRAMS, apresentam erros intrínsecos em suas soluções. Esses erros têm várias causas, entre as quais se pode citar: imperfeição do método numérico que aproxima as equações diferenciais por equações de diferenças finitas, resolução da grade, dificuldade em representar os termos não lineares das equações do modelo, entre outros. Neste trabalho são comparados dois métodos de pós-processamento estatístico, Model Outuput Statistics (MOS) e Model Outuput Calibration (MOC) para avaliar se é necessário e em caso afirmativo qual é o mais adequado para ser utilizado juntamente com o modelo BRAMS em execução no Laboratório de Meteorologia e Qualidade do Ar (LMQA/CEPSRM/UFRGS). Essas duas técnicas se mostram muito eficientes em compensar erros, porém a primeira tem a desvantagem de requerer uma grande base de dados e ainda a necessidade de alterar as equações quando ocorrem modificações no Modelo. O outro método difere do primeiro por calcular o erro da variável, e não o seu valor, e utilizar dados recentes para calcular a equação de regressão. Foram geradas previsões com saídas de 3 em 3h para o período de 01 de janeiro de 2008 até 31 dezembro de 2009, período de treinamento do MOS, e de 29 de maio até 31 de julho de 2010, período de treinamento do MOC e teste dos dois métodos. No trabalho é feita uma análise detalhada dos dois métodos em oito localidades do Rio Grande do Sul, para as variáveis temperatura da superfície, umidade relativa do ar em superfície, pressão à superfície e chuva acumulada em 1h. Os resultados obtidos com a utilização dos métodos estatísticos aumentaram a acurácia da previsão em relação às previsões do modelo BRAMS para temperatura, umidade e pressão. Em um dos resultados obtidos, em Vacaria, o MOC consegue acompanhar uma grande variação na pressão e melhora 49,12% a saída do modelo, enquanto o MOS apresenta resultado negativo (-767,97%). Em outro caso, na cidade de Santa Maria, os dois métodos conseguem melhorar 86% a pressão. / Some variables predicted by Weather Numerical Models are frequently influenced by errors. Such errors occurs not only to the assumptions used in the construction of the model equations of physics/dynamics, but also by the topography used. This work compares two statistical post-processing methods Model Outuput Statistics (MOS) and Model Outuput Calibration (MOC) to evaluate which is most suitable to calibrate the model (BRAMS) running in Meteorology and Air Quality Laboratory (LMQA/CEPSRM/UFRGS). These two techniques proved very effective in compensating errors, but first has the disadvantage of requiring a large database and need to modify the equations when changes occur. Other method differs from the first to calculate error of the variable, not its value properly and use recent data to calculate the regression equation. Predictions were generated during 3hs intervals from January 1st, 2008 to December 31, 2009 to MOS training period. MOC training period and testing occurs from May 29 until July 31, 2010. This work goal is a detailed analysis of the two methods in eight locations of Rio Grande do Sul State to temperature, humidity, pressure and preciptation. The results are satisfactory to first of 3 variables. In Vacaria city, MOC follow a wide variation in pressure and reached an improvement by 49.12%, while MOS, achieved 767.97% down. In another case, Santa Maria city, two methods can improve 86 % pressure results.

Power of attorney and its significance in civil law First, in my thesis I generally dealt with the representations, I outlined the historical development, I mentioned very briefly adjustment of the legal representation and then I examined the conditions a person must meet in order to become a representative. The emphasis was put mainly on the distinction of the various terms associated with the institution of representation by power of attorney, as a unilateral act of the principal. Although the main part of the thesis was focused on adjustment in the Civil Code, I also mentioned provisions of the Commercial Code and a separate chapter is devoted to modify the representation by power of attorney in the Civil Procedure Code. The importance of representation by power of attorney is very significant, so I explored this part in a separate chapter. As this institute is used in practice almost every day, I focused on individual persons authorized to represent and on their most important rights and obligations. The aim of the chapter on certain types of contracts was only to point out some differences between them, not to provide their detailed analysis. An interesting and inspiring chapter then focuses on the comparison of Czech legislation with the legislation of Australia. In the last chapter I tried...

