¡@¡@Automobles are those highest price goods beside houses. They are a symbol of status and wealth in the past, but nowdays, almost every family can afford them. An automoble is more than a tool of travaling, but also an attribute of life style and values. Therefore, the decision factors of buying an automoble are more complicated, and the demands of consumers are more and more diversificated. For these reasons, automoble manufacturers have to develop more varied types of automobiles to fit market trends and consumer needs. ¡@¡@To conclude the trend of Taiwan automobile sales, RV(Recreation Vehicle) is increasing rapidly for the recent years because of the favor of consumers. The sales of SU(Space Utility) is about 55%, and MPV(Multi-Purpose Vehicle) is the best saler type, so MPV is one of the trand of Taiwan automobile market. ¡@¡@The beginning of Taiwan MPV history is Mazda introduced Premacy at April 2001, an obviously increasing period was after the introduce of Mitsubishi Savrin at September 2001, till September 2004, Toyota Wish introduced, the MPV segment was getting into maturity. In 2005, Mazda, Mitsubishi and Toyota contained more than 90% sales of Taiwan MPV, so the centralization and average sales of MPV is more than other segments. ¡@¡@To analize the marketing strategies of main MPVs, this research choosed the owners of Mazda Premacy, Mazda 5(which is the next type of Premacy), Mitsubishi Savrin, Mitsubishi Inspire(which is the second brand name of Savrin) and Toyota Wish to study about ¡§present car and previous car¡¨, ¡§important factors of buying¡¨, ¡§satisfication level of present car¡¨ and ¡§personal information¡¨ by questionnaires. The investigation was during April 22 to May 7 2006, and received 63 complete questionnaires. ¡@¡@According to the research, the owner of MPV is 76.2% for male, average 34.9 years old, 57.1% for colledge or more, 66.7% for marriaged and have kids, 49.2% for two generations family, average 4.4 persons per family.They are 54.0% by car-loans, 47.6% consulting their spouses, 50.8% replace-buy, because 30.2% for Ex-car was too old to use, mainly information was from magazines, and prefer allowance promotions(39.7%). They think highly of ¡§safety¡¨, ¡§exterior¡¨ and ¡§public praise¡¨ when buying a car. ¡@¡@Among main MPVs, Premacy has no superior items, but service inferior items, Mazda 5 has performance superior items, but service inferior items, Savrin has service superior items, but economy inferior items, Inspire has service superior items, but economy inferior items, Wish has service and funcation superior items, but economy and performance inferior item. ¡@¡@In the end, this research use IPA(Importancd-Performance Analysis) for a tool to analysis and suggest the future strategic actions, such as Premacy is suggested to improve ¡§after-sales service¡¨, ¡§brand image¡¨, ¡§variability of seats¡¨ and ¡§durability¡¨, Mazda 5 is suggested to improve ¡§variability of seats¡¨, Savrin 2.0 is suggested to improve ¡§discount¡¨, ¡§price¡¨ and ¡§breaks¡¨, Savrin 2.4 is suggested to improve ¡§discount¡¨, Inspire 2.0 is suggested to improve ¡§breaks¡¨, Inspire 2.4 is suggested to improve ¡§breaks¡¨ and ¡§saleman service¡¨, and Wish is suggested to improve ¡§assembling quality¡¨.

