Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Afin d’étudier la santé d’un écosystème marin et le potentiel toxique d’une contamination telle que celle liée à la présence d’hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), il est nécessaire, outre de connaître les niveaux de contamination du milieu, de pouvoir accéder à la fraction toxique à laquelle les organismes aquatiques ont été exposés et de connaître les effets toxiques des contaminants incriminés. L’exposition et la contamination des organismes aquatiques aux HAP ont généralement été évaluées par le dosage des HAP bioaccumulés dans les tissus. Or, cette approche est critiquable si l'on tient compte des capacités de biotransformation des organismes, notamment des vertébrés, et des propriétés toxiques des produits de transformation formés. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les phénomènes de bioccumulation et de biotransformation des HAP chez les organismes marins via l’étude des métabolites de HAP. Un effort de validation de biomarqueurs pertinents pour évaluer la génotoxicité des HAP en lien avec la contamination chimique des tissus et la production de métabolites est nécessaire. Des méthodes de dosage des métabolites de HAP dans les matrices biologiques ont tout d’abord été mises au point. Ces outils analytiques sensibles, innovants et performants ont ensuite été appliqués lors d’expositions de poissons à des HAP via différentes voies de contamination en milieu contrôlé. Ils ont permis une meilleure connaissance des phénomènes de biotransformation des HAP. Enfin, des études de terrain ont été réalisées, notamment dans le cadre de l’étude de la contamination de la Baie de Seine, montrant l’applicabilité du dosage des métabolites de HAP dans l’évaluation de l’exposition des organismes aux HAP en milieu naturel. Dans le cadre d’une approche intégrée chimie/biologie, ces travaux ont permis d’apporter une contribution dans le transfert méthodologique des biomarqueurs de génotoxicité des HAP pour des applications en surveillance de l’Atlantique Nord et notamment dans la Manche. / In order to study the health of a marine ecosystem and the toxic potential of a contamination such as that related to the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), it is necessary, in addition to the determination of environmental contamination levels, to have access to the fraction for aquatic organisms have been exposed to and to identify the toxic effects of the contaminants. The exposure and contamination of aquatic organisms to PAHs have generally been evaluated by the quantification of bioaccumulated PAHs in tissues. However, this approach is criticable when taking into account the biotransformation capabilities of organisms such as vertebrates and the toxic properties of biotransformation products. In this way, the aim of this study is to study PAH bioaccumulation and biotransformation phenomena through the PAH metabolites study. An effort for the validation of relevant biomarkers to evaluate the link between the genotoxicity of PAHs, PAHs body burden and PAH metabolites production, is necessary. Analytical techniques to quantify PAH metabolites in biological matrices have first been set up. Then, these sensible, innovating and powerful analytical tools have been applied to the study of fish exposures to PAHs through differents contamination sources in controlled conditions. This allowed to have a better understanding of PAH biotransformation phenomena. Finally, field studies have been led, notably to study the contamination of the Seine bay, demonstrating the applicability of the quantification of PAH metabolites to evaluate the exposure and the contamination of organisms to PAHs in natural environment. Within the framework of an integrated approach chemistry/biology, this work led to a contribution in the methodological transfer of biomarkers of PAH genotoxicity

Humans are exposed to electrophilically reactive compounds, both formed endogenously and from exogenous exposure. Such compounds could react and form stable reaction products, adducts, at nucleophilic sites in proteins and DNA. The formation of adducts constitutes a risk for effects, such as cancer and contact allergy, and plays a role in ageing processes. Adducts to proteins offer a possibility to measure electrophilic compounds in vivo. Adductomic approaches aim to study the totality of adducts, to specific biomolecules, by mass spectrometric screening. This thesis describes the development and application of an adductomic approach for the screening of unknown adducts to N-terminal valine (Val) in hemoglobin (Hb) by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The adductomic approach is based on the FIRE procedure, a modified Edman procedure for the analysis of adducts to N-terminal Val in Hb by LC/MS/MS. The adduct screening was performed by stepwise scanning of precursor ions in small mass increments and monitoring four fragments common for derivatives of detached Val adducts, in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Samples from 12 smokers/nonsmokers were screened with the adductomic approach, and seven previously identified adducts and 19 unknown adducts were detected. A semiquantitative approach was applied for approximate quantification of adduct levels. A strategy for identifying unknown Hb adducts using adductome LC/MS/MS data was formulated and applied for the identification of unknown adducts. Identifications were based on the observed m/z of precursor ions and retention times combined with databases and Log P calculations. Hypothesized adducts were generated in vitro for comparison and matching with the corresponding unknown adducts. Five identified adducts correspond to the precursor electrophiles ethyl vinyl ketone (EVK), glyoxal, methylglyoxal, acrylic acid, and 1-octen-3-one. These adducts, except the adducts corresponding to glyoxal and methylglyoxal, have not been observed as protein adducts before.  