Investigaciones paleocenográficas y simulaciones numéricas están mostrando que el Hemisferio Sur desempeña un papel importante, tanto en los cambios de la circulación global como en la definición del estado climático terrestre. Una región clave para la circulación global se encuentra en la región alrededor de Sudáfrica. Aquí, aguas superficiales y de termoclina del Océano Índico son transferidas al Atlántico a través de anillos y de filamentos de la Corriente de Agulhas. En profundidad, la transferencia de agua se produce en la dirección opuesta, con Agua Profunda del Atlántico Norte (North Atlantic Deep Water, NADW), abandonando la cuenca atlántica y entrando en la índica. La entrada de aguas cálidas y saladas de Agulhas al Atlántico Sur se cree que puede influir en el Atlántico Norte a través de perturbaciones en los balances de flotabilidad, siendo crucial para el modo y estabilidad de la Circulación Meridional Atlántica (Meridional Overturning Circulation, MOC). En esta Tesis presento registros de 345.000 años de isótopos estables de foraminíferos planctónicos y bentónicos, Cd/Ca de bentónicos, Mg/Ca de planctónicos, granoclasificación de arcillas (sortable silt) y censos de foraminíferos de un registro combinado de dos testigos sedimentarios recuperados a profundidades medias (~ 2500 m) aguas adentro de Sudáfrica. Los registros permiten discernir la circulación superficial y profunda pasada y evaluar la conexión entre el flujo superficial de aguas índicas hacia el Atlántico y el flujo de aguas profundas atlánticas hacia el Índico. La circulación profunda del Atlántico se cree que era diferente durante el Último Máximo Glacial (Last Glacial Maximum, LGM), con NADW siendo sustituida por un agua intermedia (Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water, GNAIW) y con Aguas de Componente Sur (Southern Component Water, SCW) expandiéndose más hacia el norte e invadiendo la cuenca a menores profundidades. Hemos encontrado evidencias de que la circulación profunda durante las partes intermedias de los períodos glaciales MIS 6 y 8 (Estadio Isotópico Marino: Marine Isotope Stages, MIS) era similar a la del LGM. Asimismo, encontramos indicios de que la SCW es una mezcla de un agua superior bien ventilada (Upper Southern Component Water, USCW) e inferior mal ventilada (Lower Southern Component Water, LSCW). Durante las fases iniciales de ambos períodos glaciales, la circulación profunda probablemente no difería substancialmente de la actual. Esto, juntamente con valores de los registros de superficie similares a los presentes sugiere un modo de conexión entre la transferencia de aguas de Agulhas y la MOC similar a la actual. Desde estos valores tipo¬interglacial en los períodos glaciales tempranos, los registros superficiales muestran tendencias crecientes, alcanzando niveles máximos mucho antes de las Terminaciones y colapsando a niveles interglaciales al entrar en los períodos cálidos MIS 5e, 7e y 9c. Estudios previos y modelos numéricos muestran una presencia considerable de aguas de Agulhas en el Atlántico durante las Terminaciones y sugieren que esta entrada de aguas cálidas y saladas podría haber sido fundamental para el restablecimiento de las condiciones interglaciales. Nuestros registros demuestran este postulado ya que la máxima presencia de aguas de Agulhas ocurre en paralelo con la recuperación de niveles interglaciales en los registros profundos. Es posible que el colapso de aguas de Agulhas al comienzo de los interglaciales indique el restablecimiento de un modo moderno de conexión entre el leakage de aguas de Agulhas a través de anillos y la liberación de aguas cálidas y saladas acumuladas en el Índico. Curiosamente, durante MIS 2 y las partes intermedias de MIS 6 y 8, los indicadores de circulación superficial registran una fuerte presencia de aguas de Agulhas a la vez que la SCW dominaba la hidrografía profunda. Esto indicaría que en estos momentos, o bien la fuerte presencia de aguas de Agulhas no generaría