The mouse parvovirus designated MPV can infect laboratory mice and affect the humoral and cellular immune response of infected mice, reducing their value for biomedical and medical research. The development and maintenance of MPV-free mouse colonies for biomedical research is therefore essential and requires routine monitoring of the infection status of mice, using serological surveillance procedures. Recent experience in the Animal Resources Centre (ARC), a major supplier of mice to the medical research community in Australia, was that MPV infection was present but was not detectable with the serological tests that were then in routine use. This thesis reports the development of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of the MPV in the ARC mouse colonies, the genetic characteristics of the strain of MPV detected, the development of a recombinant virus protein that provided a suitable antigen for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a Western immunoblot (WIB) assay for the detection of MPV antibodies, and use of these various assays to determine aspects of the epidemiology and pathogenicity of the infection that were critical to the eradication of virus infection and future immunological surveillance to ensure the absence of infection. The recombinant protein produced as an antigen was a biotinylated fusion protein, a truncated capsid protein of the strain of MPV detected in the ARC, and was produced using the PinpointTM vector and with expression in Escherichia coli. The protein was produced as an insoluble intracellular product within inclusion bodies and was solubilised using urea and purified. The purified protein was utilised as an antigen for ELISA and the WIB assays to detect virus antibody in infected mice. The outbreak of MPV infection in the ARC was used as an unique opportunity for assessment of the seroprevalence of MPV-1 infection in a large laboratory mouse colony and to utilise this data to determine the sampling size needed to reliably detect MPV-1 infection within such large laboratory mouse colonies. An overall seroprevalence of 16.5% was detected using the developed serological tests, but considerable variation in prevalence was detected in different mouse strains. The response to MPV infection of 4 different but common strains of mice was determined as a basis for developing appropriate surveillance procedures and the selection of appropriate sentinel animals. The effect of infection of these strains at different ages was also investigated. Virus replication was detected in tissues of all the mice strains infected (outbred ARC(s) and inbred C57BL/6JArc, BALB/c and BALB/c-Foxn1nu/Arc) as juveniles and adults, with the exception of C57BL/6JArc inoculated as adults. However, while seroconversion in mice inoculated as juveniles and adults was detected in ARC(s) and C57BL/6JArc mice, it was not detected in BALB/c mice. The high rate of seroconversion to MPV, the early and prolonged development of an immune response, and the lack of age differences in their susceptibility indicated that ARC(s) mice would provide reliable sentinels for the detection of MPV. The genomic nucleotide sequence of the ARC strain, excluding the terminal palindromic regions and the predicted amino acid sequences of the non-structural and structural proteins was determined. This strain was very similar (98-99% nucleotide identity) to the previously described MPV strains MPV-1a, MPV-1b and MPV -1c. The similarity suggested there were unlikely to be significant antigenic differences in the proteins of the ARC strain and those strains of MPV reported previously.

In this study, based on the basic theory model ¢wGordon-Schaefer model is used to discuss the equilibrium levels for yellowfin tuna in the Western and Central Pacific of open access (OA) and present value maximization (MPV). And then to compare the catches and the stocks on the two model¡¦s equilibrium value, the result shows the management of yellowfin tuna in the Western and Central Pacific tend to MPV model, the regional fisheries organization (RFMO) to detect the implementation of the measures (MCS) is significant; in addition, use sensitivity analysis and then to understand the changes on the stocks and the effort quantities effected by varying different parameters. In OA, if you want to get effectively maintain the sustainability of the stocks, should be considered to reduce the price and the catch coefficient, increase the cost per unit of effort to control; in MPV, we can understand that the catch coefficient and the intrinsic growth rate have a bigger influence in the effort quantities; Finally, by simulating the catches and the stocks, that if it can continue to effectively manage fishery by MCS in the future, the catches and the stocks of yellowfin tuna will tend to balance the value of MPV, and so on, not only resources effective use of maximum profit and maintaining our fleet of ocean-going business interests, but also resources can be sustainable.

Respiratory virus infections are associated with asthma pathogenesis and exacerbations in children and adults. Unfortunately, it remains largely unknown whether innate and adaptive T cell anti-viral immunity differs in allergic disease versus health. Here, we established a short-term primary cell culture system using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) optimized for measuring immune responses to reovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and metapneumovirus (MPV) based on virus-specific cytokine and chemokine production. The prevalence and intensity of innate and adaptive responses in children and adult populations was addressed. Using this in vitro model of human anti-viral immunity, we tested our global hypothesis that asthmatics mount anti-viral cytokine responses to respiratory viruses that differ from those of healthy individuals. MPV and RSV, although both ubiquitous and leading to very high levels of infection, seroconversion and clinically similar presentation in the population, evoke distinct innate and adaptive T cell-dependent cytokine responses. Reovirus induced exceptionally strong IFN recall responses concomitant with intense IL-10 production, which were independent of viral replication in PBMC. Surprisingly, despite Type 1 cytokine production dominated adaptive immune responses in both asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals, asthmatics exhibited significantly stronger pro-inflammatory IFNγ and IL-10 production towards virus stimulation than non-asthmatic children and adults. Moreover, children with current AHR, regardless of asthmatic status, exhibit a greater frequency and intensity of IFNγ responses towards pneumoviruses than do non-AHR counterparts. Conversely, expression of chemokine CCL5 was substantially weaker in asthmatics, and was further decreased in children with AHR and familial history of asthma. This pattern of enhanced pro-inflammatory and deficient anti-viral CCL5 responses towards pneumoviruses in children with markers of symptomatic asthma or AHR may underlie the enhanced sensitivity of these children to experience breathing difficulties following infection with respiratory viruses. Furthermore, we have clearly demonstrated a gene by environment interaction, whereby ETS exposure in children with familial asthma results in suppressed anti-viral IFNγ and IL-10 production. Therefore, we have attempted to determine whether genetic variation affects the intermediate phenotype of anti-viral immunity, in the population and dependent on clinical status. In summary, we have demonstrated that asthma, childhood exposures and genetics shape anti-viral cytokine responses in human. These findings have a substantial impact for physicians deciding the contextually appropriate treatment for asthma symptoms in their patients and could have implications for experimentation relating to mechanisms of disease, clinical practice and development of appropriate therapeutics. / October 2007