Probable exposure sources to these electrophiles are diet and/or endogenous formation. The observation of these adducts motivate further studies to evaluate possible contributions to health risks, as well as their potential as biomarkers of exposure. The adduct from EVK was quantitatively assessed through different experiments to estimate the daily internal dose (area under the concentration-time-curve, AUC). EVK is about 2 × 103 more reactive than the reference compound acrylamide. The EVK adduct was shown to be unstable, with a relatively short half-life. The daily AUC in humans of EVK was estimated to be about 20 times lower than the corresponding AUC of acrylamide from intake via food. To confirm the observation of the detected unknown adducts and obtain a statistical foundation, analysis of unknown adducts were performed in large sets of blood samples (n = 50–120) from human cohorts. The majority of the previously detected unknown adducts were found in all analyzed samples, and the levels of many adducts showed large variations between individuals. The cause and significance of these observed variations are not yet clarified, but are of importance for the directions of future studies. In conclusion, a new approach for identification of unknown human exposure to electrophiles was developed and successfully applied. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted.</p>

Alors que le protéome de l'ovocyte isolé, aux stades VG et MII a déjà été étudié, celui du follicule en croissance n'a jamais été décrit.Dans cette étude, nous avons cherché à identifier, comparer et caractériser les profils protéiques de follicules ovariens de souris à trois stades de leur développement in vitro distincts morphologiquement : follicules secondaires en début de culture - stade initial (IS), follicules avec une rupture complète de la membrane de Slavjanski (RMS) et follicules avec une cavité similaire à l'antrum (FA).Après un préfractionnement par IEF et une analyse LC-MS/MS en deux configurations (1D et 2D), 1403 protéines ont pu être identifiées dans le follicule ovarien de souris. 43,4 % (609) des protéines identifiées étaient communes aux trois stades et d'autres ont été identifiées uniquement à un stade : 71 au stade IS, 182 au stade RMS et 193 au stade FA. De plus, on a identifié 365 protéines qui n'avaient pas été décrites antérieurement dans le protéome de l'ovocyte ce qui pourrais indiquer qu'elles sont exprimées dans les cellules somatiques du follicule. Des analyses qualitatives et quantitatives complémentaires ont démontré une surreprésentation pour 44 fonctions biologiques par rapport aux fonctions biologiques des gènes constituant le génome de Mus musculus et mis en évidence des différences d'expression et d'abondance des protéines liées au cycle cellulaire, à la fixation des ions de calcium et à la glycolyse selon le stade de développement. Ces résultats représentent un point de départ pour beaucoup d'autres études de caractérisation moléculaire du développement folliculaire. / Until now only the proteome of isolated oocyte from fully grown follicle were described with the aim of oocyte maturation characterization. However the ability of oocyte to mature is acquired during its development within the follicle. Thus in this study we proposed a protein identification and characterization of whole mice ovarian follicle at three morphological stages during in vitro development: early secondary stage, described as initial stage (IS), follicles with a complete Slavjanski membrane rupture (RMS) and follicles with an antrum like cavity formation (FA). Using an IEF pre fractionation before protein digestion and two configurations of LC-MS/MS analysis (1D and 2D), 1403 proteins were successfully identified in the murine ovarian follicle. From those, 43.4 % (609) were commonly identified in the three stages and some were identified only at one single stage: 71 at IS stage, 182 at RMS stage and 193 at FA stage. Compared to the proteomes of isolated oocyte previously described, 365 proteins were only identified in our samples indicating that those ones were probably expressed in the somatic cells of the follicle. Additional qualitative and quantitative analysis highlighted 44 biological processes over represented in our samples when compared to Mus musculus gene database and different expressions and protein abundance implicated in cell cycle, calcium ion binding and glycolysis, throughout in vitro follicle development. This report represents so far the most complete catalogue of follicle proteins and could be an important milestone in the proteomic study of the follicle metabolism throughout in vitro development.