una anomalía de flotabilidad en el Atlántico Sur de modo eficiente o bien que otros factores, por ejemplo, la propia climatología del Atlántico Norte, podrían prevalecer sobre la anomalía de salinidad impuesta por las aguas de Agulhas. / Paleocenographic research and numerical model simulations increasingly are emphasizing that the Southern Hemisphere plays an important role, both in global circulation changes and in defining the state of Earth's climate. A key region for the global circulation system is found in the neighbourhood of southern Africa. Here, surface and thermocline Indian Ocean Waters are transferred to the Atlantic by rings and filaments of the Agulhas Current. At depth, the water is transferred in the opposite direction, with North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) leaving the Atlantic and entering the Indian. The input of warm, salty Agulhas Waters to the South Atlantic is thought to influence the far distant North Atlantic by way of buoyancy perturbation, being crucial for the mode and stability of the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC). In this Thesis I present 345,000-year-long records of planktonic and benthic foraminifera stable isotopes, benthic Cd/Ca, planktonic Mg/Ca, sortable silt and foraminiferal census counts from a spliced record of two mid-depth (~2500 m) sediment cores from off South Africa. The records allow deciphering the past surface and deep circulation in the area and assessing the linkage between both, the surface flux of Indian waters towards the Atlantic and the deep flux of Atlantic waters towards the Indian. The Atlantic deep circulation is thought to have been different during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), with NADW being replaced by Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water (GNAIW) and Southern Component Waters (SCW) spreading further north and bathing the basin to shallower depths. We find evidence that the deep circulation during middle phases of the glacials Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 and 8 was similar to that of the LGM. At the same time, we find indications that SCW was a mixture of an Upper well-ventilated component (USCW) and a Lower poorly-ventilated one (LSCW). During early glacial phases of both, MIS 6 and 8, the deep Atlantic circulation was plausibly not much different from today's. This, in conjunction with values of the surface records similar to present ones, indicates presence of Agulhas Water at our site and suggests a persistence of the modern-type linkage between Agulhas Leakage and MOC. From these interglacial-like values at the initiation of the glacial periods, the surface records display increasing trends reaching maximum values well before glacial Terminations and collapsing to interglacial levels as the warm periods MIS 5e, 7e and 9c are reached. Previous studies and numerical models show a prominent presence of Agulhas Waters in the South Atlantic during glacial Terminations and suggest that this input could have been pivotal for the reestablishment of interglacial climate conditions. Our records demostrate this contention as maximum presence of Agulhas Waters occurs in parallel with the recovery to interglacial levels of the deep circulation records. It is possible that the collapse of Agulhas Waters at the beginning of interglacial periods indicates the reestablishment of a modern-type mode of Agulhas Water Leakage through rings and the release of warm saline waters stored in the Indian Ocean. Intriguingly, during MIS 2 and mid-glacial MIS 6 and 8, the surface circulation proxies record a strong presence of Agulhas Waters while SCW was dominating the deep hydrography. This indicates that at these times either the presence of Agulhas Waters was unable to efficiently generate a buoyancy anomaly in the South Atlantic or that other factors were able to overcome the salt anomaly imposed by the Agulhas Waters, for instance North Atlantic climatology.

