The theoretical literature on Microfinance claims that Microfinance methodology can help alleviate the poverty. Mongolia is one of the countries where Microfinance is implemented and said to be successful in building a deeper and broader access to financial services. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how well Microfinance is being implemented in Mongolia and what the current practice is and, most importantly, how well the microfinance methodology works. In order to answer the last question, data collected from the proximity of the Central Asian Region including Mongolia was used. Nowadays there are number of microfinance institutions operating Mongolia such as Xacbank, Credit Mongolia. Despite the previously informal microfinance bodies such pawnshops, it appears that there was still some room on the market for Microfinance to fit in. The achievements of these Microfinance institutions are remarkable given Mongolia's extremely low population density and weak infrastructure. Research on the effectiveness of microfinance methodologies are in demand. Therefore, this paper offers research on microfinance practices such as group lending, rural lending and targeting women as well. A panel data of 90 microfinance institutions in 8 countries from the region was used. The result is rather mixed. Targeting women and lending to the rural customers seem to be working. However, group lending is found to be increasing portfolio risk and while having no effect on the financial revenue and the profitability.

Orientador: Sebastião Roberto Taboga / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T10:30:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Colleta_SimoneJacovaci_M.pdf: 4304217 bytes, checksum: ec5dd4758c1bcc8948cc085490014e3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A próstata é uma glândula acessória do sistema reprodutor que apresenta desenvolvimento e manutenção regulados por andrógenos e estrógenos. Interferências na ação desses hormônios podem predispor esta glândula a desenvolver doenças como hiperplasia prostática benigna e câncer. O bisfenol A (BPA) e cádmio (Cd) são poluentes ambientais que possuem atividade estereogênica. O BPA e Cd entram no corpo humano, principalmente através da ingestão oral. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a exposição ao BPA e ao Cd durante a puberdade pode causar alterações na morfologia, proliferação e morte celular na próstata ventral de gerbilos normais e castrados. Para cumprir estes propósitos foram realizadas técnicas morfológicas, serológicas e immunocitoquímicas (PCNA para detecção de células proliferativas e TUNEL/ caspase-3 para a detecção de células apoptóticas). Os resultados demonstraram que 7 dias depois da exposição ao BPA e Cd, individualmente ou em combinação sob condições androgênicos normais, houve um aumento na altura do epitélio e na espessura da camada muscular lisa (SML). O BPA e Cd individualmente induziram o aumento expressão celular de PCNA e caspase-3. Em associação, o BPA e Cd causam aumento das células imunomarcados por TUNEL. Nos animais castrados, o Cd, individualmente ou em associação com o BPA causou aumento na altura do epitélio, na espessura SML, na área e perímetro nuclear, além da redução no numero de células epiteliais imunomarcadas com PCNA. Além disso, o BPA e Cd combinados, causaram redução das células imunomarcadas por caspase-3. Após 75 dias depois da exposição ao BPA e Cd individualmente ou em combinação, nos animais não castrados, foi observado um aumento na altura epitelial e na espessura da SMC. Todos animais com 120 dias de idade apresentaram focos de lesões intraepitelial prostática (PIN). O BPA promoveu redução da expressão de PCNA nas células do estroma. O Cd, individualmente ou associado com o BPA, causou um aumento das células epiteliais imunomarcadas por PCNA. Além disso, Cd aumentou o numero de células imunomarcadas por TUNEL e diminuiu as células imunomarcadas por caspase-3. Nos animais castrados, a administração BPA e Cd, individualmente ou em combinação, promoveu aumento das células imunomarcadas por TUNEL. Desta forma, podemos concluir que o BPA e o Cd são importantes desreguladores das atividades normais do tecido prostático, alterando os padrões morfológicos, de proliferação e morte celular / Abstract: The prostate is an accessory reproductive system gland presenting the development and maintenance regulated by androgens and estrogens. Interference in the action of these hormones may predispose this gland to develop diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer. The Bisphenol A (BPA) and cadmium (Cd) are environmental pollutants that have estrogenic activity. The BPA and Cd enter in human body, mainly through oral ingestion. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether exposure to BPA and the Cd during puberty can cause alterations in morphology, proliferation and cell death in normal and castrated gerbils¿ ventral prostate. For this, morphological, serological and immunocitochemical (PCNA for proliferating cells detection and TUNEL/ caspase-3 for apoptotic cells detection) methods were used. The results demonstrated that 7 days after the exposure to BPA and Cd, individually or in combination under androgenic normal conditions, there was an increase in epithelium height and in smooth muscle layer (SML) thickness. The BPA and Cd individually induced increased in PCNA and caspase-3 cellular expression. In association, the BPA and Cd cause increase in TUNEL immunostained cells. In castrated animals, the Cd, individually or in association with the BPA caused an increase in epithelium height, in SML thickness, in area and nuclear perimeter, in addition caused reduction in PCNA immunostained epithelial cells number. In addition, BPA and Cd combined, caused reduction in caspase-3 immunostained cells. Seventy-five days after BPA and Cd exposure, individually or in combination, in