O diabetes mellitus é considerado um dos problemas de saúde globalmente mais desafiadores do século 21. De acordo com as estimativas recentes do International Diabetes Federation - IDF, cerca de 382 milhões de pessoas são diabéticas e esse número tende a aumentar para além de 592 milhões em menos de 25 anos. Para melhor compreensão do Diabetes mellitus e suas complicações torna-se necessário buscar novos marcadores para a doença. O DM promove estresse oxidativo, inflamação e a formação de produtos avançados de glicação não enzimática (AGES), o que leva a dano tecidual no paciente diabético. Marcadores de dano oxidativo em proteínas e lipídeos na vigência do DM têm sido amplamente abordados na literatura, no entanto o estudo de lesões em DNA ainda requer mais atenção em modelos in vivo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o dano oxidativo e resultante de glicação avançada em rim, fígado, cerebelo, sangue e urina de animais diabéticos, assim como a modulação do dano por diferentes períodos de tratamento com insulina, a fim de verificar se o controle da glicemia nos animais diabéticos protege contra a indução dos danos em biomoléculas. Para a indução do DM nos ratos Sprague-Dawley foram administrados 40 mg de STZ por kg de peso corpóreo por via intravenosa. Os níveis de MDA e 5-metildC foram avaliados por HPLC-DAD. A quantificação de HbA1c e dos adutos 1,N2-&#949;dGuo, 1,N6-&#949;dAdo, 8-oxodG e CEdG foi realizada por sistema HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Os níveis de nitrito sérico foram determinados por leitura da absorbância em espectrofotômetro e a concentração de creatinina plasmática foi determinada por analisador bioquímico. Os resultados mostraram que as alterações metabólicas desencadeadas pela condição de hiperglicemia persistente não são prontamente revertidas após o controle da glicemia. Os níveis glicêmicos e de HbA1c apresentam diferença significativa entre os grupos de animais hiperglicêmicos e sadios, sendo observada uma queda dos valores de HbA1c somente a partir do tratamento com insulina por 6 semanas. Em plasma, rim e fígado as concentrações de MDA seguem o perfil de concentração de hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c), indicando que os eventos de glicação e estresse oxidativo podem estar relacionados. O controle glicêmico também apresentou efeito benéfico para a excreção de CEdG e 1,N6-&#949;dAdo em urina, apesar de ser observado a partir dos níveis de 8- oxodG que a hiperinsulinemia leva a um quadro de estresse oxidativo. As três lesões são geradas por vias distintas: glicação avançada, peroxidação lipídica e ROS. Portanto, além do controle glicêmico, é importante que se desenvolvam estratégias de intervenção nas vias bioquímicas alteradas pela condição de hiperglicemia, a fim de reduzir os riscos das complicações decorrentes do diabetes mellitus. / Diabetes mellitus is generally considered one of the most challenging health problems of the 21st century. According to recent estimates from the International Diabetes Federation - IDF, about 382 million people have diabetes and this number is expected to increase beyond 592 million in less than 25 years. For a better understanding of diabetes mellitus and its complications becomes necessary to search for new biomarkers for the disease. The DM promotes oxidative stress, inflammation and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which leads to tissue damage in the diabetic patient. Markers of oxidative damage to proteins and lipids in the presence of DM have been widely discussed in literature, however the study of DNA lesions in vivo models still requires more attention. This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative damage and advanced glycation in the kidney, liver, cerebellum, blood and urine of diabetic animals, as well as damage modulation for different periods of insulin treatment in order to verify that the glycaemic control in diabetic animals protects against induction of biomolecules damage. For induction of diabetes in Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 40 mg STZ per kg body weight intravenously. MDA and 5-metildC were evaluated by HPLC-DAD. The quantification of HbA1c and adducts 1,N2-&#949;dGuo, 1,N6-&#949;dAdo, 8-oxodG and CEdG was performed by HPLC-ESI-MS / MS system. The serum nitrite was determined by reading the absorbance in a spectrophotometer and the plasma creatinine concentration was determined by biochemical analyzer. The results showed that metabolic changes triggered by the condition of persistent hyperglycemia are not readily reversed after glycemic control. Blood glucose and HbA1c levels are significantly different between the groups of hyperglycemic and healthy animals, and was observed a fall in HbA1c only from insulin treatment for 6 weeks. In plasma, kidney and liver concentrations follow the profile of MDA concentration of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), indicating that the events of glycation and oxidative stress may be related. Glycemic control also showed beneficial effect for urine excretion of CEdG and 1,N6-&#949;dAdo despite could be seen from 8-oxodG levels that the hyperinsulinaemia leads to a frame of oxidative stress. The three lesions are generated by distinct pathways: advanced glycation, lipid peroxidation and ROS. Therefore, beyond glycaemic control, it is important to develop intervention strategies in biochemical pathways altered by the condition of hyperglycemia in order to reduce the complications risk of diabetes mellitus.