This study used the Gordon-Schaefer model which was extended to Open Access (OA) model and Present Value Maximization (MPV) model to discuss the equilibrium levels for bigeye tuna in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean by purse seine fishery data. I compared the catches and the biomass with the two model¡¦s equilibrium value, and the result showed that the operating mode of bigeye tuna in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean tended to the MPV model, and the bigeye tuna resources were diminishing. In addition, the sensitivity analysis was used in order to understand the impact of various parameter changes on the two fisheries model¡¦s equilibrium value. In the OA model, the change of the price, the cost per unit effort and the catch coefficient would have greater impact on the equilibrium biomass. In the MPV model, the equilibrium biomass was sensitive to the change of the environmental capacity. Finally, in order to understand whether the management of the Western and Central Pacific Commission (WCPFC) was effective, I used simulation analysis in accordance with the catches restriction and effort restriction management strategies. The result showed that the catches restriction strategy which WCPFC established was still not proper enough. It must cut a large number of catches immediately and continue for some time enough to make the resource recover. The effort restriction strategy could make good effect on the bigeye tuna resource recovery.

Respiratory virus infections are associated with asthma pathogenesis and exacerbations in children and adults. Unfortunately, it remains largely unknown whether innate and adaptive T cell anti-viral immunity differs in allergic disease versus health. Here, we established a short-term primary cell culture system using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) optimized for measuring immune responses to reovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and metapneumovirus (MPV) based on virus-specific cytokine and chemokine production. The prevalence and intensity of innate and adaptive responses in children and adult populations was addressed. Using this in vitro model of human anti-viral immunity, we tested our global hypothesis that asthmatics mount anti-viral cytokine responses to respiratory viruses that differ from those of healthy individuals. MPV and RSV, although both ubiquitous and leading to very high levels of infection, seroconversion and clinically similar presentation in the population, evoke distinct innate and adaptive T cell-dependent cytokine responses. Reovirus induced exceptionally strong IFN recall responses concomitant with intense IL-10 production, which were independent of viral replication in PBMC. Surprisingly, despite Type 1 cytokine production dominated adaptive immune responses in both asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals, asthmatics exhibited significantly stronger pro-inflammatory IFNγ and IL-10 production towards virus stimulation than non-asthmatic children and adults. Moreover, children with current AHR, regardless of asthmatic status, exhibit a greater frequency and intensity of IFNγ responses towards pneumoviruses than do non-AHR counterparts. Conversely, expression of chemokine CCL5 was substantially weaker in asthmatics, and was further decreased in children with AHR and familial history of asthma. This pattern of enhanced pro-inflammatory and deficient anti-viral CCL5 responses towards pneumoviruses in children with markers of symptomatic asthma or AHR may underlie the enhanced sensitivity of these children to experience breathing difficulties following infection with respiratory viruses. Furthermore, we have clearly demonstrated a gene by environment interaction, whereby ETS exposure in children with familial asthma results in suppressed anti-viral IFNγ and IL-10 production. Therefore, we have attempted to determine whether genetic variation affects the intermediate phenotype of anti-viral immunity, in the population and dependent on clinical status. In summary, we have demonstrated that asthma, childhood exposures and genetics shape anti-viral cytokine responses in human. These findings have a substantial impact for physicians deciding the contextually appropriate treatment for asthma symptoms in their patients and could have implications for experimentation relating to mechanisms of disease, clinical practice and development of appropriate therapeutics.