non-castrated animals, we observed an increase in epithelial height and the SMC thickness. All animals with 120 days of age had occurrences of lesions prostatic intraepithelial (PIN). The BPA caused a reduction in PCNA stromal cells expression. The Cd, individually or associated with BPA, caused an increase in PCNA immunostained epithelial cells. In addition, Cd increased the number of immunostained cells by TUNEL and decreased the immunostained cells by caspase-3. In castrated animals, the administration BPA and Cd, individually or in combination, increased the immunostained cells by TUNEL. We can conclude that the BPA and Cd are are important agents in endocrine activities changing of normal prostatic tissue patterns, altering the morphological, proliferation and cell death patterns / Mestrado / Histologia / Mestra em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Orientadores: Sebastião Roberto Taboga, Ricardo Alexandre Fochi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T10:21:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antoniassi_JuliaQuilles_M.pdf: 2795390 bytes, checksum: 43457dd2f5a6928d83f9fa9c05fd3820 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A próstata, glândula do sistema reprodutor que tem origem embrionária a partir do seio urogenital, sendo formada por quatro pares de lobos fortemente associado à uretra: lobo anterior ou glândula coaguladora (GC), lobo dorsal (LD), lobo dorsolateral (LDL) e lobo ventral (LV). A fisiologia prostática é regulada por hormônios esteroides, principalmente andrógenos e estrógenos. Enquanto os andrógenos induzem a diferenciação, desenvolvimento, e atividade secretora, os estrógenos parecem modular os efeitos androgênicos, mantendo o crescimento e fisiologia normal da próstata. Embora o cortisol seja um hormônio largamente utilizado em medicamentos por suas ações anti-inflamatórias e imunossupressoras, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos colaterais desses medicamentos, principalmente na morfofisiologia prostática. Além disso, sabe-se que esse hormônio está altamente relacionado com o estresse e com alguns distúrbios de comportamento. Desta forma, este projeto visou avaliar, por métodos histológicos, histoquímicos, imunocitoquímicos e estruturais com parâmetros qualitativos e quantitativos, diversos aspectos morfofuncionais da glândula prostática ventral de machos de gerbilo (Meriones unguiculatus), após a aplicação por cinco dias de corticosterona em duas doses diferentes: 0,5mg/kg/dia e 1,5mg/kg/dia, além disso os grupos foram subdivididos em um grupo com um período de 5 dias de descanso após o tratamento e outro grupo que foi morto um dia após o fim do tratamento. Os dados apresentados mostram que a corticosterona possui propriedades antiproliferativas e antiapoptóticas sobre a próstata de gerbilos. Esse hormônio também alterou a frequência dos receptores dos principais hormônios reguladores desse órgão, como andrógenos e estrógenos. Em relação aos receptores de glicocorticóides (GR), foi observada uma redução da sua expressão quando a concentração sérica da corticosterona encontrava-se elevada. As alterações na expressão dos receptores supracitados levaram ao surgimento de displasias prostáticas importantes. Houve uma variação nos efeitos desencadeados por esse hormônio de acordo com a dose aplicada, sendo que uma maior dose apresentou efeitos mais discretos e uma menor dose mostrou ser mais impactante. Os efeitos da corticosterona nos receptores nucleares foram revertidos ou atenuados após o período de descanso, o que não foi observado para os padrões de proliferação e apoptose celular / Abstract: The prostate, gland of reproductive system, has embryonic origin from the urogenital sinus and consists four lobes that are strongly associated with the urethra: anterior lobe or coagulating gland (CG), dorsal lobe (LD), dorsolateral lobe (LDL) and ventral lobe (LV). Steroid hormones, mainly androgens and estrogens, regulate the prostate physiology. While androgens induce differentiation, development and secretory activity, estrogens appear to modulate androgen effects, maintaining normal growth and prostate physiology. Although cortisol is widely used in drugs because their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions, little is known about the side effects of these drugs, especially in the prostate morphophysiology. Furthermore, it is known that this hormone is highly correlated with stress and some behavioral disorders. Thus, this research aimed evaluate, by histological methods, histochemical, immunocytochemical with structural and qualitative and quantitative parameters, various morphological and functional aspects of the ventral prostate gland of male gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) after application of corticosterona. This hormone was applicated for five days with two doses of corticosterone: 0.5mg/kg/day and 1.5mg/kg/day, in addition, the groups were divided into a group with a 5-day period of rest after the treatment and another group was killed one day after the end treatment. The data showed that corticosterone has antiproliferative and anti-apoptotic properties on the prostate gerbils. This hormone also changed the frequency of AR, ER?, ER? e GR. We observed a reduction of glucocorticoids receptors expression when serum concentration of corticosterone was elevated. These changes led to the emergence of important prostatic dysplasia. There was a variation in effects triggered by this hormone in accordance with the applied dose, being that a higher dose reported effects more discrete and a lower dose was shown to be more impactful. The effects of corticosterone on nuclear receptors have been reversed or attenuated after rest period, which was not observed for apoptosis and cell proliferation patterns / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestra em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

