Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Since the end of the Cold War, Mongolia has enjoyed a new security environment that offers both a genuine opportunity to determine its national security and unavoidable uncertainties that accompany all transitions to democracy. Entering the new environment, the nation faced an urgent necessity to form new policies to meet those uncertainties and establish adequate institutions to implement them. Mongolia, as most small nations with greater vulnerability, sees its security in the greater view of emphasizing its survival in all dimensions with the physical endurance of not being invaded by a military force on the one hand, and survival of its ethnical identity from being assimilated by outnumbered neighbors on the other. Such a broad definition of national security requires participation of all elements of the society in the security process, thus an adequate system able to manage such broad involvement becomes vital. Mongolia has successfully managed to establish a relatively efficient and complex system for national security management. The NSC is the only state institution responsible for the coordination of the nation's effort to ensure its security. However, despite the clear definition of the legal status of the National Security Council provided by legal acts, there is a persistent incorrect popular feeling that the National Security Council is a presidential institution and that the President enjoys the prerogative of orchestrating the nation's effort to ensure its security. This thesis argues coordinative functions will be more efficient if the NSC will properly maintain its independent, non-attached status, and its immediate supportive institutions, the Executive Secretary and the Office, serve as non-partisan, independent, and purely professional units devoted to serving only the interests of national security. / Civilian, Mongolian Government Employee

The thesis deals with the development assistance of the Czech Republic. The first part focuses on explanation of the definition of the development assistance, its historical development and incorporation into the international context. Through a historical excursus occurs to the individual motives for its provision. The second part is devoted to development assistance of the Czech Republic, its territorial and sector orientation and motives of the Czech Republic for its provision. The third part focuses on Mongolia as a partner in development assistance of the Czech Republic.

Before the Velvet Revolution, Mongolia was a very important trading partner of the former Czechoslovakia. The aim of my thesis is to present Mongolia as a potential business partner for today's Czech exporters and investors and see if it is possible to develop mutual economic relations. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter focuses on the general characteristics of Mongolia, for example geographic and demographic data, administrative structure and history. Another chapter is devoted to analysis of the Mongolian market, thus characterizes the political, legal, social and technological environment. The third chapter is focused on the economic characteristics of the country, follows the development of macroeconomic indicators and provides detailed information on foreign trade and analyzes the investment climate. The fourth chapter is about the Mongolian culture, its differences and etiquette of business meetings. The final chapter follows the existing trade relations between the Czech Republic and Mongolia, deals with the specifics of entry of Czech entities and based on information from companies already doing business in Mongolia, the chapter analyzes the suitable fields and possibilities of entry of Czech companies to Mongolia.

Between 1873 and 1945 Japan and Mongolia had a complex and important relationship that has been largely overlooked in post-war studies of Japan’s imperial era. In fact, Japanese-Mongolian relations in the modern period provide a rich field of enquiry into the nature of Japanese imperialism as well as further evidence of the complexity of Japan’s relationships with other Asian countries in the decades before 1945. This thesis examines the relationship from the Japanese perspective, drawing on a diverse range of contemporary materials, both official and unofficial, including military documents, government reports, travel guides and academic works, many of which have been neglected in earlier studies. In previous analyses, the strategic dimension has been seen as overwhelming and Mongolia has often been regarded as merely a minor addendum to Japan’s relationship with Manchuria. In fact, however, Japan’s connection with Mongolia itself was a crucial part of its interaction with the Chinese continent from the 1870s to 1945. Though undeniably coveted for strategic reasons, Mongolia also offered unparalleled opportunities for the elaboration of all the major aspects of the discourses that made up Japan’s evolving claim to solidarity with and leadership of Asia. It also functioned as a showcase for Japan’s supposedly benevolent intentions towards Asia. In some ways, moreover, the relationship with Mongolia was presented as distinctive, particularly because of the common faith in Buddhism and a supposedly shared ancestry in ethnic terms. In turn, the military, political, ideological and cultural opportunities apparently provided by Mongolia account for the wide range of groups and individuals in Japan that developed Mongolian connections and for the often close relations between these groups and individuals on the one hand, and the most powerful institutions of the Japanese state on the other.

The prevalence of heart failure became a major and growing public health problem globally, with rising mortality numbers causing a great financial burden. In Mongolia, the hospitalization for cardiovascular diseases makes up 55% of all hospitalizations, and mortality rate of circulatory diseases was the highest nationwide, accounting for 36.7% of all deaths (S.Ariuntuya et al., 2011). However, there is still no formal research addressing the prevalence of heart failure in Mongolia. Therefore, this paper is meant to bring awareness of the problem of hidden heart failure in Mongolia, which might be contributing significantly to the cardiovascular disease mortality and health care costs. This paper describes the Mongolian health care structure and the high incidence of heart failure risk factors is identified. Moreover, this paper proposes to develop and adapt a heart failure disease management program, as well as the heart failure patient education program in Mongolia. It is important that Mongolian health care providers and health policy makers acknowledge that if a proper disease management plan is not adapted soon, the prevalence of heart failure will continue to increase along with health care costs. Mongolia needs more public health and clinical researchers addressing heart failure.