Orientador: Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T21:13:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zepka_LeilaQueiroz_D.pdf: 2815017 bytes, checksum: 8abad3ae0da0bc1b940e100078096285 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: contém no texto completo. / Abstract: contém no texto completo. / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

<div>Amongst the various classes of mass analyzers, the quadrupole ion trap (QIT) is by far the most versatile. Although it can achieve only modest resolution (unit) and mass accuracy (101-102 ppm), it has high sensitivity and selectivity, can operate at pressures exceeding 10-3 torr, is tolerant to various electrode imperfections, and has single analyzer tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) capabilities in the form of product ion scans. These characteristics make the QIT ideal for mass spectrometer miniaturization, as most of the fundamental performance metrics of the QIT do not depend on device size. As such, the current drive in miniature systems is to adopt miniature ion traps in various forms – 3D, linear, toroidal, rectilinear, cylindrical, arrays, etc.</div><div><br></div><div>Despite being one of the two common mass analyzers with inherent MS/MS capabilities (the other being the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer), it is commonly accepted that the QIT cannot perform one-dimensional precursor ion scans and neutral loss scans - the other two main MS/MS scan modes - or two-dimensional MS/MS scans. The former two are usually conducted in triple quadrupole instruments in which a first and third quadrupole are used to mass select precursor and product ions while fragmentation occurs in an intermediate collision cell. The third scan can be accomplished by acquiring a product ion scan of every precursor ion, thus revealing the entire 2D MS/MS data domain (precursor ion m/z vs. product ion m/z). This, however, is not one scan but a set of scans. Because the ion trap is a tandem-in-time instrument rather than a tandem-in-space analyzer, precursor ion scans, neutral loss scans, and 2D MS/MS are, at best, difficult.</div><div><br></div><div>Yet miniature mass spectrometers utilizing quadrupole ion traps for mass analysis would perhaps benefit the most from precursor scans, neutral loss scans, and 2D MS/MS because they generally have acquisition rates (# scans/s) an order of magnitude lower than their benchtop counterparts. This is because they usually use a discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface (DAPI) to reduce the gas load on the backing pumps, resulting in a ~1 scan/s acquisition rate and making the commonly-used data-dependent acquisition method (i.e. obtaining a product ion scan for every abundant precursor ion) inefficient in terms of sample consumption, time, and instrument power. Precursor and neutral loss scans targeting specific molecular functionality of interest - as well as 2D MS/MS – are more efficient ways of moving through the MS/MS data domain and thus pair quite readily with miniature ion traps.</div><div><br></div><div>Herein we demonstrate that precursor ion scans, neutral loss scans, and 2D MS/MS are all possible in a linear quadrupole ion trap operated in the orthogonal double resonance mode on both benchtop and portable mass spectrometers. Through application of multiple resonance frequencies matching the secular frequencies of precursor and/or product ions of interest, we show that precursor ions can be fragmented mass-selectively and product ions ejected simultaneously, preserving their relationship, precursor ion -> product ion + neutral, in the time domain and hence allowing the correlation between precursor and product ions without prior isolation. By fixing or scanning the resonance frequencies corresponding to the targeted precursor and product ions, a precursor ion scan or neutral loss scan can be conducted in a single mass analyzer. We further show that 2D MS/MS - acquisition of all precursor ion m/z values and a product ion mass spectrum for every precursor ion, all in a single scan - is possible using similar methodology. These scan modes are particularly valuable for origin-of-life and forensic applications for which the value of miniature mass spectrometers is readily evident.</div>