Microproduction, also called distributed generation, is something that has become more and more popular in the electric grid. Microproduction can however lead to unacceptable performance if several units are installed in the same low voltage network. It is therefore good to know a limit where the performance of the low voltage network becomes unacceptable based on given parameters. This limit is usually called hosting capacity. In this report the hosting capacity with respect to voltage and current have been studied in three low voltage networks which are located in Falu Elnäts concession area. This has been done by simulations in a GIS-program where critical times of the grid have been simulated. When the hosting capacity had been decided attempts have been made to increase the hosting capacity with four different measures. The measures examined are line gain, tap changer, reactive compensation and voltage regulation in the form of MPV. For the investigated network the hosting capacity varied virtuously. For all three grids were too high voltage during low load with maximum power production however the reason that the performance of the grid became unacceptable. The reasons that the voltage became unacceptable at different amounts of microproduction depends mainly on four things. These were the voltage in the substation, the amount of customers in the grid, the quality of the lines and the line length between the customer and substation. The best measure to increase the hosting capacity in a net is line gain in the most of the cases. Tap changer and the voltage regulator MPV are however two other measures that are recommended, but mainly as temporary solutions. Reactive compensation on the other hand is something that isn’t recommended based on this report.

Respiratory virus infections are associated with asthma pathogenesis and exacerbations in children and adults. Unfortunately, it remains largely unknown whether innate and adaptive T cell anti-viral immunity differs in allergic disease versus health. Here, we established a short-term primary cell culture system using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) optimized for measuring immune responses to reovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and metapneumovirus (MPV) based on virus-specific cytokine and chemokine production. The prevalence and intensity of innate and adaptive responses in children and adult populations was addressed. Using this in vitro model of human anti-viral immunity, we tested our global hypothesis that asthmatics mount anti-viral cytokine responses to respiratory viruses that differ from those of healthy individuals. MPV and RSV, although both ubiquitous and leading to very high levels of infection, seroconversion and clinically similar presentation in the population, evoke distinct innate and adaptive T cell-dependent cytokine responses. Reovirus induced exceptionally strong IFN recall responses concomitant with intense IL-10 production, which were independent of viral replication in PBMC. Surprisingly, despite Type 1 cytokine production dominated adaptive immune responses in both asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals, asthmatics exhibited significantly stronger pro-inflammatory IFNγ and IL-10 production towards virus stimulation than non-asthmatic children and adults. Moreover, children with current AHR, regardless of asthmatic status, exhibit a greater frequency and intensity of IFNγ responses towards pneumoviruses than do non-AHR counterparts. Conversely, expression of chemokine CCL5 was substantially weaker in asthmatics, and was further decreased in children with AHR and familial history of asthma. This pattern of enhanced pro-inflammatory and deficient anti-viral CCL5 responses towards pneumoviruses in children with markers of symptomatic asthma or AHR may underlie the enhanced sensitivity of these children to experience breathing difficulties following infection with respiratory viruses. Furthermore, we have clearly demonstrated a gene by environment interaction, whereby ETS exposure in children with familial asthma results in suppressed anti-viral IFNγ and IL-10 production. Therefore, we have attempted to determine whether genetic variation affects the intermediate phenotype of anti-viral immunity, in the population and dependent on clinical status. In summary, we have demonstrated that asthma, childhood exposures and genetics shape anti-viral cytokine responses in human. These findings have a substantial impact for physicians deciding the contextually appropriate treatment for asthma symptoms in their patients and could have implications for experimentation relating to mechanisms of disease, clinical practice and development of appropriate therapeutics.

The first chapter presents SKODA AUTO a.s. The second chapter deals with the theorethical background of automotive industry. Then the thesis deals with intersection with customer needs and car market in CR. The fourth chapter deals with introduction of czech car market. Fifth chapter: there is provided analysis of performance of czech family car market. Final part of thesis deals with recomendation how to rearrange the product portfolio.

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