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Studies were conducted at three different sites in Saskatchewan, Canada (Colonsay, Vanscoy and Rosthern) over two years (2005 and 2006) to determine the effect of dribble banded and coulter injected liquid fertilizer applied in the spring of 2005 at 56, 112 and 224 kg N ha-1 with and without P at 28 kg P2O5 ha-1. A similar study was conducted in 2006 at one site in Mongolia to determine the effect of granular N and P fertilizer application on dry matter yield, and N and P concentration in plant biomass in the year of application (2006) only. The three Saskatchewan sites were unfertilized, 7-8 year old stands of mainly meadow bromegrass (<i>Bromus riparius</i>) dominated haylands, while the Mongolia site was mixed species of native rangeland.<p>All fertilization treatments produced significantly (p≤0.05) higher dry matter yield than the control in the year of application at the three Saskatchewan sites. The addition of 28 kg P2O5 ha-1 P fertilizer along with the N fertilizer did not have a significant effect on yield in most cases. In the year of application, increasing N rates above 56 kg N ha-1 did not significantly increase yield over the 56 kg N ha-1 rate in most cases but did increase N concentration, N uptake and protein content. A significant residual effect was found in the high N rate treatments in 2006, with significantly higher yield and N uptake. In 2005, the forage N and P uptake were in all cases significantly higher than the control in the fertilized treatments. The N uptake at the three Saskatchewan sites increased with increasing N rate up to the high rate of 224 kg N ha-1, although the percent recovery decreased with increasing rate. The P fertilization with 28 kg P2O5 ha-1 also increased P uptake at the three Saskatchewan sites. The site in Mongolia was less responsive to fertilization than the three Saskatchewan sites, with only a significant response in yield, N uptake and no significant effect of P fertilization. <p>For incubation soil cores collected in the fall of 2006, mean respiration rates were similar among the fertilized treatments at all the sites and the pattern of CO2 and N2O evolution measured over a two-week period showed similar trend at the three sites, with no significant difference between treatments. However a significant increase in gas production occured as the soils were wetted during the incubation. By the fall of 2005, the fertilization effect had likely diminished along with available substrate for the soil microbial biomass.<p>Overall, rates of fertilizer of approximately 50 kg N ha-1 appear to be sufficient to produce nearly maximum yield and protein concentration of the grass in the year of application for the Saskatchewan and Mongolia sites. Surface banding placement was as effective as in soil placement and there was limited response to P fertilization. A small amount of N fertilizer that is surface-placed on these grass dominated forage systems appears to be an effective means of increasing production in the year of application. Higher rates are needed to sustain the rejuvenation beyond one year.

Studies were conducted at three different sites in Saskatchewan, Canada (Colonsay, Vanscoy and Rosthern) over two years (2005 and 2006) to determine the effect of dribble banded and coulter injected liquid fertilizer applied in the spring of 2005 at 56, 112 and 224 kg N ha-1 with and without P at 28 kg P2O5 ha-1. A similar study was conducted in 2006 at one site in Mongolia to determine the effect of granular N and P fertilizer application on dry matter yield, and N and P concentration in plant biomass in the year of application (2006) only. The three Saskatchewan sites were unfertilized, 7-8 year old stands of mainly meadow bromegrass (<i>Bromus riparius</i>) dominated haylands, while the Mongolia site was mixed species of native rangeland.<p>All fertilization treatments produced significantly (p≤0.05) higher dry matter yield than the control in the year of application at the three Saskatchewan sites. The addition of 28 kg P2O5 ha-1 P fertilizer along with the N fertilizer did not have a significant effect on yield in most cases. In the year of application, increasing N rates above 56 kg N ha-1 did not significantly increase yield over the 56 kg N ha-1 rate in most cases but did increase N concentration, N uptake and protein content. A significant residual effect was found in the high N rate treatments in 2006, with significantly higher yield and N uptake. In 2005, the forage N and P uptake were in all cases significantly higher than the control in the fertilized treatments. The N uptake at the three Saskatchewan sites increased with increasing N rate up to the high rate of 224 kg N ha-1, although the percent recovery decreased with increasing rate. The P fertilization with 28 kg P2O5 ha-1 also increased P uptake at the three Saskatchewan sites. The site in Mongolia was less responsive to fertilization than the three Saskatchewan sites, with only a significant response in yield, N uptake and no significant effect of P fertilization. <p>For incubation soil cores collected in the fall of 2006, mean respiration rates were similar among the fertilized treatments at all the sites and the pattern of CO2 and N2O evolution measured over a two-week period showed similar trend at the three sites, with no significant difference between treatments. However a significant increase in gas production occured as the soils were wetted during the incubation. By the fall of 2005, the fertilization effect had likely diminished along with available substrate for the soil microbial biomass.<p>Overall, rates of fertilizer of approximately 50 kg N ha-1 appear to be sufficient to produce nearly maximum yield and protein concentration of the grass in the year of application for the Saskatchewan and Mongolia sites. Surface banding placement was as effective as in soil placement and there was limited response to P fertilization. A small amount of N fertilizer that is surface-placed on these grass dominated forage systems appears to be an effective means of increasing production in the year of application. Higher rates are needed to sustain the rejuvenation beyond one year.

Mongolian SME sector is an important part of its private sector that effectively contributes to the outcome of Mongolian economy. Like SMEs in other countries, SMEs in Mongolia face challenge of accessing to finance and this is the most constraint for their continuous growth. While credit guarantee schemes, by filling this gap, became one of the most effective SME promoting tools for the governments of many developed and developing countries, Mongolian government has not been institutionalizing such schemes yet. This study investigates the feasibility of Mongolian government to establish a state-funded CGS in order to facilitate SMEs access to finance. This research based on questionnaire survey conducted from 316 SMEs in urban and rural areas of Mongolia in late 2011. SMEs need for financing, demand for guarantee services and their attitude toward establishing the CGS in Mongolia were investigated. Also, two officials from ¡§SME Fund¡¨ and ¡§SME Support Agency¡¨ were interviewed to analyze their attitude on feasibility of institutionalizing the CGS with the support of Mongolian government. The study showed that there is a high demand for additional financing and credit guarantees in SME sector. The findings suggested that the government urgently needs to institutionalize CGS to solve financial challenges of SMEs. As the most appropriate type of CGSs for Mongolian environment found was a ¡§Public CGS¡¨.