For many decades both UK and US politicians have encouraged homeownership supported by mortgage lending. Exuberant borrowing has fuelled housing booms and is central to many recent financial problems. As a consequence macroprudential policies have been developed to improve financial stability using a mixture of measures to deter excessive lending including loan-to-value and debt-to-income restrictions. This thesis considers macroprudential policymaking generally and, more specifically, this latter group of macroprudential measures. It concludes that it is unlikely that these measures can be used to any significant extent in western democracies. At its heart is their political legitimacy and the potential consequences for the institutions promulgating such policies since a major use of these limits would have a direct and very visible effect on home ownership aspirations. Further, the evidence indicates that these measures may well be ineffective. This thesis suggests that conduct of business regulatory policy and the use of mortgage affordability verification may be more effective. However, the successful employment these measures for macroprudential purposes may be hindered by the structure of UK financial services regulation. Moreover, there is a challenge in that historically, UK conduct of business regulation has often failed. Nevertheless, in the area of mortgage affordability, there may be opportunities to use innovative regulatory policies to reduce these risks going forward. Further, there may be lessons for the UK from the US's approach of using the concept of the "qualified mortgage" and, additionally, in considering the role of sound conduct of business policies such as those are used by the US Veterans Administration. Nevertheless, the failure to build sufficient homes over the last forty years is at the heart of UK financial instability. Macroprudential policy may have the unequal task of attempting to suppress house price booms. This raises political issues and highlights the constraints on macroprudential policy with limits on its ability to influence fiscal and socio-economic policy. This thesis seeks to influence the debate on what can be done to help to ensure financial stability.

Thesis (M.B.A)--Boston University.

Структура магистерской диссертации включает в себя введение, три главы, заключение, список использованных источников. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические аспекты ипотечного кредитования в коммерческом банке. Во второй главе исследован рынок ипотечного жилищного кредитования в современной России, в том числе показана деятельность регионального банка на данном рынке. В третьей главе предложены обоснованные пути дальнейшего совершенствования механизмов ипотеки для населения. В заключении сформированы основные выводы. / The structure of the master's thesis includes an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, and a list of sources used. The first chapter examines the theoretical aspects of mortgage lending in a commercial bank. The second chapter examines the housing mortgage lending market in modern Russia, including showing the activities of a regional bank in this market. The third chapter proposes substantiated ways to further improve mortgage mechanisms for the population. In conclusion, the main conclusions are drawn.

The real estate appraisal within the banking industry is a specific discipline. Hence, there is a lack of theoretical background, especially in the Czech language. The aim of this work has two main parts. Firstly, there are analysed potential valuation bases and concrete approaches which are offered. Secondly, it is focused on practical determination the market value and the collateral value of the real property, regarding the current approaches using in the Czech banking industry.

The thesis is focused on mortgage lending market in Czech republic. The main objective is to analyze the complete development of the market and evaluate the impact of financial crisis. Thesis also discloses the main factors, that can cause an impact on mortgage credits demand and points out the significance of the mortage lending in the economy.

Магистерская диссертация посвящена вопросу кредитования нетрадиционных форматов недвижимости. Целью исследования является разработка новых ипотечных программ для развития нового сегмента недвижимости – апартаментов. В работе сделан вывод о том, что развитие и строительство апартаментов положительно отразиться на рынке недвижимости. / Master's thesis is devoted to the issue of lending to non-traditional real estate formats. The purpose of the study is to develop new mortgage programs for the development of a new segment of real estate – apartments. The work concludes that the development and construction of apartments will positively affect the real estate market.

Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена исследованию ипотечного кредитования физических лиц. Предметом исследования выступают экономические отношения, возникающие в процессе ипотечного кредитования физических лиц. Основной целью магистерской диссертации является анализ механизма ипотечного кредитования физических лиц в современных экономических условиях, а также анализ оценки качества ипотечного кредитования физических лиц в РФ и в банке ПАО ВТБ, включающий разработку предложений по их совершенствованию. В заключении обозначены рекомендации по совершенствованию ипотечного кредитования физических лиц в РФ и в банке ПАО ВТБ для объекта исследования. / The final qualification work (master's thesis) is devoted to the study of mortgage lending to individuals. The subject of the study is the economic relations that arise in the process of mortgage lending to individuals. The main purpose of the master's thesis is to analyze the mechanism of mortgage lending to individuals in modern economic conditions, as well as to analyze the assessment of the quality of mortgage lending to individuals in the Russian Federation and in VTB Bank, including the development of proposals for their improvement. In conclusion, recommendations for improving mortgage lending to individuals in the Russian Federation and in the bank of PJSC VTB for the object of research are outlined.

This thesis deals with the valuation of property in connection with mortgage financing. First chapters are devoted to analyzing the current state of the real estate market and mortgage financing in Czech Republic. The second half focuses on the specifics of valuing real estate as mortgage collateral. The last chapter consists of a practical working example of a apartment building valuation.

On the one hand mortgage lending is an objective driver of the growth of the Russian economy and on the other hand it’s an important element of social policy and support of the population, and primarily of young people. From the position of credit organizations acting in the person of creditors, mortgage lending is a source of financial risks. These aspects are comprehensively considered in the graduate thesis. As the main direction of risk optimization and expansion of the mortgage market, additions are proposed to the existing model of the borrower's solvency analysis. An interesting and technologically reasonable proposal was made: using the information resources of the IFTS in order to improve the reliability and quality of data for analysis of potential borrowers, which will simultaneously give a positive shift in terms of reducing the time. Special attention should be paid to the offer of a new service - the "one-stop" mode, which will optimize time costs, improve the quality of crediting, and enable the operative use of tax deductions, the right to which is fixed in the Tax Code. / Ипотечное кредитование является объективным драйвером роста экономики России, с одной стороны, важным элементом социальной политики и поддержки населения, и в первую очередь молодежи, с другой стороны. С позиции кредитных организаций, выступающих в лице кредиторов, ипотечное кредитование представляет собой источник финансовых рисков. Данные аспекты всесторонне рассмотрены в дипломной работе. В качестве основного направления оптимизации рисков и расширения рынка ипотеки предложены дополнения в существующую модель анализа кредитоспособности заемщика. Сделано интересное и технологически целесообразное предложение: использование информационных ресурсов ИФНС в целях повышения достоверности и качества данных для анализа потенциальных заемщиков, что одновременно даст положительный сдвиг в плане сокращения сроков. Отдельного внимания заслуживает предложение нового сервиса – режим «одного окна», который позволит оптимизировать временные затраты, повысить качество кредитования, даст возможность оперативного использования налоговых вычетов, право на которые закреплены в Налоговом кодексе.

Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена исследованию рынка ипотечного кредитования в России. Предметом исследования выступает механизм формирования и развития системы ипотечного жилищного кредитования, а также общественные отношения, возникающие в процессе его осуществления. Целью данного исследования является изучение теоретических и практических основ ипотечного кредитования, а также анализ ипотечного кредитования в АО «Газпромбанк» и разработка мероприятий по его совершенствованию. В заключении обозначены рекомендации по совершенствованию ипотечного кредитования в АО «Газпромбанк». / Final qualifying work (master's thesis) is devoted to the research of the mortgage lending market in Russia. The subject of the research is the mechanism of formation and development of the system of mortgage lending, as well as social relations arising in the process of its implementation. The purpose of this study is to study the theoretical and practical foundations of mortgage lending, as well as the analysis of mortgage lending in JSC Gazprombank and the development of measures for its improvement. In conclusion, recommendations for improving mortgage lending in JSC "Gazprombank" are indicated.