O diabetes mellitus é considerado um dos problemas de saúde globalmente mais desafiadores do século 21. De acordo com as estimativas recentes do International Diabetes Federation - IDF, cerca de 382 milhões de pessoas são diabéticas e esse número tende a aumentar para além de 592 milhões em menos de 25 anos. Para melhor compreensão do Diabetes mellitus e suas complicações torna-se necessário buscar novos marcadores para a doença. O DM promove estresse oxidativo, inflamação e a formação de produtos avançados de glicação não enzimática (AGES), o que leva a dano tecidual no paciente diabético. Marcadores de dano oxidativo em proteínas e lipídeos na vigência do DM têm sido amplamente abordados na literatura, no entanto o estudo de lesões em DNA ainda requer mais atenção em modelos in vivo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o dano oxidativo e resultante de glicação avançada em rim, fígado, cerebelo, sangue e urina de animais diabéticos, assim como a modulação do dano por diferentes períodos de tratamento com insulina, a fim de verificar se o controle da glicemia nos animais diabéticos protege contra a indução dos danos em biomoléculas. Para a indução do DM nos ratos Sprague-Dawley foram administrados 40 mg de STZ por kg de peso corpóreo por via intravenosa. Os níveis de MDA e 5-metildC foram avaliados por HPLC-DAD. A quantificação de HbA1c e dos adutos 1,N2-&#949;dGuo, 1,N6-&#949;dAdo, 8-oxodG e CEdG foi realizada por sistema HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Os níveis de nitrito sérico foram determinados por leitura da absorbância em espectrofotômetro e a concentração de creatinina plasmática foi determinada por analisador bioquímico. Os resultados mostraram que as alterações metabólicas desencadeadas pela condição de hiperglicemia persistente não são prontamente revertidas após o controle da glicemia. Os níveis glicêmicos e de HbA1c apresentam diferença significativa entre os grupos de animais hiperglicêmicos e sadios, sendo observada uma queda dos valores de HbA1c somente a partir do tratamento com insulina por 6 semanas. Em plasma, rim e fígado as concentrações de MDA seguem o perfil de concentração de hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c), indicando que os eventos de glicação e estresse oxidativo podem estar relacionados. O controle glicêmico também apresentou efeito benéfico para a excreção de CEdG e 1,N6-&#949;dAdo em urina, apesar de ser observado a partir dos níveis de 8- oxodG que a hiperinsulinemia leva a um quadro de estresse oxidativo. As três lesões são geradas por vias distintas: glicação avançada, peroxidação lipídica e ROS. Portanto, além do controle glicêmico, é importante que se desenvolvam estratégias de intervenção nas vias bioquímicas alteradas pela condição de hiperglicemia, a fim de reduzir os riscos das complicações decorrentes do diabetes mellitus. / Diabetes mellitus is generally considered one of the most challenging health problems of the 21st century. According to recent estimates from the International Diabetes Federation - IDF, about 382 million people have diabetes and this number is expected to increase beyond 592 million in less than 25 years. For a better understanding of diabetes mellitus and its complications becomes necessary to search for new biomarkers for the disease. The DM promotes oxidative stress, inflammation and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which leads to tissue damage in the diabetic patient. Markers of oxidative damage to proteins and lipids in the presence of DM have been widely discussed in literature, however the study of DNA lesions in vivo models still requires more attention. This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative damage and advanced glycation in the kidney, liver, cerebellum, blood and urine of diabetic animals, as well as damage modulation for different periods of insulin treatment in order to verify that the glycaemic control in diabetic animals protects against induction of biomolecules damage. For induction of diabetes in Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 40 mg STZ per kg body weight intravenously. MDA and 5-metildC were evaluated by HPLC-DAD. The quantification of HbA1c and adducts 1,N2-&#949;dGuo, 1,N6-&#949;dAdo, 8-oxodG and CEdG was performed by HPLC-ESI-MS / MS system. The serum nitrite was determined by reading the absorbance in a spectrophotometer and the plasma creatinine concentration was determined by biochemical