This thesis analyze the democratization process of Mongolia and Ghana by applying a comparative case study. The study use Steven Levitsky and Lucan Ways theory of Western linkage and leverage to analyze the Mongolian and Ghanaian transition process, from being an non-democratic state to an consolidated democracy, through looking at the development of Western linkage and leverage and if there is any correlation between this development and the progress of democracy in respective state.The findings are that Western linkage in Mongolia never has been high but that the levels of Western linkage has developed positive in 1991 and 1995. The levels of Western leverage has been high in Mongolia since 1991. In Ghana the levels of Western linkage has been high and developed positive since at least 1996, but the levels of Western leverage has been low since 1996. Thus, the correlation between high levels of Western linkage and leverage and the democratization progress in respective state is weak, but there is some correlation between a positive development of Western linkage and the progress of democracy.

付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23174号 / 工博第4818号 / 新制||工||1753(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 CRUZ Ana Maria , 教授 米田 稔, 准教授 横松 宗太 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The diets of Mongolia infants are deficient in vitamins and minerals and complementary foods are introduced too early. Breastfeeding is the best source of nutrition for infants until 6 months of age. A survey of 50 Mongolian mothers with children under the age of 5 in the town of Sainshand, Dornogobi, was conducted in July 2011. Mongolian infants are among the highest percent of infants in the world who are exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of their lives, thus providing them with excellent nutrition. However, complementary feedings and supplements are not appropriately used or understood. Therefore, the diets of Mongolian infants are still lacking key nutrients and they are exposed to complementary foods too soon. By obtaining more information on the feeding practices of Mongolian mothers, better education materials and seminars on infant nutrition can be developed, which will improve the overall nutrition and health of the children of Mongolia.

Yes / The capability approach and sustainability can be connected in numerous ways. One could think of sustainability as a self-contained domain of human analysis – thus there could be theories of sustainability and there may be difficulties in this domain as elsewhere in moving from theory to policy or practice. Thus, capability approach could be considered as an additional lens that can facilitate the transition from sustainability theory to practice; alternatively one could think of the capability approach as offering an alternative paradigm and thus build on both theories and then find ways to move from theory to practice. In this chapter, both of these approaches are recognised and discussed. The capability approach is mainly about enhancing substantive freedoms- we examine the conjectures whether an approach of increasing freedoms is compatible with sustainability and whether freedoms are sufficient for sustainability. We use the case of Mongolia to explore some of these issues of application.