The first part of the doctoral thesis approaches its topic from the historical point of view: firstly, it summarises the history of the Diocese of Litoměřice from the erection of the Chapter of Canons in 1057; secondly, it briefly describes the history of the Diocese from its foundation in 1655 to 1989; thirdly, the events from 1989 to 2010 are discussed in detail, i.e. the episcopacy of Msgr. Josef Koukl after 15 years of vacant see in the context of the reconstruction of the Diocese after the fall of the communist regime, the situation in the Diocese during the episcopacy of Bishop Pavel Posád, the following period when the Diocese was administered by Dominik Duka and finally the time after Bishop Jan Baxant took canonical possession. The second part of the doctoral thesis is divided into six chapters and approaches the chosen period thematically according to the branches of the Canon Law. It tackles the governance of the Diocese, personnel and territorial-administrative matters, the exercise of the legislative, administrative and judicial power within the establishment and application of the Canon Law from 1990 to 2010. The thesis investigates activities of the Diocesan Bishops, of the Vicars General and Episcopal Vicars and of the Diocesan Curia; it deals with the exercise of the judicial power...

REPRESENTATION The thesis is focused on the institute of representation in general. It provides an explanation of basic attributes of representation and it's resolution methods. Given the scope of the thesis it was not possible to cover discourse about all forms of representation and therefore it is mainly focused on direct representation in substantive law. The work is based on current regulation contained in Law No. 89/2012 Coll., The Civil Code and it highlights the most significant changes which has occurred since the date of effectiveness of this Code in regulation of representation. It also refers to consequences of these changes and contentious issues which arise with the application of individual provisions. This work deals with contractual and statutory representation including representation of an entrepreneur and representation of legal entities, briefly describes representation in family law. There is also an elaborated issue of guardianship that has been affected by significant changes. It refers to guardian council and guardianship of legal entities that are newly adjusted in Czech legal order. There is also included characterization of preliminary declaration, supported decision making, representation by the member of the household.

Representation: This thesis on the topic of representation is focused generally on behalf of the Institute. It mainly deals with the rules contained in Civil Code, Act no. 89/2012 Coll. It desribes basic concepts and methods of resolution representation. Its interpretation focuses on the diferences between any forms of representation. In that case, it is not possible to write up the entire institution of the representation, which was one of the largest in the law. This work is therefore focused on the substantive representation, and especially on the conditions for the creation and termination of contractual representation and on guardianship and especially guardianship of individuals. The thesis contains also an outline of the historical development of the Institute's presence in our law, but again, considering the vastness of representation, it is not an exhaustive analysis, but merely mentioning the most significant sources. An element of this thesis is also an overview of the procedural representation in civil court proceedings. Adoption of the Civil Code Act no. 89/2012 Coll. had to institute represented a significant impact when to applicable law brought many new important sub-institutes, and greater clarity.

In the presented work I study the concept of liability of the State for misconduct in the exercise of state powers. The main aim is to show why this concept needs to be different from the one we know from civil law. The legal relationship between the State and an individual is a relationship that differs from the one we know from civil law, given that it is related to the exercise of power. Therefore we have to construct specific legal conditions in order to find the State liable for damages that an individual may suffer in such a relationship. In the first part I question the main function of the State's liability for damages. I show that it has good influence on the administrative bodies in the way that it forces them to follow the law. On the other hand this influence must not be overestimated. In the next part I study the basic elements and conditions of liability. I work with the domestic law as well as with the liability principles formed by the judicial decisions of the EU Court of Justice. I compare both these systems of liability for damages with regard to how they respond to the specific features of the relationship between a State and an individual. Final part of this work tries to explain why different branches of state power should be treated differently. I show on examples what kind...

Representation The thesis on the representation is aimed generally on the institute of representation, basic concepts and resolution methods of representation. Given the scope of the thesis is not possible to cover discourse about all forms of representation and therefore is focused on substantive representation, whether contractual, statutory representation and other specific forms, especially human guardianship and guardianship of legal entities or representation of legal entities. In the thesis are included as information on the historical development of the Institute's the representation, especially since the general Civil Code and therefore early 19th century and comparison of current legislation contained in the Civil Code of 1964 and the new Civil Code, effective from 1 January 2014. Raised the major changes that will occur in the near future in the regulation of the representation, as well as outline the basic problems that this adjustment could bring in the practice of law. Is also pointed out to adjust representation in European law, konrkétně the Principles of European Contract Law and the Draft Common Frame of Reference.