analyzer. The results showed that metabolic changes triggered by the condition of persistent hyperglycemia are not readily reversed after glycemic control. Blood glucose and HbA1c levels are significantly different between the groups of hyperglycemic and healthy animals, and was observed a fall in HbA1c only from insulin treatment for 6 weeks. In plasma, kidney and liver concentrations follow the profile of MDA concentration of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), indicating that the events of glycation and oxidative stress may be related. Glycemic control also showed beneficial effect for urine excretion of CEdG and 1,N6-&#949;dAdo despite could be seen from 8-oxodG levels that the hyperinsulinaemia leads to a frame of oxidative stress. The three lesions are generated by distinct pathways: advanced glycation, lipid peroxidation and ROS. Therefore, beyond glycaemic control, it is important to develop intervention strategies in biochemical pathways altered by the condition of hyperglycemia in order to reduce the complications risk of diabetes mellitus.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-20T12:37:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Raquel Duarte da Costa Cunha Bandeira.pdf: 1478855 bytes, checksum: f7637b4df6dd802e4e0003f4fb48d8cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T12:37:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Raquel Duarte da Costa Cunha Bandeira.pdf: 1478855 bytes, checksum: f7637b4df6dd802e4e0003f4fb48d8cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-24 / Coffee is an extremely complex food matrix and has an important role in the world?s economy, especially in producing and exporting countries like Brazil. However this product may suffer from technical barriers imposed for exportation because of the possible presence of ochratoxin A, which is nefrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin found in many foods including coffee. The aim of this study was to implement chemical metrology concepts in the development and validation of Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry in tandem (CLAE-EM/EM) method for identification and quantification of ochratoxin A in green and roasted coffee estimating uncertainty of measurement according to directive 2002/657/EC and Inmetro guidelines (DOC-CGCRE-2010). The extraction method was based on Pittet (1998) and chromatographic parameters were: flow rate of 0.3 mL/min, mobile phase 80:20 water trifluoracetic acid 0.05 %: methanol trifluoracetic acid 0.05 %, injection volume of 50 PL, injection mode Full loop, isocratic mode. The column was Synergi Hydro C18. The mass spectrometry parameters were optimized and transitions selected based on the colision energies monitored were m/z 404 >358 (-10.5 V) and m/z 404 >239 (-20.5 V). From the validation procedure, methods were considered seletive. The evaluation and verification of matrix effect was performed by comparing variances and averages using F and t test. Value of Fcalculated for green coffee (25.2152) and roasted coffee (104.0353), were higher than Ftable (4.0426). Value of t calculated for green (5.0214) and roasted coffee (10.1997) were higher than ttable (2.0106). Both methods were considered linear in the working range of calibration curve with linear correlation coefficients (r) of 0.98188 and 0.91754 for green and roasted coffee, respectively.The quantification and detection limits were 1.2 Pg/kg and 3.0 Pg/kg; 0.36 Pg/kg and 1.0 Pg/kg, for green and roasted coffee respectively. The average recoveries, RSDr and RSDR were in range of 90.45 ? 108.81 %, 5.39 ? 9.94 % and 2.20 ? 14.34 % for green coffee and 89.02 ? 108.85 %, 2.43 ? 13.73 % and 12.57 ? 17.84 % for roasted coffee. All results obtained were considered within acceptable levels according to literature. Measurement value and expanded uncertainties (U) for ochratoxin A were mass fraction w = (11.50 ? 1.11) and w = (4.63 ? 0.63) for green coffee and roasted coffee. Both methods developed and validated using a high sensitivity technique, that allowed detection, confirmation and quantification of ochratoxin A in green and roasted coffee with a estimated uncertainty of measurement, and in the future these methods can be used to help overcome possible technical barriers imposed for exportation of Brazilian coffee. / O caf? constitui uma matriz extremamente complexa e tem importante papel na economia mundial, especialmente nos pa?ses produtores e exportadores como o Brasil. No entanto tem sido alvo de barreiras t?cnicas devido a uma subst?ncia denominada ocratoxina A, micotoxina potencialmente nefrot?xica e nefrocarcinog?nica encontrada em muitos alimentos inclusive o caf?. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo implantar os conceitos da metrologia qu?mica no desenvolvimento, e valida??o do m?todo para identifica??o e quantifica??o de ocratoxina A no caf? verde e caf? torrado estimando a incerteza da medi??o e utilizando a t?cnica de Cromatografia L?quida acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas em s?rie (CLAE-EM/EM) seguindo os crit?rios da diretiva EC-657/2002 e o documento orientativo do Inmetro (DOCCGCRE- 2010). A metodologia de extra??o baseou-se em Pittet (1998) e os par?metros cromatogr?ficos foram: fluxo de 0,3 mL/min, fase m?vel 80:20 ?gua ?cido trifluoroac?tico 0,05%: metanol ?cido trifluoroac?tico 0,05 %, volume de inje??o de 50 PL, com o modo de inje??o Full loop e sistema de elui??o isocr?tico. A coluna utilizada foi Synergi Hydro C18. As condi??es do espectr?metro de massas foram otimizadas e a transi??o selecionada de acordo com suas energias de colis?o foram m/z 404 >358 (-10,5 V) e m/z 404 >239 (-20,5 V). A partir da valida??o os m?todos propostos foram considerados seletivos, a avalia??o e comprova??o do efeito matriz foi realizada atrav?s da compara??o das vari?ncias e das m?dias atrav?s do teste F e teste t. O Fcalculado para o m?todo caf? verde (25,2152) e caf? torrado (104,0353), apresentaram valores maiores que o Ftabelado (4,0426). O tcalculado para o caf? verde (5,0214) e torrado (10,1997) apresentaram valores superiores ao ttabelado (2,0106). Os m?todos foram considerados lineares em toda a faixa de trabalho da curva de calibra??o com os coeficientes de determina??o linear (r) de 0,98188 e 0,91754 para matriz caf? verde e caf? torrado, respectivamente. O limite de quantifica??o e detec??o para os m?todos propostos foram de 1,2 Pg/kg e 3,0 Pg/kg para caf? verde e 0,36 Pg/kg e 1,0 Pg/kg para caf? torrado. Os valores das recupera??es m?dias, DPRr e DPRR variaram na faixa de 90,45 - 108,81 %, 5,39 - 9,94 % e 2,20 - 14,34 % para caf? verde; e de 89,02 - 108,85 %, de 2,43 - 13,73 % e 12,57 - 17,84 %, para caf? torrado. Todos os resultados obtidos encontram-se dentro dos limites comumente aceit?veis na literatura. Todos os resultados de medi??o e as incertezas expandidas (U) para ocratoxina A foram as fra??es m?ssicas W = (11,50 ? 1,11) Pg/kg e W = (4,63 ? 0,63) Pg/kg para caf? verde e caf? torrado, respectivamente. Os m?todos desenvolvidos e validados utilizaram t?cnica de elevada sensibilidade, permitindo a detec??o, confirma??o e a quantifica??o de ocratoxina A no caf? verde e caf? torrado com c?lculo da incerteza, podendo auxiliar futuramente na supera??o das barreiras t?cnicas para exporta??o do caf? brasileiro.

HIV antiretroviral therapy spans several different drug classes, meant to combat various aspects of viral infection and replication. Many authors have argued the benefits of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for the HIV patient including compliance assurance and assessment of appropriate drug concentrations; however, the array of drug chemistries and combinations makes TDM an arduous task. HPLC-UV and LC-MS/MS are both frequent instruments for the quantification of HIV drugs in biological matrices with investigators striving to balance sensitivity and affordability. Plasma, the dominant matrix for these analyses, is prepared using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction depending on the specific complement of analytes. Despite the range of polarities found in drug classes relevant to HIV therapeutics, most chromatographic separations utilize a hydrophobic column (C18 ). Additionally, as the clinically relevant samples for these assays are infected with HIV, along with possible co-infections, another important aspect of sample preparation concerns viral inactivation. Although not routine in clinical practice, many published analytical methods from the previous two decades have demonstrated the ability to conduct TDM in HIV patients receiving various medicinal combinations. This review summarizes the analytical methods relevant to TDM of HIV drugs, while highlighting respective challenges.