Mongols in Northern China fear the end of a distinct cultural identity. Until the late 19th century, cultural differences between Mongols and Han could be seen through differences in each group's traditional way of life. Mongols were nomadic pastoralists. Han were sedentary farmers. Recent economic development, rapid urbanization, and assimilation policies have threatened Mongolian cultural identity. In response to this cultural identity anxiety, Mongols in Inner Mongolia have looked for ways to express their distinct cultural identity. This dissertation analyzes three case studies derived from material cultural productions that represent Mongolian cultural identity. These include pastoralism, the use of Genghis Khan, and the Mongolian language. The analyses of different material cultural artifacts and the application of cultural and political theory come together in this dissertation to demonstrate how Mongolian cultural identity is reimagined through representation. In this dissertation, I also demonstrate how these reimagined identities construct and maintain ethnic boundaries which prevent the total absorption of a distinct Mongolian identity. / Ph. D.

草原畜牧業影響下的傳統蒙古社會，到清代，進入一個新的重要發展時期，其主要特點有： □1. 因盟旗制度的建立，蒙古牧民的游牧方式，已經完全是「阿寅勒」個體經濟，旗界內個別家族的定地放牧成為主要游牧方式，大規模遠距離的移牧現象消失。 □2. 蒙古游牧經濟社會，隨著專業手工業者、商人與農夫的逐漸出現，從單一性的經濟體系向多元化的經濟體系發展，游牧畜牧業雖然仍是蒙古經濟的主要部門，但是其所佔的地位相對的降低。 □3. 清代蒙古的貿易，從「茶馬互市」方式，演變到「旅蒙商」的產生與發展，其具體現象為漢人開始積極地至蒙古地區與牧民進行貿易。因此，商品經濟得到高度發展，使蒙古族牧業生產商品化程度日益提高，從而進一步促使自給自足的大型游牧經濟解體。 □4. 清代驛站制度的建立有其行政、軍事、經濟、文化等不同層面的重要功能。對蒙古游牧經濟的直接影響，則是促進蒙古與內地漢族在牧業、農業和手工業等多種經濟上的聯繫。但是，驛站的物資配備和驛務的責任，實際上都落在蒙古廣大牧民身上。 □5. 蒙古封建社會內部的兩個基本階級－－蒙古王公與人民，其社會階層的差距在清廷的統治之下更加明顯，且矛盾衝突日益昇高。 / Mongolia’s nomadic economy has entered a new era under Manchu rule. Its characteristics can be summarized as follows: 1. Because of the establishment of banner system, style of nomadic migrations has been changed. Every family has begun to graze its own livestock in the banner boundaries. Large scaled and far distanced migrations have been disappeared. 2. Following the progress of hand working, commerce and agriculture, the pastoral nomadic society has become a pluralist economy. Although herding was still the basic economic activity, its percentage has been decreased. 3. Trade between China and Mongolia has caused the appearance of the trading companies. One of the main characteristics of the Mongolian trade was Chinese traders have begun to trade in Mongolia. They do not wait Mongols to come to China proper for trading. Thus, commercial economy has rapidly developed. This situation caused the commercialization of the nomadic products. 4. Establishment of the courier system and building of courier stations has also effected the nomadic economy. It has led to progress the economic link between China and Mongolia. Nevertheless, herdsmen were responsible of preparing the supplies of courier stations which has caused to a heavy burden in their economic life. 5. The social stratification of Mongol nomadic society which had appeared between Mongolian nobles and herdsmen has increased under Manchu hegemony.

Background: Brucellosis is a common zoonotic disease and remains a major burden in both human and domesticated animal populations worldwide. Few geographic studies of human Brucellosis have been conducted, especially in China. Inner Mongolia of China is considered an appropriate area for the study of human Brucellosis due to its provision of a suitable environment for animals most responsible for human Brucellosis outbreaks. Methods: The aggregated numbers of human Brucellosis cases from 1951 to 2005 at the municipality level, and the yearly numbers and incidence rates of human Brucellosis cases from 2006 to 2010 at the county level were collected. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS) and ecological niche modeling (ENM) were integrated to study the distribution of human Brucellosis cases over 1951-2010. Results: Results indicate that areas of central and eastern Inner Mongolia provide a long-term suitable environment where human Brucellosis outbreaks have occurred and can be expected to persist. Other areas of northeast China and central Mongolia also contain similar environments. Conclusions: This study is the first to combine advanced spatial statistical analysis with environmental modeling techniques when examining human Brucellosis outbreaks and will help to inform decision-making in the field of public health.